- Email: [email protected]
00667 Blending of Fischer-Tropsch-derived paraffin oils with alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparaffinic oils for manufacture of lubricating base oils
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) 04lOO661 Performance cracking feedstock
of the Sasol SPD naphtha
as steam
Dancuar, L. P. et al. Preprints - American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 2003, 48, (2), 132-138. The indirect conversion of natural gas to liquid products via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is starting to become a favoured gas-toliquid (GTL) process option. One of the GTL options is the Sasol slurry phase distillate (SPD) process. It comprises three steps: first natural gas is reformed to syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Subsequently this syngas is reacted via the Fischer-Tropsch reaction into a highly paraffinic synthetic crude. Finally, this is hydroprocessed to compound product specifications. Many studies were published on the performance of the Sasol SPD Diesel. However, this has not been the case for the Sasol SPD Naphtha, a product that was regarded as an excellent steam cracking feedstock for the production of light olefins. This statement was validated after a series of pilot-scale steam cracking runs. The objectives of the program include quantifying the performance at different steam cracking severities and estimating the cracking coil coking trend. The observed performance exceeded expectations. Under compound processing conditions the Sasol PD Naphtha should produce better olefin yields and longer cracker run lengths than conventional petrochemical naphthas. This performance is analysed and compared with that of petroleum naphthas.
04/00662 Upgrading hydrocracking
petroleum
residue
by two-stage
Guan, C. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 85, (2-3), 165-172. Two-stage hydrocracking of petroleum residue consisting of hydrogenation (at low temperature) and thermocracking (at high temperature) has been investigated. Compared with one-stage reaction, two-stage reaction seems to have the following advantages: lower coke formation, higher cracking and higher removal of hetero-atoms. Anthracene had been regarded as the model compound of coke precursor. After twostage hydrocracking, about 51% of anthracene was hydrogenated at a low temperature (416°C) and about 10% of the hydrogenated compound (9,10-dihydroanthracene) released the activated hydrogen which could prevent the residue from coke formation and removed the heteroatoms (i.e. sulfur and nitrogen) at a high temperature (436°C). Comparison of two kinds of reactions showed that the two-stage reaction was superior to the one-stage reaction.
Economics, business,marketing, policy 04/00663 Decommissioning major policy issues
of petroleum
installations-
Osmundsen, P. and Tveteros, R. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (15), 15791588. Following the Brent Spar controversy, the OSPAR countries reached a unanimous agreement in 1998 for the future rules for disposal of petroleum installations. The vast majority of existing offshore installations will be re-used or returned to shore for recycling or disposal. For installations where there is no generic solution, one should take a caseby-case approach. The report provides a survey of international economic and regulatory issues pertaining to disposal of petroleum installations, and gives specific examples by analysing the Norwegian decommissioning policy. Implications of disposal decisions for the fishing industry, a central stakeholder, are also analysed.
04/00664 Minimizing fuel and ‘external’ load utility boiler firing fuel oil
formation at extremely low excess air values. Switching firing the fuel at the ‘compromise’ excess air ensures saving of the total costs per unit boiler per year.
04/00665 Quest for Middle Pacific region
the boiler to a substantial
East oil: the US versus the Asia-
Salameh, M. G. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (1 l), 1085-1091. Two very powerful geopolitical factors will decisively determine whether the quest for Middle East oil (mainly Gulf oil) could enhance the global oil security or could lead to oil supply disruptions and also instability and conflict in the Asia-Pacific region. The two factors are the United States’ growing dependence on oil imports from the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region’s thirst for oil and the increasingly likely Chinese dependence on oil from the region. The Asia-Pacific countries are increasingly growing concerned about their ability to supply enough oil to fuel future economic growth. The region’s phenomenal economic growth up to July 1997 and its economic recovery since then, and its steadily rising energy needs lend urgency to the question of how the region would meet its considerable energy challenges. This paper will endeavour to analyse the impact of this growing dependence on Middle East oil, on global oil supplies, the price of oil and global oil security. It will argue that such dependence on a volatile region like the Middle East and the perception of scarcer energy resources in the Asia-Pacific region, have the potential to lead to conflict in both regions unless these issues are dealt with in geoeconomic rather than geostrategic terms. The paper will strongly express the view that potential conflicts can be resolved not by force but through markets and investment and also through the diversification of energy sources and the promotion of alternative energy development and use across the region.
