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00815 Development of nickel-activated catalytic filters for tar removal in H2S-containing biomass gasification gas
07
Alternative
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
BTU/h DOE-NETL boiler burner facility). These results are reported in three parts. Part I will present a methodology of fuel collection, fuel characteristics of the FB, its relation to ration fed, and change in fuel characteristics due to composting. It was found that FB has approximately half the heating value of coal, twice the volatile matter of coal, four times the N content of coal on heat basis, and due to soil contamination during collection, the ash content is almost 9-10 times that of low ash (5%) coal. The addition of ~5% crop residues had little apparent effect on heating value. The main value of composting for combustion fuel would be to improve physical properties and to provide homogeneity. The energy potential of FB diminished with composting time and storage; however, the DAF HHV is almost constant for ration, FB-raw, partially composted and finished composted. The fuel N per GJ is considerably high compared to coal, which may result in increased NO, emissions. The N and S contents per GJ increase with composting of FB while the volatile ash oxide% decreases with composting. Based on heating values and alkaline oxides, partial composting seems preferable to a full composting cycle. Even though the percentage of alkaline oxides is reduced in the ash, the increased total ash percentage results in an increase of total alkaline oxides per unit mass of fuel. The adiabatic flame temperature for most of the biomass fuels can be empirically correlated with ash and moisture percentage.
04/00814 Comprehensive comparison of efficiency and COz emissions between biomass energy conversion technologies - position of supercritical water gasification in biomass technologies Yoshida, Y. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (3), 251-272. Efficiency and CO2 emissions between various methods of biomass energy conversion are compared from the viewpoint of life-cycle evaluation. As for electricity generation, efficient processes are thermal gasification combined cycle, supercritical water gasification combined cycle, and direct combustion in order of efficiency for low moisture content biomass. Supercritical water gasification combined cycle is the most efficient for high moisture content biomass. Battery electric vehicle, gasoline hybrid electric vehicle, and gas full cell vehicle (FCV) show high efficiency in automobiles. Biomass FCV shows high efficiency in the vehicles utilizing biomass. Biogas combustion is the most efficient for heat utilization. Then, the position of supercritical water gasification in various technologies of energy conversion is examined by modeling an overall energy system. The tradeoff between CO1 emissions and total cost of technologies is analysed so that the most cost-effective technology can be determined for different CO2 emissions constraints. Computed results show that biomass is mainly consumed for electricity and heat generation so as to utilize finite biomass resources efficiently. Transportation fuels are generally made from fossil fuels. Cost-effective processes for CO2 reduction are thermal gasification and reforming when the present efficiency and prices are assumed. Supercritical water gasification is also one of the optimal processes when the relative cost to fuel cell decreases. Improving heat exchange efficiency also contributes toward enhancing the position of supercritical water gasification in biomass technologies.
04/00815 Development of nickel-activated for tar removal in H&i-containina biomass
catalytic filters aasification oas
fertilized willows. Statistically, the relationship between slow-release N application rate apd stem biomass production was not highly significant; applications of slow-release N in excess of 100 kgNhaprovided no additional yield benefits. Differences in soil characteristics were most strongly expressed in surface soil. The pH at O-10 cm depth was 1 and 2 units higher on lime-stabilized sludge and composted poultry manure plots, respectively. Concentrations of soil K, P and Mg were dramatically higher in the composted poultry manure soils. The highest soil organic matter and N levels were observed in the surface horizons of organically amended soils. Utilization of organic residuals increases biomass production, provides beneficial use for wastes, reducing production costs and contributing to the sustainability of biomass production systems.
04100817 Enhanced hydrogen production from indirectly heated, gasified biomass, and removal of carbon gas emissions using a novel biological gas reformer Merida, W. et al. International Journal of H.vdrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (3), 283-290. In this study an enhanced integrated hydrogen production system is proposed that includes biological processes. Biomass gasification, achieved through the periodic combustion and pyrolysis of solid organic waste (under anaerobic conditions), results in a ‘producer-gas’ stream consisting predominantly of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This producer gas is typically used as a fuel in high temperature combustion. In the modified process, the producer gas is used to generate electricity using a combination of high-temperature (Solid oxide) and low-temperature (Proton exchange membrane) fuel cells. Carbon monoxide is reformed to additional Hz using a biological system; an anaerobic bacterium, Rubrivivax gelatinosus CBS that can enzymatically convert CO and Hz0 into CO2 and Hz. R. gelafinosus CBS can also sequester CO* as biomass. While the heating value does not vary significantly between the two streams, it is proposed that a larger hydrogen fraction can increase the value of this fuel, especially in the context of fuel cell applications.
