- Email: [email protected]
01800 New materials and deposition techniques for highly efficient silicon thin film solar cells
07
Alternative
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
03101794 Influence of diet patterns on fuelwood consumption in Kenyan boarding schools and implications for data and energy policies Kituyi, E. and Kiruhi, C. En:nergr Conversion and Management. 2003, 44, (7). 1099-l 109. A study was devised to inquire into the influence of diet patterns in Kenyan boarding schools on the fuelwood consumption rates in these institutions and the implications of the findings on national data and energy policies. It was found that the incorporation of actual weekly diet patterns into the overall fuelwood estimation procedures reduced the mean daily per capita consumption rate by about 1.5 times compared to the reported rate derived from ‘spot’ measurements. Considering the large number of students in these institutions countrywide, this reduction is significant. It is, therefore, likely that reported data on household fuelwood consumption in developing countries could be overestimated. This has negative implications on the policy making and energy planning processes that are dependent on this information. There is need to formulate policies to guide biomass energy consumption data acquisition and management processes in the country. There is also the need to strengthen institutional frameworks and capacity building schemes for biofuel data acquisition and management, both nationally and regionally.
03lO1795 superacid bio-oil
Investigation into the potential of a novel catalyst for the catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic
Williams, P. T. hfernationd Journal of Energ? 131-143. Treatment of zirconium oxide with sulphate ions forms a highly acidic, or superacidic catalyst; sulphated zirconia. This catalyst has been found previously to be highly applicable to a range of reactions including acylation alkylation, isomerization, cracking and dehydration at temperatures in the range 150-200°C. These relatively low-temperature reactions offer potential in the field of bio-oil catalytic upgrading. Here zeolite catalysts have been used predominantly, but with associated problems due to the high reaction temperatures related with their use. The paper describes the processes involved in optimization of a process for the catalytic upgrading of a bio-oil produced by slow pyrolysis of pine wood. Wilson,
2003,
03/01796
of solid
Shionotani, K. rt rrl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285.172 (Cl. CIOJ3/00), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/89,854. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by introduction of the solid biomass into a gasification furnace via its top section, introduction of air via an inlet arranged in the central section, evenly laying several metal or ceramic balls on a fire grate arranged in the lower section, pre-heating the balls to 500-800” by a burner before introduction of biomass, and discharging the product gases downwardly via an outlet section underneath the grate, to obtain a fuel gas having stable composition of high-concentration CO.
27,(2),
Liquid fuels from biomass
and wastes
Akdeniz, F. Energy. Educcrtion, Science and Technology, 2003, 10, (1 & 2), 101-106. A review. Liquid fuels from renewable biomass sources is increasingly important. Liquefaction takes place at moderate temperatures at high pressure with the addition hydrogen. Conversion by supercritical fluid extraction of biomass to liquid fuels ahs been demonstrated with the use of a number of processing configurations. In the supercritical fluid extraction the yield of extractives increases with increasing pressure. Pyrolysis and hydrolysis processes are thought to have great promise as a means for converting biomass into chemicals and higher value liquid fuels. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, short gas residence time process would be required. The hydrothermal upgrading process has been carried out for biomass conversion. The purpose of the hydrothermal upgrading process is to convert biomass into so-called biocrude, a liquid fuel with an energy density approaching that of fossil fuels.
03/01797 Long-term energy output estimation for photovoltaic energy systems using synthetic solar irradiation data Celik, A. N. EnergJa, 2003, 28, (S), 479-493. A general methodology is presented to estimate the monthly average daily energy output from photovoltaic energy systems. Energy output is estimated from synthetically generated solar radiation data. The synthetic solar radiation data are generated based on the cumulative frequency distribution of the daily clearness index, given as a function of the monthly clearness index. Two sets of synthetic solar irradiation data are generated: 3- and 4-day months. In the 3-day month, each month is represented by 3 days and in the 4-day month, by 4 days. The 3- and 4-day solar irradiation data are synthetically generated for each month and the corresponding energy outputs are calculated. A total of g-year long measured hourly solar irradiation data, from five different locations in the world, is used to validate the new model. The monthly energy output values calculated from the synthetic solar irradiation data are compared to those calculated from the measured hour-byhour data. It is shown that when the measured solar radiation data do not exist for a particular location or reduced data set is advantageous, the energy output from photovoltaic converters could be correctly calculated.