04lOO666 The linkage between oil rice shocks and economic growth with lnflatlon in t Re presence of technological advances: a CGE model Doroodian, K. and Boyd, R. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (lo), 989-1006. This report examines whether oil price shocks are inflationary in the USA. The study increased the price of oil in the year 2000 in a manner consistent with the oil price shock of 1973-74 and let the economy experience a Hicksian technological change. Then using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the analyses were conducted under two separate cases: (1) regular economic growth, and (2) low economic growth. Three technological scenarios were run: (1) no technology change, (2) technological advances in the manufacturing and refining sectors, and (3) technological advances in the manufacturing, refining, chemical, and service sectors. The effects of these changes were analysed over the next 20 years until the year 2020. The results suggest that while a shock of the magnitude experienced in the 1970s will have a fairly severe effect on such things as gasoline and refinery prices, the aggregate price changes will be largely dissipated over time at the aggregate level. Furthermore, the aggregate level of prices (CPI and PPI) will fall over time as the level of technological advances rise under both growth scenarios. There are several reasons why such results would be obtained. First of all, the structure of the US economy has changed remarkably since the early 1970s. Rather than being a manufacturing based economy, the US is largely a service-based economy today and hence it is more protected form raw materials shortages. Second, the economy has had a steady history of strong growth and the faster an economy grows the quicker disruptions to that economy are dissipated. Finally, the US economy is experiencing rapid technological advances in information systems which have served to reduce costs and maintain output in a wide number of economic sectors.
costs for a variable-
Kaewboonsong, W. and Kouprianov, V. I. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2003, 42, (9), 889-895. The results of experimental study on excess-air-dependent heat losses and gaseous emissions (NO,, SOs and CO) for a 310 MW fuel oil-fired boiler operating at full and reduced (75 and 50%) loads, are discussed. For the 100% boiler load, data on NO, emissions indicate the formation of thermal NO along with the fuel and prompt NO. The material balance for SO, points out the minor formation of SOS in fuel oil combustion. The CO emission from the boiler is detected when firing the fuel at excess air of less than 4%. A cost-based method for excess air optimization is presented. The boiler fuel consumption is incorporated into ‘internal’ (or fuel) costs whereas the experimentally found gaseous emissions are associated with ‘external’ costs (or costs of damage done by the boiler to the environment and humans). The minimum total sum of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ costs for the fully loaded boiler was found to correspond to the (residual) oxygen concentration of 0.73% O2 in flue gas at the economizer outlet. However, the ‘compromise’ value of 1.1% 01 was selected as the recommended 02 set point in boiler operation taking into account the desired diminishing of the total costs as well as the constraints concerning minimized soot
Derived liquid fuels ON00667 Blending of Fischer-Tropsch-derived paraffin with alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparafflnlc oils for manufacture of lubricating base oils
oils
O’Rear, D. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 35,585 (Cl. CO7C2/64), 1 May 2003, US Appl. 999,873. A lubricating base oil blend consists of: (1) a high-paraffinic FischerTropsch base oil with viscosity >3 cSt at 40”, and (2) alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparaffinic oil with viscosity >2 (preferably >3) cSt at 40”, in which component (2) is present at l-50 weight% concentration. Component (2) can also be prepared from a high-paraffinic FischerTropsch base oil by alkylation with benzene, or by reforming, followed by dewaxing and hydrogenation for aromatic ring saturation. A synthetic ester-based oil may also be added to reduce turbidity. The use of base stocks composed of alkylaromatics or alkylcycloparaffins Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
69
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) not only Tropsch physicals
improves facilities properties,
the yield but also including
of lubricating base provides moderate additive soly.
