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00111 An analysis of the accomplishments of the DOE direct coal liquefaction program
02 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to form a second effluent comprising a second hydrocarbonaceous product including linear paraffins and linear olefins; and (c) alkylating the linear olefins with the iso-paraffins to produce high octane gasoline range alkylate. 04/00108 The quantitation and origin of C&+ n-alkanes in crude oils and source rocks Hong, Z. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (7), 1037-1046. A gas chromatographic method using n-alkane standards (n-C,zs, nCaO, n-&a, n-C~,,. and n-C& and a deuteriated alkane internal standard (n-C24D5s) is presented for the quantitative analysis of high molecular weight alkanes ( > C4s; HMWAs). The samples were injected in pulsed splitless mode. Using this method, HMWAs ranging up to Ciao can be determined, and a GC response factor for n-r& of up to 83% that of nCsO was obtained. The HMWA distributions in three typical high wax oils and a source rock extract from the Nanyang Depression, China, were determined. The results show that the concentrations of HMWAs in the three crude oils range from 22.8 to 38.0 mg/g oil, accounting for about 16% of the total concentration of Caz+n-alkanes. The concentration of HMWAs in the source rock extract from the Dong10 well is twice as large compared to the concentration in the crude oil in Dong-12 well, which may be associated with fractionation during migration from the source rock to the reservoir. The formation of C4aCsOn-alkanes may be associated with cutan/cutin sources within kerogen, and also with biochemical and geochemical processes under strongly reducing conditions. The n-C s1 to a-C&n-alkanes in typical high wax oils from the Nanyang Depression have a weak odd-over-even carbon number predominance, whereas the n-C,,, to n-t&n-alkanes show a strong odd-over-even carbon number predominance. This phenomenon is tentatively considered to be related to the occurrence of different hydrocarbon generation and preservation characteristics of nalkanes with different carbon numbers. 04/00109 Use of a dispersed iron catalyst for upgrading extra-heavy crude oil using methane as source of hydrogen Ovalles, C. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (8), 887-892. The use of an iron dispersed catalyst, derived from Fes(C0)i2, for extra-heavy crude oil upgrading using methane as source of hydrogen was studied. The upgrading reactions were carried out batchwise in a stainless-steel 300 ml Parr reactor with 250 ppm of Fe at a temperature of 410-420°C a pressure of 11 MPa of CH4, and a residence time of 1 h. In the presence of Fes(CO)ia, the reaction of Hamaca extra-heavy crude oil led to a reduction of two orders of magnitude in the viscosity (from 500 to 1.3 Pa s), 14% reduction in sulfur content, and 41% conversion of the 2500°C fraction in the upgraded product with respect to the original crude. The iron catalyst was isolated from the coke produced from the upgrading reaction and was analysed by XPS, EDAX, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results indicated the presence of a Fe-V mixed sulfide species with a composition ca. (Fea.6Va.4)iS, where z is in the range 0.8-0.9. 04/00110 Using monolithic catalysts for highly selective Fischer-Tropsch synthesis de Deugd, R. M. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 79-80, 4955501. Reactor designs for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are illustrative for the struggle to combine the process needs concerning selectivity, heat removal, pressure drop and catalyst attrition and separation. A novel reactor type, the monolithic loop reactor, may constitute a way out of these problems. Experimental data about activity and selectivity of monolithic catalysts are presented. The results show, besides competitive activity and chain growth probability, high olefin to paraffin ratios
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04/00111 An analysis of the accomplishments of the DOE direct coal liquefaction program Winschel, R. A. et al. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (l), 1499152. The DOE direct coal liquefaction programme conducted between 1976 and 2000, resulted in the development and optimization of a commercially ready technology for the production of petroleum substitutes as refinery feedstocks. An intensive large-scale demonstration programme in the late 1970s and early 1980s demonstrated overall engineering feasibility. Subsequent process research and development work overcame the major technology and economic obstacles to commercialization of the process. As a result, direct liquefaction products that meet or exceed crude oil qualities can be made for about $30/bbl. The technology was applicable to a wide range of coals in the United States. Fundamental research supported the process development effort, and provided direction in optimizing
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
process performance. The DOE programme met the goal of defining the costs and benefits of direct coal liquefaction as a strategic alternative to imported oil as a source of liquid fuels and petrochemicals.