03101796
308
03/01799 Method and device for gasification biomass fuel
N. G. and
Research,
Anon,
The operation of this biodiesel plant, which uses triglyceride feedstock. is described. Vacuum distillation overheads from the biodiesel. glycerin, and fatty acid streams are combined and condensed. Condensed MeOH is processed in the MeOH rectification plant. For the safety of the biodiesel process an explosive mixture of ail- and MeOH vapour will not be allowed in any of the process vessels. All vessels where MeOH is present are operated under a blanket of N or operated under vacuum, and before startup all process vessels that operate at or near atmospheric pressure are purged with N for a long enough time to guarantee the elimination of air, Triglyceride feedstock is also run through an absorber to collect any MeOH in the vapour entering the vacuum pump.
Low wash, low waste biodiesel
Rcscnrch
Fuel
end
Di.wlo,surr.
Energy
2002.
Abstracts
process
458. P960-P962.
September
2003
03lO1800 New materials and deposition techniques highly efficient silicon thin film solar cells
for
Rech, B. et al. Solar Energv Materials and Solar Cells. 2002. 14.( I -4). 4399447. This paper reviews recent efforts to provide the scientific and technological basis for cost-effective and highly efficient thin film solar modules based on amorphous (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline (uc-Si:H) silicon. Textured ZnO:Al films prepared by sputtering and wet chemical etching were applied to design optimized light-trapping schemes. Necessary prerequisite was the detailed knowledge of the relationship between film growth, structural properties and surface morphology obtained after etching. High rate deposition using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition at 13.56 MHz plasma excitation frequency was developed for uc-Si:H solar cellg yielding efficiencies of 8.1% and 7.5% at deposition rates of 5 and 9 A&, respectively. These uc-Si:H solar ceils were successfully up-scaled to a substrate area of 30x30 cm* and applied in a-Si:H/uc-Si:H tandem cells showing initial test cell efficiencies up to 11.9%.
03/01601 Performance solar cooker
and testing
of a hot box storage
Nahar,N. M. Energy Conversion andManagement, 2003, 44,(g), 1323. 1331. A hot box solar cooker with used engine oil as a storage material has been designed, fabricated and tested so that cooking can be performed even in the late evening. The performance and testing of a storage solar cooker have been investigated by measuring stagnation temperatures and conducting cooking trials. The maximum stagnation temperature inside the cooking chambers of the hot box solar cooker with storage material was the same as that of the hot box solar cooker without storage during the day time, but it was 23°C more in the storage solar cooker from 1700 to 2400 h. The efficiency of the hot box storage solar cooker has been found to be 27.5%. Cooking trials were also conducted. The rice and green gram washed split were kept at 1730 h, and these were cooked perfectly by 2000 h in the hot box storage solar cooker, while these were not cooked in the hot box solar cooker without storage.
03/01602 Performance of an intermittent agitation rotating drum type bioreactor for soffd-atate fermentatfon of wheat straw Kalogeris, E. rf al. Bioresource Technology, 2003, 86. (3), 207-213. A laboratory bioreactor, designed for solid-state fermentation of thermophilic microorganisms, was operated for production of cellulases and hemicellulases by the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. The suitability of the apparatus for the effective control of important operating variables affecting growth of microbes in solidstate cultivation was determined. Application of the optimum conditions found for the moisture content of the medium, growth temperature and airflow rate produced enzyme yields of 1709 U endoglucanase, 4 U cellobiohydrolase, 79 U fl-glucosidase, 5.5 U FPA. 4490 U xylanase and 45 U 0-xylosidase per g of dry wheat straw. The correlation between microorganism growth and production of enzymes was efficiently described by the Le Duy kinetic model.