oils from Fischerimprovements in
04/00666 Combustion performance and emissions of ethyl ester of a waste vegetable oil in a water-cooled furnace Tashtoush, G. et al. Applied Thermal Engineering , 2003, 23, (3). 285293. Food consumption produces large amounts of waste vegetable oils and fats that are in many instances disposed of in harmful ways. The feasibility of using this renewable and low-cost fuel as raw material for diesel fuel replacement in residential heating boilers was studied. The combustion performance and emissions of used palm oil Et ester (biodiesel) were compared to baseline diesel fuel in a HzO-cooled furnace. The combustion efficiency, Q, and exhaust temperature Text,. as well as the common pollutants and emissions were tested over a wide range of air/fuel ratios from very lean to very rich (lO:l-2O:l). All tests were conducted at two different energy inputs for both fuels. At the lower energy rate, rf respectively with the corresponding values for diesel being 56% and 560”. At the higher energy input, biodiesel combustion performance deteriorated and was inferior to diesel fuel due to its high viscosity, density and low volatility. Biodiesel emitted less pollutants at both energy levels over the range of air/fuel ratios tested.
04/00669
Detoxification
of brominated
pyrolysis
oils
Hornung, A. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003, 70, (2), 723-733. The development of an innovative technology for the pyrolytic conversion of brominated phenols in a reductive medium aimed at product recovery for commercial use is discussed in this paper. Brominated phenols are toxic products, which contaminate pyrolysis oil of wastes from electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). The pyrolysis experiments were carried out with 2,6-dibromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, WEEE pyrolysis oil and polypropylene or polyethylene in encapsulated ampoules under inert atmosphere in quasi-isothermal conditions (300-4OO”C) with a different residence time (IO-30 min). Optimal conditions were found to be the use of polypropylene at 350°C with a residence time of 20 min. The main pyrolysis products were identified as HBr and phenol. A radical debromination mechanism for the pyrolytic destruction of brominated phenols is suggested.
04/00670 FT-Raman and photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy of Syncrude heavy gas oil distillation
fractions
Michaelian,
K. H. et al. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomoleculur Spectroscopy, 2003, 59A, (4), 8 1 l-824. FT-Raman and photoacoustic (PA) IR spectra of six distillation fractions derived from syncrude heavy gas oil (HGO), which has a boiling range from 343 to 524”, were analysed in detail. Most of the information on the fingerprint region (200-1800 cm-r) is provided by the FT-Raman spectra, which display ~30 bands that are assignable to functional groups in alkanes or aromatics. Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatics in the six fractions were also monitored using bands in this region. The C-H stretching region in both the FT-Raman and PA IR spectra of the HGO distillation fractions was analysed according to a curve-fitting algorithm used in previous studies of samples with lower boiling points. The PA spectra of the HGO fractions were also analysed by integration. The curve-fitting results show that the frequencies of the 11 Raman and 8 IR bands used to model the aliphatic (~2775-3000 cm-‘) parts of the respective spectra are approximately constant across the entire HGO boiling range. These band positions are consistent with the results obtained in earlier studies of other distillation fractions obtained from Syncrude sweet blend. Both curve-fitting and integration show that the respective proportions of CHz and Me groups do not vary significantly within the HGO region.
04lOO671 In-situ hydroisomerization of synthesized hydrocarbon liquid in a slurry Fischer-Tropsch downcomer reactor Wittenbrink, R. J. et al. U.S. US r&555,725 (CL 585-734; CO7C5/13), 29 Apr 2003, Appl. 992,372. A slurry Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process for synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from synthesis gas in a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor also hydroisomerizes the synthesized hydrocarbon liquid which comprises the slurry liquid in one or more downcomer reactors immersed in the slurry body in the synthesis reactor. A monolithic catalyst (e.g. Pt-exchanged p-zeolites) is preferably used for the hydroisomerization, and slurry circulation down through the downcomer reactors from the surrounding slurry body, is achieved at least in part by density-difference driven hydraulics created by removing gas bubbles from the slurry passed into the downcomers. Preferably, the catalyst particles are also removed before the slurry contacts the 90
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
catalyst. The hydroisomerization occurs while the synthesis reactor producing hydrocarbons, without interfering with the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction. A reactor diagram is presented.
