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02091 Environmental monitoring of a site for recovery of methane from coal seams
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) at domestic level: (1) schemes where the total level of emissions is fixed (absolute cap-and-trade), (2) schemes where the allowable level of emissions per firm is related to some firm-specific indicator (relative cap-and-trade), and (3) mixed schemes which combine elements of the above alternatives. A quantitative assessment of these alternatives for climate change policy in the Netherlands is presented in this report. It is concluded that while relative cap-and-trade would avoid negative effects on competitiveness, it would not reduce emissions at the lowest costs. Besides, the addition of a trade system to existing relative standards does not result in additional emission reduction; it should be combined with other policy measures, such as energy taxes, in order to realize further reduction. Absolute cap-and-trade leads to efficient emissions reduction, but, implemented at the national level, its overall macroeconomic costs may be significant. The mixed scheme has as drawback that it treats firms unequal, which leads to high administrative costs. It is concluded that none of the trading schemes is an advisable instrument for domestic climate policy.
04•02089 Energy security and global climate change mitigation Huntington, H. G. and Brown, S. P. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 715-718. Industrialized countries may reduce their costs of meeting carbon constraints if they penalize fuels not only on the basis of their carbon intensity but also on the basis of their import-export status. Simulations of these policies show that participating industrialized countries can reduce their costs and hence increase their willingness to participate. However, they will impose higher costs on the world, because the most carbon-intensive fuels will not be taxed most heavily. Such a bias creates a 'how' inefficiency in addition to the 'where' and 'when' inefficiency created by current international agreements to control greenhouse gas emissions. Although countries have always had such incentives, these considerations must be more fully acknowledged in today's energy markets, after September 2001.
04/02090 Environmental impact of fossil fuel fired cogeneration plants using a numerically standardized LCA Scheme Widiyanto, A, et al. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2003, 125, (1), 9-16. This paper describes the life cycle assessment environmental impacts resulting form fuel fired co-generation systems using NETS (Numerical Eco-load Total Standard, S. Kato, 1999) scheme having a graphic user interface. Following a brief introduction of the NETS evaluation method, firstly the total eco-load from commercial electricity power plants in Japan is numerically calculated in the NETs unit. We take here almost all factors into account including fuel mining, transportation and processing, plant manufacturing, assembling and its building construction, fuel consumption and maintenance during twenty durable years, plant dismantling and waste processing, thermal efficiency and delivery loss, etc. This evaluation greatly helps in the coo-load estimation of co-generation plants when electricity purchase is needed during the plant operation with a minimum eco-load. Next, cogeneration systems are paid attention to their ecology effectiveness. Here, different fuel fired co-generation plants of natural gas, heavy oil, and coal were selected. Environmental impacts resulting from the respective plants include fossil fuel depletion and natural resources depletion, global warming due to greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion due to CFC type gas emission, various water and air pollution, rain acidification due to NOx and SOx waste processing, recycling etc. Each item can be successfully calculated from the inventory database accumulated by authors. Hourly energy demands of electricity and heat (steam, hot water and cold water) are set to a typical model for eight office buildings and two hotels. The NETs method is applied to the co-generation model, resulting in the best cost-operating scheme of co-generation plants with a minimum environmental impact.
04/02091 Environmental monitoring of a site for recovery of methane from coal seams Kreinin, E. V. and Kyarges, A. A. Gazovaya PromysMennost, 2003, (4), 91-93. (In Russian) Coal-seam methane production is an emerging energy sector in Russia that requires the introduction of dedicated environmental monitoring techniques. Arrangement and analysis of data indicating the potential environmental impacts have helped to formulate main targets for and structure of such monitoring devices. Special emphasis was placed on methane migration paths and potential water pollution.
