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03155 Manufacture method of coal liquefaction catalysts
02 Liquicl fuels (derived liquid fuels) the nitrogen-containing liquid in a cryogenic carrier, e.g. a ship, road rail car or a pipe to a location having a supply of gas from which LNG be produced, (c) producing a stream of LNG at least partly by utilization of the refrigeration effect produced by the evaporation of nitrogen-containing liquid from step (b), and finally (d) transporting LNG produced in step (c) in the same or a similar cryogenic carrier to point where it may be utilized in step (a).
car, can the the the the
00103155 Manufacture method of coal liquefaction catalysts Tsukui, H. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I1 226,427 [99 226,427) (Cl. BOlJ37/03), 24 Aug 1999. Appl. 1998,32,720, I6 Feb 1998. 7. (In Japanese) The method for coal liquefaction comprises liquefying coal with hydrogen in the presence of iron-sulfur-series liquefaction catalysts and distilling the reaction liquid obtained to recover liquefied oils. The coal liquefaction catalysts are prepared by mixing iron-containing residues from the distillation stage as catalyst base-stock with H2S04, obtaining an aqueous solution of iron sulfate and reacting the solution with ammonia water in the presence of coal slurry dispersed in a solvent from the coal slurrying stage. A coal slurry deposited with highly dispersible iron-series catalysts is finally obtained. 00/03156 Methanol infrastructure - will it affect the introduction of SPFC vehicles? Hart, D. er al. Journd of Power Sources. 2000. 86, (l-2). 5422547. The possibility that future solid polymer fuel cell vehicles will be fuelled by methanol has been suggested. If this is the case, it will have significant implications for the future structure of the methanol supply industry, and methanol supply and availability may have an impact on the take-up of these SPFC vehicles. In this study, a model assessing the possible future penetration of methanol SPFC vehicles was constructed. This suggested that it would be possible for SPFC vehicles to achieve rapid market penetration after an initially slow start. A further model indicated that methanol supply would be adequate for vehicle demand until about 2013, when significant new capacity would be required. The cost of this new capacity was estimated, along with the cost of providing refuelling infrastructure such as road tankers, storage, and suitable fuelling stations. Amortizing the cost over a short period (to 2013) could double the pre-tax price of methanol as a fuel, while over a longer timeframe (to 2029) it would add less than 10% to this value. The model suggests that methanol capacity need not be a constraint to the future introduction of SPFC vehicles using it as a fuel, but that other factors such as fuel purity and safety must he carefully considered before real costs can he calculated. 00103157 Methanol synthesis in an integrated two-stage reactor Linghu, W. rl crl. C’hem. En,r. Scl.. 1999, 54, (Is-l6), 3671-3675. The alternative method for preparing methanol at a range of lower temperatures compared with the current industrial practice is presented. The process is indirect and the synthesis involves two steps via HCOzMe. An integrated two-stage reactor was designed and tested for the two-step synthesis to overcome problems encountered in single-slurry-reactor operation. From the results it is evident that the integrated reactor can be operated successfully under a broad range of conditions. For syngas conversions similar to that of the current industrial practice, the integrated reactor can be operated at much milder conditions. Under the conditions used in the study, the mass transfer of carbon monoxide from the gas phase to the liquid phase is the rate limiting step in the transient period and the evaporation of the intermediate, HCOzMe, from the hquid phase to the gas phase is the rate-limiting step at steady state. In addition, it is shown that temperature. feed flow rate and pressure influence the reaction significantly. 00103158 Natural gas from coal. Models for formation and isotopy Cramer, B. e/ al. DGMK Tr~gun~shar, 1999, 9901, 43-53. (In German) For decades, geochemical methods have been used to characterize natural gas formed thermally from sediment organic matter. The classification of single natural gas components on the basis of their composition on stabile carbon isotopes was an important tool based on empirical correlations. Due to these investigations natural gas could he related to defined rock formations. The principles which molecular processes influenced the distribution of the stable carbon isotopes during the evolution of natural gas were investigated. Samples of coal were pyrolysed in an open nonisothermal device and the pyrolytic gases were analysed by an isotope mass pectrometer after gas-chromatography separation. By use of new kinetic models to describe the isotopic fractionation during natural gas evolution, this measured laboratory data could be extrapolated to geologically relevant temperature histories, Based on the laboratory results it was possible for the first time to describe the evolution of natural gas as well as its isotopic distribution. It was also possible to characterize the properties of the coal repository during the evolution the natural gas, based on data from the natural gas itself. 00103159 Natural gas-to-liquids: solution for the next millennium ‘5III/. Btlz.fkv. Venkataraman, V. Go.5 Lrcjnid Proce.v.\ ‘99. hr1erteclr 2nd. 1999. Paper Ih,‘l Paper 16::.
con/.