Alternative
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
03101794 Influence of diet patterns on fuelwood consumption in Kenyan boarding schools and implications for data and energy policies Kituyi, E. and Kiruhi, C. En:nergr Conversion and Management. 2003, 44, (7). 1099-l 109. A study was devised to inquire into the influence of diet patterns in Kenyan boarding schools on the fuelwood consumption rates in these institutions and the implications of the findings on national data and energy policies. It was found that the incorporation of actual weekly diet patterns into the overall fuelwood estimation procedures reduced the mean daily per capita consumption rate by about 1.5 times compared to the reported rate derived from ‘spot’ measurements. Considering the large number of students in these institutions countrywide, this reduction is significant. It is, therefore, likely that reported data on household fuelwood consumption in developing countries could be overestimated. This has negative implications on the policy making and energy planning processes that are dependent on this information. There is need to formulate policies to guide biomass energy consumption data acquisition and management processes in the country. There is also the need to strengthen institutional frameworks and capacity building schemes for biofuel data acquisition and management, both nationally and regionally.
03lO1795 superacid bio-oil
Investigation into the potential of a novel catalyst for the catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic
Williams, P. T. hfernationd Journal of Energ? 131-143. Treatment of zirconium oxide with sulphate ions forms a highly acidic, or superacidic catalyst; sulphated zirconia. This catalyst has been found previously to be highly applicable to a range of reactions including acylation alkylation, isomerization, cracking and dehydration at temperatures in the range 150-200°C. These relatively low-temperature reactions offer potential in the field of bio-oil catalytic upgrading. Here zeolite catalysts have been used predominantly, but with associated problems due to the high reaction temperatures related with their use. The paper describes the processes involved in optimization of a process for the catalytic upgrading of a bio-oil produced by slow pyrolysis of pine wood. Wilson,
2003,
03/01796
of solid
Shionotani, K. rt rrl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285.172 (Cl. CIOJ3/00), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/89,854. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by introduction of the solid biomass into a gasification furnace via its top section, introduction of air via an inlet arranged in the central section, evenly laying several metal or ceramic balls on a fire grate arranged in the lower section, pre-heating the balls to 500-800” by a burner before introduction of biomass, and discharging the product gases downwardly via an outlet section underneath the grate, to obtain a fuel gas having stable composition of high-concentration CO.
27,(2),
Liquid fuels from biomass
and wastes
Akdeniz, F. Energy. Educcrtion, Science and Technology, 2003, 10, (1 & 2), 101-106. A review. Liquid fuels from renewable biomass sources is increasingly important. Liquefaction takes place at moderate temperatures at high pressure with the addition hydrogen. Conversion by supercritical fluid extraction of biomass to liquid fuels ahs been demonstrated with the use of a number of processing configurations. In the supercritical fluid extraction the yield of extractives increases with increasing pressure. Pyrolysis and hydrolysis processes are thought to have great promise as a means for converting biomass into chemicals and higher value liquid fuels. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of liquid products resulting from biomass pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, short gas residence time process would be required. The hydrothermal upgrading process has been carried out for biomass conversion. The purpose of the hydrothermal upgrading process is to convert biomass into so-called biocrude, a liquid fuel with an energy density approaching that of fossil fuels.
03/01797 Long-term energy output estimation for photovoltaic energy systems using synthetic solar irradiation data Celik, A. N. EnergJa, 2003, 28, (S), 479-493. A general methodology is presented to estimate the monthly average daily energy output from photovoltaic energy systems. Energy output is estimated from synthetically generated solar radiation data. The synthetic solar radiation data are generated based on the cumulative frequency distribution of the daily clearness index, given as a function of the monthly clearness index. Two sets of synthetic solar irradiation data are generated: 3- and 4-day months. In the 3-day month, each month is represented by 3 days and in the 4-day month, by 4 days. The 3- and 4-day solar irradiation data are synthetically generated for each month and the corresponding energy outputs are calculated. A total of g-year long measured hourly solar irradiation data, from five different locations in the world, is used to validate the new model. The monthly energy output values calculated from the synthetic solar irradiation data are compared to those calculated from the measured hour-byhour data. It is shown that when the measured solar radiation data do not exist for a particular location or reduced data set is advantageous, the energy output from photovoltaic converters could be correctly calculated.