04100818 Exergy analysis of a combined refrigeration thermodynamic cycle driven source
power and by a solar heat
Hasan, A. K. and Goswami, D. Y. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2003, 125, (l), 55-60. Exergy thermodynamic is employed to analyse a binary NH,/water mixture thermodynamic cycle that produces both power and refrigeration. The analysis includes exergy destruction for each component in the cycle as well as the first law and exergy efficiencies of the cycle. The optimum operating conditions are established by maximizing the cycle exergy efficiency for a solar heat source. Performance of the cycle for heat source temperatures of 320-460”K was studied. Increasing the heat source temperature does not necessarily produce higher exergy efficiency, as is the case for first law efficiency. The largest exergy destruction occurs in the absorber, while little exergy destruction takes place in the boiler.
04/00819 for further
Feedstock cost analysis processing
of corn stover residues
Zhang, Y. et al. Journ>l of Chemical Technology-and Biotechnology, 2003, 78, (2/3), 265-268. The urea method was applied to deposit a nickel-calcium catalyst inside porous filter disks to develop a gas cleaning technique involving the combined removal of tars and particles from hot biomass gasification gas. Some catalytic filter disks were tested in typical filtration conditions for the decomposition of model tar compound benzene in a simulated biomass gasification gas containing representative amounts of H2.S. HsS-deactivation studies showed a significant improvement in the sulfur resistance of the nickel catalyst on the filter disks by the addition of CaO to the catalyst formulation. The optimization of the ratio between Ni and CaO and the effect of nickel content in the catalyst formulation on the catalytic performance were investigated.
Perlack, R. D. and Turhollow, A. F. Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 1395-1403. In this paper, the costs for collecting, handling, and hauling corn stover to an ethanol conversion facility are evaluated. Costs are estimated for a conventional baling system at varying levels of feedstock demand or conversion facility size. The results generally indicate that stover can be collected, stored, and hauled for about $43.10-51.60/dry ton using conventional baling equipment for conversion facilities ranging from 500 to 4000 dry tons/day. The cost difference between facility sizes is due to transportation. Transportation, collection and baling, and farmer payments account for over 90% of total delivered costs. These estimates are based on average corn stover resource availability assumptions and are inclusive of all costs including farmer payments. Under conditions of high resource availability costs can be lowered by $6-lo/dry ton. Delivered costs increase considerably under low resource availability conditions.
04100818 Effect of organic amendments and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on willow biomass production and soil chemical characteristics
04100820 Fermentative biohydrogen production by a new chemoheterotrophic bacterium Citrobacfer sp. Y19
Adegbidi, H. G. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (4), 389-398. Lime-stabilized sewage sludge and composted poultry manure, at a rate of 250 m3 ha-’ each, and slow-release N fertilizer (Scott’s Osmocote) at 100, 200 and 300 kgNha-‘, were applied to plots of willow biomass crops during the first season of a three-year growth cycle. Stem biomass production was measured annually and soil chemical characteristics were assessed at the end of the growth cycle. Average annual stem biomass production was 8-11 Mgha-’ in slow-release N fertilized plots corresponding to a yield increase of 7-33% relative to control plots. In organically amended plots, annual stem biomass production increased by 30-38% relative to control plots. The study suggests that organically amended willows grew at a slightly faster rate than slow-release N
Oh, Y.-K. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2003. 28. (12), 1353-1359. A newly isolated Citrobacter sp. Y 19 for CO-dependent Hz production was studied for its capability of fermentative H2 production in batch cultivation. When glucose was used as carbon source, the pH of the culture medium significantly decreased as fermentation proceeded and Hz production was seriously inhibited. The use of fortified phosphate at 60-180 mM alleviated this inhibition. By increasing culture temperatures (25-36”C), faster cell growth and higher initial HZ production rates were observed but final Hz production and yield were almost constant irrespective of temperature. Optimal specific H2 production activity was observed at 36°C and pH 6-7. The increase of glucose
108
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
Alternative
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
BTU/h DOE-NETL boiler burner facility). These results are reported in three parts. Part I will present a methodology of fuel collection, fuel characteristics of the FB, its relation to ration fed, and change in fuel characteristics due to composting. It was found that FB has approximately half the heating value of coal, twice the volatile matter of coal, four times the N content of coal on heat basis, and due to soil contamination during collection, the ash content is almost 9-10 times that of low ash (5%) coal. The addition of ~5% crop residues had little apparent effect on heating value. The main value of composting for combustion fuel would be to improve physical properties and to provide homogeneity. The energy potential of FB diminished with composting time and storage; however, the DAF HHV is almost constant for ration, FB-raw, partially composted and finished composted. The fuel N per GJ is considerably high compared to coal, which may result in increased NO, emissions. The N and S contents per GJ increase with composting of FB while the volatile ash oxide% decreases with composting. Based on heating values and alkaline oxides, partial composting seems preferable to a full composting cycle. Even though the percentage of alkaline oxides is reduced in the ash, the increased total ash percentage results in an increase of total alkaline oxides per unit mass of fuel. The adiabatic flame temperature for most of the biomass fuels can be empirically correlated with ash and moisture percentage.
