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00423 Study on rapeseed oil as alternative fuel for a single-cylinder diesel engine
10 Engines containing ashes, recycling the C-containing ashes back to fluidized bed as fluidizing medium with proper particle size and density to satisfy condition of fluidizing medium in the fluidized bed without scattering inside the furnace.
04/00417 Hydrogen-ethanol blending as an alternative fuel of spark ignition engines Al-Baghdadi, M. A. S. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9), 1471-1478. The performance and pollutant emission of a four-stroke spark ignition engine using hydrogen-ethanol blends as fuel have been studied. The tests were performed using 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mass% hydrogenethanol blends. Gasoline fuel was used as a basis for comparison. The effect of using different blends of hydrogen-ethanol on engine power; specific fuel consumption, CO and NO, emission was studied. Operating test results for a range of compression ratio (CR) and equivalent ratio are presented. The results show that the supplemental hydrogen in the ethanol-air mixture improves the combustion process and hence improves the combustion efficiency, expands the range of combustibility of the ethanol fuel, increases the power, reduces the s.f.c., and reduces toxic emissions. The important improvement of hydrogen addition is to reduce the s.f.c. of ethanol engines. Results were compared to those with gasoline fuel at 7 CR and stoichiometric equivalence ratio.
04/00418 Multi-level modeling of SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system Chan, S. H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (8) 889-900. This paper presents the work on a natural gas-fed integrated internalreforming solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (IRSOFC-GT) power generation system. It was assumed that only hydrogen participated in the electrochemical reaction, while the non-reacted raw gases and reformed gases are fully oxidized in the combustor downstream of the fuel cell stack. The system consists of an integrated reformer, a SOFC stack, a combustor, a gas turbine and a power turbine, a fuel compressor and an air compressor, two recuperates and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Different levels of modeling work for the fuel cell, fuel cell stack, and integrated system were conducted, which provide a means for sizing up the power system in the developmental stage. Simulation results show that the IRSOFC-GT power system could achieve a net electrical efficiency of better than 60% and a system efficiency (including waste heat recovery for steam generation) of better than 80%.
04/00419 New concept of a direct injection SI gasoline engine: a study of stratified charge combustion characteristics by radical luminescence measurement Nakashima, T. er al. JSAE Review?, 2003, 24, (l), 17-23. A new stratified charge system, which employs a thin fan-shaped fuel spray and a shell-shaped position cavity, has been developed for direct injection gasoline engines. In order to clarify the characteristics of stratified mixture formation and combustion, spray motion visualization, local fuel concentration in piston cavity, and frame behaviour observation were performed. The newly developed system achieves stable stratified combustion in the high-speed region due to optimized piston cavity shape and fuel spray characteristics, especially suitable spray penetration with high injection pressure which ensures the mixture formation is ‘robust’ against air flow and accelerating mixture diffusion in the cavity.
04/00420 NO, emission and performance data for a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm using exhaust gas recirculation Heffel, J. W. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (S), 901-908. This paper describes six experiments conducted on a 2-1, four-cylinder Ford ZETEC internal combustion engine developed to operate on hydrogen fuel. The experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) and a standard 3-way catalytic converter had on NO, emissions and engine performance. All the experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and each experiment used a different fuel flow rate, ranging from 0.78 to 1.63 kg/h. These fuel flow rates correspond to a fuel equivalence ratio, 9, ranging from 0.35 to 1.02 when the engine is operated without using EGR (i.e. using excess air for dilution). The experiments initially started with the engine operating using excess air. As the experiments proceed, the excess air was replaced with exhaust gas until the engine was operating at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The results of these experiments demonstrated that using EGR is an effective means to lowering NO,y emissions to less than 1 ppm while also increasing engine output torque.
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
04/00421 NO, emission reduction in a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 3000 rpm using exhaust gas recirculation Heffel, J. W. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; 2003. 28. (1 l), 1285-1292. This paper describes five experiments conducted on a 2-1, four-cylinder Ford ZETEC internal combustion engine (ICE) developed to operate on hydrogen fuel. The experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and a standard three-way catalytic converter had on NO, emissions and engine performance. All the experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm and each experiment used a different fuel flow rate, ranging from 1.63 to 2.72 kg/h. These fuel flow rates correspond to a fuel equivalence ratio (ranging from 0.35 to 0.75 when the engine is operated without using EGR (i.e. using excess air for dilution). The experiments initially started with the engine operating using excess air. As the experiments proceed, the excess air was replaced with exhaust gas until the engine was operating at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The results of these experiments demonstrated that using EGR is an effective means to lowering NO, emissions to less than 1 ppm while also increasing engine output torque.