The methods of natural gas conversion to motor fuel\, such as liquefaction and oxidative coupling are reviewed. An emphasis is placed on the FischerTropsch reaction, including the economics of the process, 00103160 Processes of liquefactionlsolubilization of Spanish coals by microorganisms Lahorda, F. cl N/ Appl Micro/m/. B~oreclrrd 1999. 52 (I) 49-56. This paper studied several fundamental aspects oi microbial coal liquefactionisolubilization. The liquefiedisolubilized product\ from coal by microorganisms were analysed. The liquid products analyred by IR titration and UVivisible spectrometry showed some alterations wtth regard to the original coal. Humic acids extracted from the liquefied lignite showed a reduction in the average molecular weight and an increase in the condensation index, probably due to depolymertzatton caused by microorganisms. The mechanisms implicated in coal biosoluhilization by two fungal strains, M2 and M4 were also studied. It appears that extracellular peroxidase, esterase and phenoloxtdase cnzymcs ,ire involved in coal soluhilization. 00103161 Regeneration and recovery of hydriodic acid after reduction of polyols to fuels Robinson, J. ct al. Org. Process Res. Dcv., 199’3, 3. (), 352-356. Hydriodic acid (HI) reduces polyols such as sorbitol (now directly available from biomass carbohydrates) to hydrocarbon fuels (80%) with some alkyl halide (20%) according to a new process. Incipient iodine (lz) is reduced and returned to hydriodic acid (HI) in $1/n by the simultaneous use of either phosphorous acid (HqPOq) or hypophosphorous acid (H,POz) rather than elemental red phosphorus. The acid mixture can be reused many times. Eventually, HI must be recovered from the ever-increasing amount of phosphoric actd and water in the mixture. The recovery process consists of two to three distillation steps but for safety, reasons combmes an initial air oxidation of any excess HaPO? to H?POd. P NM R conveniently monitors phosphorus moieties. Less than a mmol,l of III remains in the final phosphoric acid pot residue. Thts coupled redox combinatton of reducing acids may allow other industrial uses of otherwise expensive HI at the lesser expense of H3POI or HTP02, both of which also provide the benefit of a homogeneous system 00103162 Relation of the degree of thermal liquefaction of brown coals from the Moscow Basin to their structure and the metalloporphyrin contents of asphaltenes of their lowtemperature tars Platonov, V. V. CI crl. Klrirn. rvertl. Top/. .M~~,s~~oII :. 1999. 2. 14-24. (In Russian) In asphaltenes of low-temperature tars of brown coals from the Moscow Basin, iron, copper, vanadium and nickel porphyrins are predominant metalloporphyrins. The conversion of these coals in thermal liquefaction at 420” and 5-7 MPa in low-temperature tar increase\ as their metalloporphyrin content increases. 00/03163 absorption Sidorov. 0. Russian) The quality absorption coagulation significantly
Sedimentation method for regeneration of coal-tar oil F. and Novoselov, V. S. Kr1k.s h’lrmr. 1999. 1. 73-29 (In of the oil was significantly improved by the regeneration of which cause oil using additives (even a small amount), and sedimentation of polymers amJ hydrocarbon adducts, improved the quality of oil.
00103164 Study of supercritical-phase process for selective synthesis of methanol and isobutanol from syngas over Zr-Mn-K catalyst Jiang, T. PI nl. Fen-r Cuihuu. 1999, 13. (I ). I5 20 (In Chinese) Co-precipitation and supercritical fluid dryin,g technologies were used to prepare precipitated and ultrafine Zr-Mn-K catalysts, respectively, which can be used in the synthesis of methanol and isohutanol from syngas. Experiments were performed in the gas phase and supercritical phase using a fixed bed reactor at r?action temperatures 3hO-4lO’, syngas pressure 7.5 MPa, GHSV 1700 h , and partial pressure of reaction medium (nundecane, n-dodecane, and n-tridecane mixture) 2.08 MPa. From the results it is evident that the ultrafine catalyst has higher catalytic activity for synthesis of isohutanol than the co-precipitated catalyst under both gas and supercritical conditions, The product composition over the ultrafine catalyst under supercritical conditions is isobutanol 23.-32’10, methanol 22-33% and other alcohols, about 10% each. Comparison of the results under gas and supercritical phase conditions indicates that the mechanism of alcohol formation in the supercritical phase is a cham propagation mechanism and supercritical fluid makes the relative rates of individual additional steps different from those in gas phase. Reactions performed in the supercrttical phase, have a higher carbon monoxide convemion and a lower selectivity of alcohol. 00103165 Synthesis of methanol from biomass/CO, resources Specht, M. CI crl. Greenhouse Gus Confrt~l Technolo~~~, Proc In/ C‘onf.. 41/r, 1999. 723-727. Edited by Eliasson B. el cri Biomass utilization for the production of MeOH via gasification is discussed. The addition of hydrogen allows :a nearly complete utilization of the carbon contained in the biomass. wtth a high MeOH production rate. The removal Of CO2 is less investment intensive. but due to the extremely