04/00814 Comprehensive comparison of efficiency and COz emissions between biomass energy conversion technologies - position of supercritical water gasification in biomass technologies Yoshida, Y. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (3), 251-272. Efficiency and CO2 emissions between various methods of biomass energy conversion are compared from the viewpoint of life-cycle evaluation. As for electricity generation, efficient processes are thermal gasification combined cycle, supercritical water gasification combined cycle, and direct combustion in order of efficiency for low moisture content biomass. Supercritical water gasification combined cycle is the most efficient for high moisture content biomass. Battery electric vehicle, gasoline hybrid electric vehicle, and gas full cell vehicle (FCV) show high efficiency in automobiles. Biomass FCV shows high efficiency in the vehicles utilizing biomass. Biogas combustion is the most efficient for heat utilization. Then, the position of supercritical water gasification in various technologies of energy conversion is examined by modeling an overall energy system. The tradeoff between CO1 emissions and total cost of technologies is analysed so that the most cost-effective technology can be determined for different CO2 emissions constraints. Computed results show that biomass is mainly consumed for electricity and heat generation so as to utilize finite biomass resources efficiently. Transportation fuels are generally made from fossil fuels. Cost-effective processes for CO2 reduction are thermal gasification and reforming when the present efficiency and prices are assumed. Supercritical water gasification is also one of the optimal processes when the relative cost to fuel cell decreases. Improving heat exchange efficiency also contributes toward enhancing the position of supercritical water gasification in biomass technologies.
04/00815 Development of nickel-activated for tar removal in H&i-containina biomass
catalytic filters aasification oas
fertilized willows. Statistically, the relationship between slow-release N application rate apd stem biomass production was not highly significant; applications of slow-release N in excess of 100 kgNhaprovided no additional yield benefits. Differences in soil characteristics were most strongly expressed in surface soil. The pH at O-10 cm depth was 1 and 2 units higher on lime-stabilized sludge and composted poultry manure plots, respectively. Concentrations of soil K, P and Mg were dramatically higher in the composted poultry manure soils. The highest soil organic matter and N levels were observed in the surface horizons of organically amended soils. Utilization of organic residuals increases biomass production, provides beneficial use for wastes, reducing production costs and contributing to the sustainability of biomass production systems.
04100817 Enhanced hydrogen production from indirectly heated, gasified biomass, and removal of carbon gas emissions using a novel biological gas reformer Merida, W. et al. International Journal of H.vdrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (3), 283-290. In this study an enhanced integrated hydrogen production system is proposed that includes biological processes. Biomass gasification, achieved through the periodic combustion and pyrolysis of solid organic waste (under anaerobic conditions), results in a ‘producer-gas’ stream consisting predominantly of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This producer gas is typically used as a fuel in high temperature combustion. In the modified process, the producer gas is used to generate electricity using a combination of high-temperature (Solid oxide) and low-temperature (Proton exchange membrane) fuel cells. Carbon monoxide is reformed to additional Hz using a biological system; an anaerobic bacterium, Rubrivivax gelatinosus CBS that can enzymatically convert CO and Hz0 into CO2 and Hz. R. gelafinosus CBS can also sequester CO* as biomass. While the heating value does not vary significantly between the two streams, it is proposed that a larger hydrogen fraction can increase the value of this fuel, especially in the context of fuel cell applications.