04/00672 Molecular hydrocarbons
averaging
is
of light and heavy
Chen, C.-Y. U.S. US 6,566,568 (Cl. 585-310; CO7C6/08), 20 May 2003, Appl. 27,838. A process for preparing a paraffinic product stream in the gasoline, middle distillate fuel and lube ranges from a Cr_+ontaining feedstock and a Cz,+-paraffinic feedstock is described. The combined feedstocks are subjected to molecule averaging via dehydrogenation to form olefins, metathesis of the olefins, and rehydrogenation of the olefins to form paraffins. The product stream includes a fraction rich in paraffins the molecule weights of which are between those of the light and heavy paraffin feedstocks, plus some unconverted feeds. The product of the molecule-averaging reaction can optionally be isomerized to improve the octane value, in the case of gasoline, or pour point, in the case of middle distillate fuels and lubes. The unconverted feedstocks can be recycled to extinction; process flow diagrams are presented.
04/00673 Paraffinic-cycloparaffinic-aromatic distillate blends for manufacture of diesel fuels and jet fuels with improved seal swelling resistance O’Rear, D. J. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 85,153 (Cl. 208-63; ClOG57/00), 8 May 2003, Appl. 999,667. A distillate fuel, especially high-cetane-number diesel fuel, with improved seal swelling resistance, contain: (1) a paraffinic (preferably Fischer-Tropsch-derived) distillate with branching index -5, and exhibits a volume increase of -0.2% (ASTM D 471) at 23 f 2” for 70 h in the presence of a nitrile rubber O-ring seal, and (2) an alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparaffin oil. The finished fully-blended distillate has a same volume increase characteristics (ASTM D 471) as for the above paraffin oil. Paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch distillates are preferably reformed to produce the alkylaromatic and alkylcycloparaffinic distillates for blending. Similarly, the paraffinic FischerTropsch distillates can be manufactured by such processes as hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, oligomerization, and hydrogenation.
04100674 Procedure for the production fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide
of hydrocarbon and hydroge
S. Ger. Offen. DE 10,156,975 (Cl. CIOG2/00), 5 Jun 2003, Appl. 10,156,975. (In German) Hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel oil, fuel oil, and kerosine are manufactured from atmospheric carbon dioxide and hydrogen in following steps: (1) recovery of COz from earth’s atmosphere, (2) hydrolytic decomposition of Hz0 to Hz and Or, (3) reacting CO2 with Hz to CO, and (4) reacting CO with Hz to hydrocarbons and HzO. The electric power produced from nuclear energy is used as the energy requirements necessary for the four-process step. The procedure prevents COz-conditioned climatic changes and makes the user independent of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Geyer,
04/00675 discussion
Progress in coal liquefaction of Wilsonville Data
Valente,
A. and Cronauer,
Chemical
Society,
including
a
D. C. Preprints of Symposia - American of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (l), 147-148. This paper is both a review of the history of coal liquefaction research and a progress report on a DOE plant in Wilsonville, AL. Activity in direct coal liquefaction research has passed through a number of swings since its inception. A sizeable number of processes were developed. Effort appears to have evolved toward a two-stage reactor concept with one or both stages containing active hydrogenation catalysts with supplemental and/or recycled mineral matter. A high point of research activity centred upon the Advanced Two-Stage Coal Liquefaction Facility located in Wilsonville, AL. A database was set up to correlate the effect of operating variables in their liquefaction of Illinois No. 6 seam bituminous coal. Overall preferred processing conditions for generating distillable liquids included the use of high reactor temperatures. (> 430 EC) and a high process solvent residue concentration (> 50% if mechanical possible). The space rate of coal in the reactors should be set at a point where residue production is minimized. Significant results included lower coal conversion, hydrogen consumption, Ct-Cs yield, IBP-350EF yield, and Cr-Cs selectivity when using half-volume over full-volume reactors at similar conditions, including space velocities. These were apparently due to flatter reactor temperature profiles and lower catalyst to thermal volume ratios. Division
04/00676 Removal of heteroatom containing species in coal liquid distillates from South Banko coal by catalytic hydrotreatment over NiMo supported alumina catalyst Murti, Society,
S. D. S. et al. Preprints Division of Fuel Chemistry,
of Symposia 2003,
48, (I),
~ American 195-196.