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
357
car, can the the the the
00103155 Manufacture method of coal liquefaction catalysts Tsukui, H. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP I1 226,427 [99 226,427) (Cl. BOlJ37/03), 24 Aug 1999. Appl. 1998,32,720, I6 Feb 1998. 7. (In Japanese) The method for coal liquefaction comprises liquefying coal with hydrogen in the presence of iron-sulfur-series liquefaction catalysts and distilling the reaction liquid obtained to recover liquefied oils. The coal liquefaction catalysts are prepared by mixing iron-containing residues from the distillation stage as catalyst base-stock with H2S04, obtaining an aqueous solution of iron sulfate and reacting the solution with ammonia water in the presence of coal slurry dispersed in a solvent from the coal slurrying stage. A coal slurry deposited with highly dispersible iron-series catalysts is finally obtained. 00/03156 Methanol infrastructure - will it affect the introduction of SPFC vehicles? Hart, D. er al. Journd of Power Sources. 2000. 86, (l-2). 5422547. The possibility that future solid polymer fuel cell vehicles will be fuelled by methanol has been suggested. If this is the case, it will have significant implications for the future structure of the methanol supply industry, and methanol supply and availability may have an impact on the take-up of these SPFC vehicles. In this study, a model assessing the possible future penetration of methanol SPFC vehicles was constructed. This suggested that it would be possible for SPFC vehicles to achieve rapid market penetration after an initially slow start. A further model indicated that methanol supply would be adequate for vehicle demand until about 2013, when significant new capacity would be required. The cost of this new capacity was estimated, along with the cost of providing refuelling infrastructure such as road tankers, storage, and suitable fuelling stations. Amortizing the cost over a short period (to 2013) could double the pre-tax price of methanol as a fuel, while over a longer timeframe (to 2029) it would add less than 10% to this value. The model suggests that methanol capacity need not be a constraint to the future introduction of SPFC vehicles using it as a fuel, but that other factors such as fuel purity and safety must he carefully considered before real costs can he calculated. 00103157 Methanol synthesis in an integrated two-stage reactor Linghu, W. rl crl. C’hem. En,r. Scl.. 1999, 54, (Is-l6), 3671-3675. The alternative method for preparing methanol at a range of lower temperatures compared with the current industrial practice is presented. The process is indirect and the synthesis involves two steps via HCOzMe. An integrated two-stage reactor was designed and tested for the two-step synthesis to overcome problems encountered in single-slurry-reactor operation. From the results it is evident that the integrated reactor can be operated successfully under a broad range of conditions. For syngas conversions similar to that of the current industrial practice, the integrated reactor can be operated at much milder conditions. Under the conditions used in the study, the mass transfer of carbon monoxide from the gas phase to the liquid phase is the rate limiting step in the transient period and the evaporation of the intermediate, HCOzMe, from the hquid phase to the gas phase is the rate-limiting step at steady state. In addition, it is shown that temperature. feed flow rate and pressure influence the reaction significantly. 00103158 Natural gas from coal. Models for formation and isotopy Cramer, B. e/ al. DGMK Tr~gun~shar, 1999, 9901, 43-53. (In German) For decades, geochemical methods have been used to characterize natural gas formed thermally from sediment organic matter. The classification of single natural gas components on the basis of their composition on stabile carbon isotopes was an important tool based on empirical correlations. Due to these investigations natural gas could he related to defined rock formations. The principles which molecular processes influenced the distribution of the stable carbon isotopes during the evolution of natural gas were investigated. Samples of coal were pyrolysed in an open nonisothermal device and the pyrolytic gases were analysed by an isotope mass pectrometer after gas-chromatography separation. By use of new kinetic models to describe the isotopic fractionation during natural gas evolution, this measured laboratory data could be extrapolated to geologically relevant temperature histories, Based on the laboratory results it was possible for the first time to describe the evolution of natural gas as well as its isotopic distribution. It was also possible to characterize the properties of the coal repository during the evolution the natural gas, based on data from the natural gas itself. 00103159 Natural gas-to-liquids: solution for the next millennium ‘5III/. Btlz.fkv. Venkataraman, V. Go.5 Lrcjnid Proce.v.\ ‘99. hr1erteclr 2nd. 1999. Paper Ih,‘l Paper 16::.
con/.