04100818 Exergy analysis of a combined refrigeration thermodynamic cycle driven source
power and by a solar heat
Hasan, A. K. and Goswami, D. Y. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2003, 125, (l), 55-60. Exergy thermodynamic is employed to analyse a binary NH,/water mixture thermodynamic cycle that produces both power and refrigeration. The analysis includes exergy destruction for each component in the cycle as well as the first law and exergy efficiencies of the cycle. The optimum operating conditions are established by maximizing the cycle exergy efficiency for a solar heat source. Performance of the cycle for heat source temperatures of 320-460”K was studied. Increasing the heat source temperature does not necessarily produce higher exergy efficiency, as is the case for first law efficiency. The largest exergy destruction occurs in the absorber, while little exergy destruction takes place in the boiler.
04/00819 for further
Feedstock cost analysis processing
of corn stover residues
Zhang, Y. et al. Journ>l of Chemical Technology-and Biotechnology, 2003, 78, (2/3), 265-268. The urea method was applied to deposit a nickel-calcium catalyst inside porous filter disks to develop a gas cleaning technique involving the combined removal of tars and particles from hot biomass gasification gas. Some catalytic filter disks were tested in typical filtration conditions for the decomposition of model tar compound benzene in a simulated biomass gasification gas containing representative amounts of H2.S. HsS-deactivation studies showed a significant improvement in the sulfur resistance of the nickel catalyst on the filter disks by the addition of CaO to the catalyst formulation. The optimization of the ratio between Ni and CaO and the effect of nickel content in the catalyst formulation on the catalytic performance were investigated.
Perlack, R. D. and Turhollow, A. F. Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 1395-1403. In this paper, the costs for collecting, handling, and hauling corn stover to an ethanol conversion facility are evaluated. Costs are estimated for a conventional baling system at varying levels of feedstock demand or conversion facility size. The results generally indicate that stover can be collected, stored, and hauled for about $43.10-51.60/dry ton using conventional baling equipment for conversion facilities ranging from 500 to 4000 dry tons/day. The cost difference between facility sizes is due to transportation. Transportation, collection and baling, and farmer payments account for over 90% of total delivered costs. These estimates are based on average corn stover resource availability assumptions and are inclusive of all costs including farmer payments. Under conditions of high resource availability costs can be lowered by $6-lo/dry ton. Delivered costs increase considerably under low resource availability conditions.
04100818 Effect of organic amendments and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on willow biomass production and soil chemical characteristics
04100820 Fermentative biohydrogen production by a new chemoheterotrophic bacterium Citrobacfer sp. Y19
Adegbidi, H. G. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (4), 389-398. Lime-stabilized sewage sludge and composted poultry manure, at a rate of 250 m3 ha-’ each, and slow-release N fertilizer (Scott’s Osmocote) at 100, 200 and 300 kgNha-‘, were applied to plots of willow biomass crops during the first season of a three-year growth cycle. Stem biomass production was measured annually and soil chemical characteristics were assessed at the end of the growth cycle. Average annual stem biomass production was 8-11 Mgha-’ in slow-release N fertilized plots corresponding to a yield increase of 7-33% relative to control plots. In organically amended plots, annual stem biomass production increased by 30-38% relative to control plots. The study suggests that organically amended willows grew at a slightly faster rate than slow-release N
Oh, Y.-K. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2003. 28. (12), 1353-1359. A newly isolated Citrobacter sp. Y 19 for CO-dependent Hz production was studied for its capability of fermentative H2 production in batch cultivation. When glucose was used as carbon source, the pH of the culture medium significantly decreased as fermentation proceeded and Hz production was seriously inhibited. The use of fortified phosphate at 60-180 mM alleviated this inhibition. By increasing culture temperatures (25-36”C), faster cell growth and higher initial HZ production rates were observed but final Hz production and yield were almost constant irrespective of temperature. Optimal specific H2 production activity was observed at 36°C and pH 6-7. The increase of glucose
108
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004