Chemical
of the Sasol SPD naphtha
as steam
Dancuar, L. P. et al. Preprints - American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 2003, 48, (2), 132-138. The indirect conversion of natural gas to liquid products via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is starting to become a favoured gas-toliquid (GTL) process option. One of the GTL options is the Sasol slurry phase distillate (SPD) process. It comprises three steps: first natural gas is reformed to syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Subsequently this syngas is reacted via the Fischer-Tropsch reaction into a highly paraffinic synthetic crude. Finally, this is hydroprocessed to compound product specifications. Many studies were published on the performance of the Sasol SPD Diesel. However, this has not been the case for the Sasol SPD Naphtha, a product that was regarded as an excellent steam cracking feedstock for the production of light olefins. This statement was validated after a series of pilot-scale steam cracking runs. The objectives of the program include quantifying the performance at different steam cracking severities and estimating the cracking coil coking trend. The observed performance exceeded expectations. Under compound processing conditions the Sasol PD Naphtha should produce better olefin yields and longer cracker run lengths than conventional petrochemical naphthas. This performance is analysed and compared with that of petroleum naphthas.
04/00662 Upgrading hydrocracking
petroleum
residue
by two-stage
Guan, C. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 85, (2-3), 165-172. Two-stage hydrocracking of petroleum residue consisting of hydrogenation (at low temperature) and thermocracking (at high temperature) has been investigated. Compared with one-stage reaction, two-stage reaction seems to have the following advantages: lower coke formation, higher cracking and higher removal of hetero-atoms. Anthracene had been regarded as the model compound of coke precursor. After twostage hydrocracking, about 51% of anthracene was hydrogenated at a low temperature (416°C) and about 10% of the hydrogenated compound (9,10-dihydroanthracene) released the activated hydrogen which could prevent the residue from coke formation and removed the heteroatoms (i.e. sulfur and nitrogen) at a high temperature (436°C). Comparison of two kinds of reactions showed that the two-stage reaction was superior to the one-stage reaction.
Economics, business,marketing, policy 04/00663 Decommissioning major policy issues
of petroleum
installations-
Osmundsen, P. and Tveteros, R. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (15), 15791588. Following the Brent Spar controversy, the OSPAR countries reached a unanimous agreement in 1998 for the future rules for disposal of petroleum installations. The vast majority of existing offshore installations will be re-used or returned to shore for recycling or disposal. For installations where there is no generic solution, one should take a caseby-case approach. The report provides a survey of international economic and regulatory issues pertaining to disposal of petroleum installations, and gives specific examples by analysing the Norwegian decommissioning policy. Implications of disposal decisions for the fishing industry, a central stakeholder, are also analysed.
04/00664 Minimizing fuel and ‘external’ load utility boiler firing fuel oil
formation at extremely low excess air values. Switching firing the fuel at the ‘compromise’ excess air ensures saving of the total costs per unit boiler per year.
04/00665 Quest for Middle Pacific region
the boiler to a substantial
East oil: the US versus the Asia-
Salameh, M. G. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (1 l), 1085-1091. Two very powerful geopolitical factors will decisively determine whether the quest for Middle East oil (mainly Gulf oil) could enhance the global oil security or could lead to oil supply disruptions and also instability and conflict in the Asia-Pacific region. The two factors are the United States’ growing dependence on oil imports from the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region’s thirst for oil and the increasingly likely Chinese dependence on oil from the region. The Asia-Pacific countries are increasingly growing concerned about their ability to supply enough oil to fuel future economic growth. The region’s phenomenal economic growth up to July 1997 and its economic recovery since then, and its steadily rising energy needs lend urgency to the question of how the region would meet its considerable energy challenges. This paper will endeavour to analyse the impact of this growing dependence on Middle East oil, on global oil supplies, the price of oil and global oil security. It will argue that such dependence on a volatile region like the Middle East and the perception of scarcer energy resources in the Asia-Pacific region, have the potential to lead to conflict in both regions unless these issues are dealt with in geoeconomic rather than geostrategic terms. The paper will strongly express the view that potential conflicts can be resolved not by force but through markets and investment and also through the diversification of energy sources and the promotion of alternative energy development and use across the region.