Derived liquid fuels 04/00112 A monolith loop reactor as an attractive alternative to slurry reactors Boger, T. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 79-80, 441-451. A new reactor concept to replace slurry bed catalysts with monolithic catalysts is described. Different configurations are presented, all requiring minimal hardware modifications for revamp. One key feature of the new concept is that no troublesome filtration step is required, while maintaining the benefits of high catalyst effectiveness and selectivity. Furthermore, higher catalyst loads per reactor volume can be achieved with the monolith. Cold flow experiments are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept and to determine some empirical parameters for a simple hydrodynamic model. Characteristic performance data for the monolith reactor, such as mass transfer, heat transfer, and reactive performance, as well as their dependence on the type of monolith used are discussed on the basis of model calculations. 04/00113 Control scheme for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of variable-composition synthesis gas into liquid fuels using a slurry-bubble-column reactor Sorensen, J. C. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 39,600 (Cl. 422189: CO7C27/10), 27 Feb 2003, Appl. 925,239. A control scheme is described for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of variable-composition synthesis gas into liquid fuels in a three-phase or slurry-bubble column reactor. The control scheme enables one to achieve constant or optimum liquid fuel production and constant or limited purge gas flow with highly variable synthesis gas feed conditions. This is accomplished by adjusting one or more of the following independent variables: recycle ratio, water addition, and bypass flow. A process flow diagram is presented. 04/00114 Hybrid zirconia catalysts for conversion of Fischer-Tropsch waxy products to transportation fuels Zhou, Z. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83, (l-3), 67-80. Conversion of long-chain normal paraffins found in Fischer-Tropsch products to high-quality transportation fuels, especially middle range products, was investigated using model hydrocarbons (n-Q4 and n-Cs6) and a Fischer-Tropsch wax over modified zirconia catalysts. Most work was carried out using n-t& as a representative reactant. With Ptpromoted tungstated zirconia (Pt/WO&Os, 0.5 wt% Pt and 12.5 wt% W) used as a base, addition of sulfated zirconia (SO,/ZrO& tungstated zirconia (WOs/ZrOs) or certain zeolites increased its reactivity and selectivity at 200°C to middle range products such as kerosene and diesel fuel. The effect of improving the performance of Pt/ WOs/ZrOz by adding the zeolite, mordenite, was studied in detail; an optimal mixing ratio exists for maximum conversion of n-C& under certain reaction conditions. The hybrid catalysts are physical mixtures of compounds with different functions. Hybrid catalysts based on Pt/ W03/ZrOZ provide a promising way to obtain higher catalytic activity and higher selectivity for desired transportation fuels from FischerTropsch products. 04/00115 Preparation, characterization and application of Cr202/Zn0 catalysts for methanol synthesis Bradford, M. C. J. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83, (l-3), 11-25. Several CraOs/ZnO catalysts were prepared via co-precipitation with either KaCOs or (NH&CO3 and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ns-BET, and activity for methanol synthesis at 593 K. XRD and BET analyses of samples prepared with (NHb)zCOa after calcination in dilute 0s from 473 to 973 K revealed that mixed Cr203/ ZnO materials (for which Cr/Zn
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
15
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04/00111 An analysis of the accomplishments of the DOE direct coal liquefaction program Winschel, R. A. et al. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (l), 1499152. The DOE direct coal liquefaction programme conducted between 1976 and 2000, resulted in the development and optimization of a commercially ready technology for the production of petroleum substitutes as refinery feedstocks. An intensive large-scale demonstration programme in the late 1970s and early 1980s demonstrated overall engineering feasibility. Subsequent process research and development work overcame the major technology and economic obstacles to commercialization of the process. As a result, direct liquefaction products that meet or exceed crude oil qualities can be made for about $30/bbl. The technology was applicable to a wide range of coals in the United States. Fundamental research supported the process development effort, and provided direction in optimizing
Liquid
fuels
(derived
liquid
fuels)
process performance. The DOE programme met the goal of defining the costs and benefits of direct coal liquefaction as a strategic alternative to imported oil as a source of liquid fuels and petrochemicals.
Derived liquid fuels 04/00112 A monolith loop reactor as an attractive alternative to slurry reactors Boger, T. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 79-80, 441-451. A new reactor concept to replace slurry bed catalysts with monolithic catalysts is described. Different configurations are presented, all requiring minimal hardware modifications for revamp. One key feature of the new concept is that no troublesome filtration step is required, while maintaining the benefits of high catalyst effectiveness and selectivity. Furthermore, higher catalyst loads per reactor volume can be achieved with the monolith. Cold flow experiments are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept and to determine some empirical parameters for a simple hydrodynamic model. Characteristic performance data for the monolith reactor, such as mass transfer, heat transfer, and reactive performance, as well as their dependence on the type of monolith used are discussed on the basis of model calculations. 04/00113 Control scheme for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of variable-composition synthesis gas into liquid fuels using a slurry-bubble-column reactor Sorensen, J. C. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 39,600 (Cl. 422189: CO7C27/10), 27 Feb 2003, Appl. 925,239. A control scheme is described for the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of variable-composition synthesis gas into liquid fuels in a three-phase or slurry-bubble column reactor. The control scheme enables one to achieve constant or optimum liquid fuel production and constant or limited purge gas flow with highly variable synthesis gas feed conditions. This is accomplished by adjusting one or more of the following independent variables: recycle ratio, water addition, and bypass flow. A process flow diagram is presented. 04/00114 Hybrid zirconia catalysts for conversion of Fischer-Tropsch waxy products to transportation fuels Zhou, Z. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83, (l-3), 67-80. Conversion of long-chain normal paraffins found in Fischer-Tropsch products to high-quality transportation fuels, especially middle range products, was investigated using model hydrocarbons (n-Q4 and n-Cs6) and a Fischer-Tropsch wax over modified zirconia catalysts. Most work was carried out using n-t& as a representative reactant. With Ptpromoted tungstated zirconia (Pt/WO&Os, 0.5 wt% Pt and 12.5 wt% W) used as a base, addition of sulfated zirconia (SO,/ZrO& tungstated zirconia (WOs/ZrOs) or certain zeolites increased its reactivity and selectivity at 200°C to middle range products such as kerosene and diesel fuel. The effect of improving the performance of Pt/ WOs/ZrOz by adding the zeolite, mordenite, was studied in detail; an optimal mixing ratio exists for maximum conversion of n-C& under certain reaction conditions. The hybrid catalysts are physical mixtures of compounds with different functions. Hybrid catalysts based on Pt/ W03/ZrOZ provide a promising way to obtain higher catalytic activity and higher selectivity for desired transportation fuels from FischerTropsch products. 04/00115 Preparation, characterization and application of Cr202/Zn0 catalysts for methanol synthesis Bradford, M. C. J. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83, (l-3), 11-25. Several CraOs/ZnO catalysts were prepared via co-precipitation with either KaCOs or (NH&CO3 and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ns-BET, and activity for methanol synthesis at 593 K. XRD and BET analyses of samples prepared with (NHb)zCOa after calcination in dilute 0s from 473 to 973 K revealed that mixed Cr203/ ZnO materials (for which Cr/Zn
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
15