03101796
308
03/01799 Method and device for gasification biomass fuel
N. G. and
Research,
Anon,
The operation of this biodiesel plant, which uses triglyceride feedstock. is described. Vacuum distillation overheads from the biodiesel. glycerin, and fatty acid streams are combined and condensed. Condensed MeOH is processed in the MeOH rectification plant. For the safety of the biodiesel process an explosive mixture of ail- and MeOH vapour will not be allowed in any of the process vessels. All vessels where MeOH is present are operated under a blanket of N or operated under vacuum, and before startup all process vessels that operate at or near atmospheric pressure are purged with N for a long enough time to guarantee the elimination of air, Triglyceride feedstock is also run through an absorber to collect any MeOH in the vapour entering the vacuum pump.
Low wash, low waste biodiesel
Rcscnrch
Fuel
end
Di.wlo,surr.
Energy
2002.
Abstracts
process
458. P960-P962.
September
2003
03lO1800 New materials and deposition techniques highly efficient silicon thin film solar cells
for
Rech, B. et al. Solar Energv Materials and Solar Cells. 2002. 14.( I -4). 4399447. This paper reviews recent efforts to provide the scientific and technological basis for cost-effective and highly efficient thin film solar modules based on amorphous (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline (uc-Si:H) silicon. Textured ZnO:Al films prepared by sputtering and wet chemical etching were applied to design optimized light-trapping schemes. Necessary prerequisite was the detailed knowledge of the relationship between film growth, structural properties and surface morphology obtained after etching. High rate deposition using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition at 13.56 MHz plasma excitation frequency was developed for uc-Si:H solar cellg yielding efficiencies of 8.1% and 7.5% at deposition rates of 5 and 9 A&, respectively. These uc-Si:H solar ceils were successfully up-scaled to a substrate area of 30x30 cm* and applied in a-Si:H/uc-Si:H tandem cells showing initial test cell efficiencies up to 11.9%.
03/01601 Performance solar cooker
and testing
of a hot box storage
Nahar,N. M. Energy Conversion andManagement, 2003, 44,(g), 1323. 1331. A hot box solar cooker with used engine oil as a storage material has been designed, fabricated and tested so that cooking can be performed even in the late evening. The performance and testing of a storage solar cooker have been investigated by measuring stagnation temperatures and conducting cooking trials. The maximum stagnation temperature inside the cooking chambers of the hot box solar cooker with storage material was the same as that of the hot box solar cooker without storage during the day time, but it was 23°C more in the storage solar cooker from 1700 to 2400 h. The efficiency of the hot box storage solar cooker has been found to be 27.5%. Cooking trials were also conducted. The rice and green gram washed split were kept at 1730 h, and these were cooked perfectly by 2000 h in the hot box storage solar cooker, while these were not cooked in the hot box solar cooker without storage.
03/01602 Performance of an intermittent agitation rotating drum type bioreactor for soffd-atate fermentatfon of wheat straw Kalogeris, E. rf al. Bioresource Technology, 2003, 86. (3), 207-213. A laboratory bioreactor, designed for solid-state fermentation of thermophilic microorganisms, was operated for production of cellulases and hemicellulases by the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus. The suitability of the apparatus for the effective control of important operating variables affecting growth of microbes in solidstate cultivation was determined. Application of the optimum conditions found for the moisture content of the medium, growth temperature and airflow rate produced enzyme yields of 1709 U endoglucanase, 4 U cellobiohydrolase, 79 U fl-glucosidase, 5.5 U FPA. 4490 U xylanase and 45 U 0-xylosidase per g of dry wheat straw. The correlation between microorganism growth and production of enzymes was efficiently described by the Le Duy kinetic model.