04lOO666 The linkage between oil rice shocks and economic growth with lnflatlon in t Re presence of technological advances: a CGE model Doroodian, K. and Boyd, R. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (lo), 989-1006. This report examines whether oil price shocks are inflationary in the USA. The study increased the price of oil in the year 2000 in a manner consistent with the oil price shock of 1973-74 and let the economy experience a Hicksian technological change. Then using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the analyses were conducted under two separate cases: (1) regular economic growth, and (2) low economic growth. Three technological scenarios were run: (1) no technology change, (2) technological advances in the manufacturing and refining sectors, and (3) technological advances in the manufacturing, refining, chemical, and service sectors. The effects of these changes were analysed over the next 20 years until the year 2020. The results suggest that while a shock of the magnitude experienced in the 1970s will have a fairly severe effect on such things as gasoline and refinery prices, the aggregate price changes will be largely dissipated over time at the aggregate level. Furthermore, the aggregate level of prices (CPI and PPI) will fall over time as the level of technological advances rise under both growth scenarios. There are several reasons why such results would be obtained. First of all, the structure of the US economy has changed remarkably since the early 1970s. Rather than being a manufacturing based economy, the US is largely a service-based economy today and hence it is more protected form raw materials shortages. Second, the economy has had a steady history of strong growth and the faster an economy grows the quicker disruptions to that economy are dissipated. Finally, the US economy is experiencing rapid technological advances in information systems which have served to reduce costs and maintain output in a wide number of economic sectors.
costs for a variable-
Kaewboonsong, W. and Kouprianov, V. I. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2003, 42, (9), 889-895. The results of experimental study on excess-air-dependent heat losses and gaseous emissions (NO,, SOs and CO) for a 310 MW fuel oil-fired boiler operating at full and reduced (75 and 50%) loads, are discussed. For the 100% boiler load, data on NO, emissions indicate the formation of thermal NO along with the fuel and prompt NO. The material balance for SO, points out the minor formation of SOS in fuel oil combustion. The CO emission from the boiler is detected when firing the fuel at excess air of less than 4%. A cost-based method for excess air optimization is presented. The boiler fuel consumption is incorporated into ‘internal’ (or fuel) costs whereas the experimentally found gaseous emissions are associated with ‘external’ costs (or costs of damage done by the boiler to the environment and humans). The minimum total sum of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ costs for the fully loaded boiler was found to correspond to the (residual) oxygen concentration of 0.73% O2 in flue gas at the economizer outlet. However, the ‘compromise’ value of 1.1% 01 was selected as the recommended 02 set point in boiler operation taking into account the desired diminishing of the total costs as well as the constraints concerning minimized soot
Derived liquid fuels ON00667 Blending of Fischer-Tropsch-derived paraffin with alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparafflnlc oils for manufacture of lubricating base oils
oils
O’Rear, D. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 35,585 (Cl. CO7C2/64), 1 May 2003, US Appl. 999,873. A lubricating base oil blend consists of: (1) a high-paraffinic FischerTropsch base oil with viscosity >3 cSt at 40”, and (2) alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparaffinic oil with viscosity >2 (preferably >3) cSt at 40”, in which component (2) is present at l-50 weight% concentration. Component (2) can also be prepared from a high-paraffinic FischerTropsch base oil by alkylation with benzene, or by reforming, followed by dewaxing and hydrogenation for aromatic ring saturation. A synthetic ester-based oil may also be added to reduce turbidity. The use of base stocks composed of alkylaromatics or alkylcycloparaffins Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
69
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) not only Tropsch physicals
improves facilities properties,
the yield but also including
of lubricating base provides moderate additive soly.