04/00422 Piston friction analysis using a direct-injection single-cylinder gasoline engine Kikuchi, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (1): 53-58. Reducing piston friction is an effective means for engine friction improvement. A recent report indicated that. indirect injection engines, the fuel sprayed on the cylinder bore surface (which ‘wets’ the cylinder) affects piston lubrication. The analyses of piston friction together with lubrication behaviour will accordingly become increasingly important. This study focused on the influences of cylinder wetting on piston friction characteristic through the use of a directinjection single-cylinder engine. The study revealed that cylinder wetting reduces piston friction during the compression stroke, and that this phenomenon can be explained by the lowered oil viscosity on the cylinder bore surface caused by fuel wetting.
04100423 Study on rapeseed oil as alternative fuel for a single-cylinder diesel engine He, Y. and Bao, Y. D. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9); 1447-1453. This study was undertaken to provide knowledge necessary for raising the thermal efficiency of mixed oil composed of rapeseed oil and conventional diesel oil and for improving the performance of an engine fuelled by the mixture. The experimental results obtained showed that a mixing ratio of 30% rapeseed oil and 70% diesel oil was practically optimal in ensuring relatively high thermal efficiency of engine as well as homogeneity and stability of the oil mixture. Method of quadratic regressive orthogonal design test method was adopted in experiment designed to examine the dependence of specific fuel consumption on four adjustable working parameters when the above-mentioned oil mixture was used. These parameters were: intake-valve-closing angle (a), exhaust-valve-opening angle (p), fuel-delivering angle (0) and injection pressure (P, in lo4 Pa). Relationship between these parameters and specific fuel consumption was analysed under two typical operating conditions and mathematical equations characterizing the relationship were formulated. The equation of specific fuel consumption derived from the regressive test under each operating condition was set as the objective function and the ranges for the four adjustable working parameters were the given constraint condition. Models of non-linear programming were then constructed. Computer aided optimization of the working parameters for 30:70 rapeseed oil/ diesel oil mixed fuel was achieved. It was concluded that the predominant factor affecting the specific fuel consumption was fueldelivering angle 6’: the approximate optimal value of which, in this specific case, was 2-3 degrees in advance of that for engine fuelled by pure diesel oil. The experimental results also provided useful reference material for selection of the most preferable combination of working parameters.
04/00424 Thermally stable jet fuel prepared from highly paraffinic distillate fuel component and conventional distillate fuel component Hemighaus, G. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 35,807 (Cl. ClOL1/04), 1 May 2003, Appl. 586. The stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in turbine engines, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component having low to moderate branching and at least one conventional petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a processor for preparing Same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
49
04/00417 Hydrogen-ethanol blending as an alternative fuel of spark ignition engines Al-Baghdadi, M. A. S. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9), 1471-1478. The performance and pollutant emission of a four-stroke spark ignition engine using hydrogen-ethanol blends as fuel have been studied. The tests were performed using 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mass% hydrogenethanol blends. Gasoline fuel was used as a basis for comparison. The effect of using different blends of hydrogen-ethanol on engine power; specific fuel consumption, CO and NO, emission was studied. Operating test results for a range of compression ratio (CR) and equivalent ratio are presented. The results show that the supplemental hydrogen in the ethanol-air mixture improves the combustion process and hence improves the combustion efficiency, expands the range of combustibility of the ethanol fuel, increases the power, reduces the s.f.c., and reduces toxic emissions. The important improvement of hydrogen addition is to reduce the s.f.c. of ethanol engines. Results were compared to those with gasoline fuel at 7 CR and stoichiometric equivalence ratio.
04/00418 Multi-level modeling of SOFC-gas turbine hybrid system Chan, S. H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (8) 889-900. This paper presents the work on a natural gas-fed integrated internalreforming solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine (IRSOFC-GT) power generation system. It was assumed that only hydrogen participated in the electrochemical reaction, while the non-reacted raw gases and reformed gases are fully oxidized in the combustor downstream of the fuel cell stack. The system consists of an integrated reformer, a SOFC stack, a combustor, a gas turbine and a power turbine, a fuel compressor and an air compressor, two recuperates and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Different levels of modeling work for the fuel cell, fuel cell stack, and integrated system were conducted, which provide a means for sizing up the power system in the developmental stage. Simulation results show that the IRSOFC-GT power system could achieve a net electrical efficiency of better than 60% and a system efficiency (including waste heat recovery for steam generation) of better than 80%.
04/00419 New concept of a direct injection SI gasoline engine: a study of stratified charge combustion characteristics by radical luminescence measurement Nakashima, T. er al. JSAE Review?, 2003, 24, (l), 17-23. A new stratified charge system, which employs a thin fan-shaped fuel spray and a shell-shaped position cavity, has been developed for direct injection gasoline engines. In order to clarify the characteristics of stratified mixture formation and combustion, spray motion visualization, local fuel concentration in piston cavity, and frame behaviour observation were performed. The newly developed system achieves stable stratified combustion in the high-speed region due to optimized piston cavity shape and fuel spray characteristics, especially suitable spray penetration with high injection pressure which ensures the mixture formation is ‘robust’ against air flow and accelerating mixture diffusion in the cavity.