The methods of natural gas conversion to motor fuel\, such as liquefaction and oxidative coupling are reviewed. An emphasis is placed on the FischerTropsch reaction, including the economics of the process, 00103160 Processes of liquefactionlsolubilization of Spanish coals by microorganisms Lahorda, F. cl N/ Appl Micro/m/. B~oreclrrd 1999. 52 (I) 49-56. This paper studied several fundamental aspects oi microbial coal liquefactionisolubilization. The liquefiedisolubilized product\ from coal by microorganisms were analysed. The liquid products analyred by IR titration and UVivisible spectrometry showed some alterations wtth regard to the original coal. Humic acids extracted from the liquefied lignite showed a reduction in the average molecular weight and an increase in the condensation index, probably due to depolymertzatton caused by microorganisms. The mechanisms implicated in coal biosoluhilization by two fungal strains, M2 and M4 were also studied. It appears that extracellular peroxidase, esterase and phenoloxtdase cnzymcs ,ire involved in coal soluhilization. 00103161 Regeneration and recovery of hydriodic acid after reduction of polyols to fuels Robinson, J. ct al. Org. Process Res. Dcv., 199’3, 3. (), 352-356. Hydriodic acid (HI) reduces polyols such as sorbitol (now directly available from biomass carbohydrates) to hydrocarbon fuels (80%) with some alkyl halide (20%) according to a new process. Incipient iodine (lz) is reduced and returned to hydriodic acid (HI) in $1/n by the simultaneous use of either phosphorous acid (HqPOq) or hypophosphorous acid (H,POz) rather than elemental red phosphorus. The acid mixture can be reused many times. Eventually, HI must be recovered from the ever-increasing amount of phosphoric actd and water in the mixture. The recovery process consists of two to three distillation steps but for safety, reasons combmes an initial air oxidation of any excess HaPO? to H?POd. P NM R conveniently monitors phosphorus moieties. Less than a mmol,l of III remains in the final phosphoric acid pot residue. Thts coupled redox combinatton of reducing acids may allow other industrial uses of otherwise expensive HI at the lesser expense of H3POI or HTP02, both of which also provide the benefit of a homogeneous system 00103162 Relation of the degree of thermal liquefaction of brown coals from the Moscow Basin to their structure and the metalloporphyrin contents of asphaltenes of their lowtemperature tars Platonov, V. V. CI crl. Klrirn. rvertl. Top/. .M~~,s~~oII :. 1999. 2. 14-24. (In Russian) In asphaltenes of low-temperature tars of brown coals from the Moscow Basin, iron, copper, vanadium and nickel porphyrins are predominant metalloporphyrins. The conversion of these coals in thermal liquefaction at 420” and 5-7 MPa in low-temperature tar increase\ as their metalloporphyrin content increases. 00/03163 absorption Sidorov. 0. Russian) The quality absorption coagulation significantly
Sedimentation method for regeneration of coal-tar oil F. and Novoselov, V. S. Kr1k.s h’lrmr. 1999. 1. 73-29 (In of the oil was significantly improved by the regeneration of which cause oil using additives (even a small amount), and sedimentation of polymers amJ hydrocarbon adducts, improved the quality of oil.
00103164 Study of supercritical-phase process for selective synthesis of methanol and isobutanol from syngas over Zr-Mn-K catalyst Jiang, T. PI nl. Fen-r Cuihuu. 1999, 13. (I ). I5 20 (In Chinese) Co-precipitation and supercritical fluid dryin,g technologies were used to prepare precipitated and ultrafine Zr-Mn-K catalysts, respectively, which can be used in the synthesis of methanol and isohutanol from syngas. Experiments were performed in the gas phase and supercritical phase using a fixed bed reactor at r?action temperatures 3hO-4lO’, syngas pressure 7.5 MPa, GHSV 1700 h , and partial pressure of reaction medium (nundecane, n-dodecane, and n-tridecane mixture) 2.08 MPa. From the results it is evident that the ultrafine catalyst has higher catalytic activity for synthesis of isohutanol than the co-precipitated catalyst under both gas and supercritical conditions, The product composition over the ultrafine catalyst under supercritical conditions is isobutanol 23.-32’10, methanol 22-33% and other alcohols, about 10% each. Comparison of the results under gas and supercritical phase conditions indicates that the mechanism of alcohol formation in the supercritical phase is a cham propagation mechanism and supercritical fluid makes the relative rates of individual additional steps different from those in gas phase. Reactions performed in the supercrttical phase, have a higher carbon monoxide convemion and a lower selectivity of alcohol. 00103165 Synthesis of methanol from biomass/CO, resources Specht, M. CI crl. Greenhouse Gus Confrt~l Technolo~~~, Proc In/ C‘onf.. 41/r, 1999. 723-727. Edited by Eliasson B. el cri Biomass utilization for the production of MeOH via gasification is discussed. The addition of hydrogen allows :a nearly complete utilization of the carbon contained in the biomass. wtth a high MeOH production rate. The removal Of CO2 is less investment intensive. but due to the extremely
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
357