oils from Fischerimprovements in
04/00666 Combustion performance and emissions of ethyl ester of a waste vegetable oil in a water-cooled furnace Tashtoush, G. et al. Applied Thermal Engineering , 2003, 23, (3). 285293. Food consumption produces large amounts of waste vegetable oils and fats that are in many instances disposed of in harmful ways. The feasibility of using this renewable and low-cost fuel as raw material for diesel fuel replacement in residential heating boilers was studied. The combustion performance and emissions of used palm oil Et ester (biodiesel) were compared to baseline diesel fuel in a HzO-cooled furnace. The combustion efficiency, Q, and exhaust temperature Text,. as well as the common pollutants and emissions were tested over a wide range of air/fuel ratios from very lean to very rich (lO:l-2O:l). All tests were conducted at two different energy inputs for both fuels. At the lower energy rate, rf respectively with the corresponding values for diesel being 56% and 560”. At the higher energy input, biodiesel combustion performance deteriorated and was inferior to diesel fuel due to its high viscosity, density and low volatility. Biodiesel emitted less pollutants at both energy levels over the range of air/fuel ratios tested.
04/00669
Detoxification
of brominated
pyrolysis
oils
Hornung, A. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003, 70, (2), 723-733. The development of an innovative technology for the pyrolytic conversion of brominated phenols in a reductive medium aimed at product recovery for commercial use is discussed in this paper. Brominated phenols are toxic products, which contaminate pyrolysis oil of wastes from electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). The pyrolysis experiments were carried out with 2,6-dibromophenol, tetrabromobisphenol A, WEEE pyrolysis oil and polypropylene or polyethylene in encapsulated ampoules under inert atmosphere in quasi-isothermal conditions (300-4OO”C) with a different residence time (IO-30 min). Optimal conditions were found to be the use of polypropylene at 350°C with a residence time of 20 min. The main pyrolysis products were identified as HBr and phenol. A radical debromination mechanism for the pyrolytic destruction of brominated phenols is suggested.
04/00670 FT-Raman and photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy of Syncrude heavy gas oil distillation
fractions
Michaelian,
K. H. et al. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomoleculur Spectroscopy, 2003, 59A, (4), 8 1 l-824. FT-Raman and photoacoustic (PA) IR spectra of six distillation fractions derived from syncrude heavy gas oil (HGO), which has a boiling range from 343 to 524”, were analysed in detail. Most of the information on the fingerprint region (200-1800 cm-r) is provided by the FT-Raman spectra, which display ~30 bands that are assignable to functional groups in alkanes or aromatics. Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatics in the six fractions were also monitored using bands in this region. The C-H stretching region in both the FT-Raman and PA IR spectra of the HGO distillation fractions was analysed according to a curve-fitting algorithm used in previous studies of samples with lower boiling points. The PA spectra of the HGO fractions were also analysed by integration. The curve-fitting results show that the frequencies of the 11 Raman and 8 IR bands used to model the aliphatic (~2775-3000 cm-‘) parts of the respective spectra are approximately constant across the entire HGO boiling range. These band positions are consistent with the results obtained in earlier studies of other distillation fractions obtained from Syncrude sweet blend. Both curve-fitting and integration show that the respective proportions of CHz and Me groups do not vary significantly within the HGO region.
04lOO671 In-situ hydroisomerization of synthesized hydrocarbon liquid in a slurry Fischer-Tropsch downcomer reactor Wittenbrink, R. J. et al. U.S. US r&555,725 (CL 585-734; CO7C5/13), 29 Apr 2003, Appl. 992,372. A slurry Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis process for synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from synthesis gas in a hydrocarbon synthesis reactor also hydroisomerizes the synthesized hydrocarbon liquid which comprises the slurry liquid in one or more downcomer reactors immersed in the slurry body in the synthesis reactor. A monolithic catalyst (e.g. Pt-exchanged p-zeolites) is preferably used for the hydroisomerization, and slurry circulation down through the downcomer reactors from the surrounding slurry body, is achieved at least in part by density-difference driven hydraulics created by removing gas bubbles from the slurry passed into the downcomers. Preferably, the catalyst particles are also removed before the slurry contacts the 90
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
catalyst. The hydroisomerization occurs while the synthesis reactor producing hydrocarbons, without interfering with the hydrocarbon synthesis reaction. A reactor diagram is presented.