04/00420 NO, emission and performance data for a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 1500 rpm using exhaust gas recirculation Heffel, J. W. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (S), 901-908. This paper describes six experiments conducted on a 2-1, four-cylinder Ford ZETEC internal combustion engine developed to operate on hydrogen fuel. The experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) and a standard 3-way catalytic converter had on NO, emissions and engine performance. All the experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and each experiment used a different fuel flow rate, ranging from 0.78 to 1.63 kg/h. These fuel flow rates correspond to a fuel equivalence ratio, 9, ranging from 0.35 to 1.02 when the engine is operated without using EGR (i.e. using excess air for dilution). The experiments initially started with the engine operating using excess air. As the experiments proceed, the excess air was replaced with exhaust gas until the engine was operating at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The results of these experiments demonstrated that using EGR is an effective means to lowering NO,y emissions to less than 1 ppm while also increasing engine output torque.
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
04/00421 NO, emission reduction in a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 3000 rpm using exhaust gas recirculation Heffel, J. W. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy; 2003. 28. (1 l), 1285-1292. This paper describes five experiments conducted on a 2-1, four-cylinder Ford ZETEC internal combustion engine (ICE) developed to operate on hydrogen fuel. The experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and a standard three-way catalytic converter had on NO, emissions and engine performance. All the experiments were conducted at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm and each experiment used a different fuel flow rate, ranging from 1.63 to 2.72 kg/h. These fuel flow rates correspond to a fuel equivalence ratio (ranging from 0.35 to 0.75 when the engine is operated without using EGR (i.e. using excess air for dilution). The experiments initially started with the engine operating using excess air. As the experiments proceed, the excess air was replaced with exhaust gas until the engine was operating at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The results of these experiments demonstrated that using EGR is an effective means to lowering NO, emissions to less than 1 ppm while also increasing engine output torque.
04/00422 Piston friction analysis using a direct-injection single-cylinder gasoline engine Kikuchi, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (1): 53-58. Reducing piston friction is an effective means for engine friction improvement. A recent report indicated that. indirect injection engines, the fuel sprayed on the cylinder bore surface (which ‘wets’ the cylinder) affects piston lubrication. The analyses of piston friction together with lubrication behaviour will accordingly become increasingly important. This study focused on the influences of cylinder wetting on piston friction characteristic through the use of a directinjection single-cylinder engine. The study revealed that cylinder wetting reduces piston friction during the compression stroke, and that this phenomenon can be explained by the lowered oil viscosity on the cylinder bore surface caused by fuel wetting.
04100423 Study on rapeseed oil as alternative fuel for a single-cylinder diesel engine He, Y. and Bao, Y. D. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (9); 1447-1453. This study was undertaken to provide knowledge necessary for raising the thermal efficiency of mixed oil composed of rapeseed oil and conventional diesel oil and for improving the performance of an engine fuelled by the mixture. The experimental results obtained showed that a mixing ratio of 30% rapeseed oil and 70% diesel oil was practically optimal in ensuring relatively high thermal efficiency of engine as well as homogeneity and stability of the oil mixture. Method of quadratic regressive orthogonal design test method was adopted in experiment designed to examine the dependence of specific fuel consumption on four adjustable working parameters when the above-mentioned oil mixture was used. These parameters were: intake-valve-closing angle (a), exhaust-valve-opening angle (p), fuel-delivering angle (0) and injection pressure (P, in lo4 Pa). Relationship between these parameters and specific fuel consumption was analysed under two typical operating conditions and mathematical equations characterizing the relationship were formulated. The equation of specific fuel consumption derived from the regressive test under each operating condition was set as the objective function and the ranges for the four adjustable working parameters were the given constraint condition. Models of non-linear programming were then constructed. Computer aided optimization of the working parameters for 30:70 rapeseed oil/ diesel oil mixed fuel was achieved. It was concluded that the predominant factor affecting the specific fuel consumption was fueldelivering angle 6’: the approximate optimal value of which, in this specific case, was 2-3 degrees in advance of that for engine fuelled by pure diesel oil. The experimental results also provided useful reference material for selection of the most preferable combination of working parameters.
04/00424 Thermally stable jet fuel prepared from highly paraffinic distillate fuel component and conventional distillate fuel component Hemighaus, G. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 35,807 (Cl. ClOL1/04), 1 May 2003, Appl. 586. The stable distillate fuel blend useful as a fuel or as a blending component of a fuel that is suitable for use in turbine engines, said fuel blend prepared from at least one highly paraffinic distillate fuel component having low to moderate branching and at least one conventional petroleum-derived distillate fuel component and a processor for preparing Same involving the blending of at least two components having antagonistic properties with respect to one another. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
49