04/00672 Molecular hydrocarbons
averaging
is
of light and heavy
Chen, C.-Y. U.S. US 6,566,568 (Cl. 585-310; CO7C6/08), 20 May 2003, Appl. 27,838. A process for preparing a paraffinic product stream in the gasoline, middle distillate fuel and lube ranges from a Cr_+ontaining feedstock and a Cz,+-paraffinic feedstock is described. The combined feedstocks are subjected to molecule averaging via dehydrogenation to form olefins, metathesis of the olefins, and rehydrogenation of the olefins to form paraffins. The product stream includes a fraction rich in paraffins the molecule weights of which are between those of the light and heavy paraffin feedstocks, plus some unconverted feeds. The product of the molecule-averaging reaction can optionally be isomerized to improve the octane value, in the case of gasoline, or pour point, in the case of middle distillate fuels and lubes. The unconverted feedstocks can be recycled to extinction; process flow diagrams are presented.
04/00673 Paraffinic-cycloparaffinic-aromatic distillate blends for manufacture of diesel fuels and jet fuels with improved seal swelling resistance O’Rear, D. J. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 85,153 (Cl. 208-63; ClOG57/00), 8 May 2003, Appl. 999,667. A distillate fuel, especially high-cetane-number diesel fuel, with improved seal swelling resistance, contain: (1) a paraffinic (preferably Fischer-Tropsch-derived) distillate with branching index -5, and exhibits a volume increase of -0.2% (ASTM D 471) at 23 f 2” for 70 h in the presence of a nitrile rubber O-ring seal, and (2) an alkylaromatic or alkylcycloparaffin oil. The finished fully-blended distillate has a same volume increase characteristics (ASTM D 471) as for the above paraffin oil. Paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch distillates are preferably reformed to produce the alkylaromatic and alkylcycloparaffinic distillates for blending. Similarly, the paraffinic FischerTropsch distillates can be manufactured by such processes as hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, oligomerization, and hydrogenation.
04100674 Procedure for the production fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide
of hydrocarbon and hydroge
S. Ger. Offen. DE 10,156,975 (Cl. CIOG2/00), 5 Jun 2003, Appl. 10,156,975. (In German) Hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel oil, fuel oil, and kerosine are manufactured from atmospheric carbon dioxide and hydrogen in following steps: (1) recovery of COz from earth’s atmosphere, (2) hydrolytic decomposition of Hz0 to Hz and Or, (3) reacting CO2 with Hz to CO, and (4) reacting CO with Hz to hydrocarbons and HzO. The electric power produced from nuclear energy is used as the energy requirements necessary for the four-process step. The procedure prevents COz-conditioned climatic changes and makes the user independent of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Geyer,
04/00675 discussion
Progress in coal liquefaction of Wilsonville Data
Valente,
A. and Cronauer,
Chemical
Society,
including
a
D. C. Preprints of Symposia - American of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (l), 147-148. This paper is both a review of the history of coal liquefaction research and a progress report on a DOE plant in Wilsonville, AL. Activity in direct coal liquefaction research has passed through a number of swings since its inception. A sizeable number of processes were developed. Effort appears to have evolved toward a two-stage reactor concept with one or both stages containing active hydrogenation catalysts with supplemental and/or recycled mineral matter. A high point of research activity centred upon the Advanced Two-Stage Coal Liquefaction Facility located in Wilsonville, AL. A database was set up to correlate the effect of operating variables in their liquefaction of Illinois No. 6 seam bituminous coal. Overall preferred processing conditions for generating distillable liquids included the use of high reactor temperatures. (> 430 EC) and a high process solvent residue concentration (> 50% if mechanical possible). The space rate of coal in the reactors should be set at a point where residue production is minimized. Significant results included lower coal conversion, hydrogen consumption, Ct-Cs yield, IBP-350EF yield, and Cr-Cs selectivity when using half-volume over full-volume reactors at similar conditions, including space velocities. These were apparently due to flatter reactor temperature profiles and lower catalyst to thermal volume ratios. Division
04/00676 Removal of heteroatom containing species in coal liquid distillates from South Banko coal by catalytic hydrotreatment over NiMo supported alumina catalyst Murti, Society,
S. D. S. et al. Preprints Division of Fuel Chemistry,
of Symposia 2003,
48, (I),
~ American 195-196.
Chemical