04/02092 Environmental risk of radon from soils in Southwest and Central Poland Mose, D. et al. Energy Sources, 2003, 25, (5), 467-477. Relatively few measurements of indoor Rn are available for homes in Poland. To estimate the risk of radon in Polish homes, measurements of Rn emanation from soils were collected in regions of the Upper
288 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004
Silesian Coal Basin, the Sudeten mountains, and overlying glacial sediments. Rn emanation data from the study areas characterized the coal basin as having a medium or low Rn potential, but extreme variability in some areas suggests that fracture zones with localized upward movement of Rn exist. Rn emanation measurements from the Sudeten mountains suggest that soils over most of the granite units, plus soils over some of the local gneisses and schists, have a high Rn potential. Rn emanation measurements taken from study areas in glacial sediments have a low to medium Rn potential.
04•02093 Estimate of the dose-increment due to outdoor exposure to gamma rays from uranium progeny deposited on the soil around a coal-fired power plant in Ajka Town, Hungary Papp, Z. and Dezso, Z. Health Physics, 2003, 84, (6), 709-717. Brown coal unusually rich in uranium is burnt in a coal-fired power plant that lies inside the confines of a small industrial town name Ajka, Hungary, and which has been operational since 1943. The 23SU (226Ra) activity discharged to the atmosphere per unit electric energy produced was ~440-400 GBq (GW year) -~, which is 66-80 times more than that was estimated by U N S C E A R (1988) as a characteristic value for old type coal-fired power plants [5 GBq (GW year)-1]. The objective of this study was the experimental established assessment of the artificial increment in the dose form external exposure to gamma rays of terrestrial radionuclides outdoors. Soil samples were collected in and near Ajka from 81 locations. The samples were studied by Ge-(Li) g a m m a spectrometry. Considerably elevated concentrations of uranium and its progeny were measured in most of the samples that were collected near to the plant. Concentrations of 238U and Za6Ra in the top (0-5 cm depth) layer of undisturbed soil at public areas inside town were 4.7 times higher, on average, than those in the uncontaminated deeper layers. Dose rate in air (air kerma) from external exposure to terrestrial g a m m a rays outdoors at a height 1 m and EDs were estimated from the measured activity concentrations using some relevant literature data. The estimated artificial increment in the dose rate in air was, on average, 32.8, 10.3, and 102.1 nGy/h at public areas, vegetable gardens, and backyards, respectively. The mean artificial increment in the annual per caput ED from external exposure to terrestrial radionuclides outdoors is 21.8 gSv/year. The collective dose commitment per unit energy generated from outdoor exposure to the deposited uranium progeny is ~8.0-9.1 person Sv (GW year) -~, which is 67-76 times more than that evaluated by U N S C E A R in 1989 for a typical old coal-fired power plant [0.12 person Sv (Gw year)-I]. Ajka is a suitable place for studying the dosimetric consequences of the use of coal for energy production experimental.
04/02094 Estimating the price of tradable permits for greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-12 Springer, U. and Varilek, M. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (5), 611-621. Many attempts have been made recently to predict the prices of tradable permits for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-12), In this paper, these price estimates are refined based on (i) the results of economic models and identification of factors which influence prices but are not fully reflected in the models, (ii) lessons from price forecasting experience in the US sulfur dioxide market, and (iii) current price data from the nascent international market for G H G permits. G H G permit prices are expected to be at the lower end of the broad spectrum of existing predictions. This implies, among other things, that resource transfers to developing countries associated with emissions trading will be relatively low, Nevertheless, even a modest price will have a significant influence on the decisions of consumers and investors in energy markets around the world.
04102095 Extractability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: a matter of association? Ahrens, M. J. and Hickey, C. W. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 2003, 56, (2-3), 193-199. Bio-availability and accumulation of sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by benthic biota were closely related to their extractability by water or mild aqueous solvents. Nevertheless, P A H accumulation by benthic organisms is sometimes considerably different from predictions based on an equilibrium partition coefficient, Koc. between water and bulk sedimentary organic C (OC). Evidence that P A H extract-ability is strongly affected by the type of OC acting as a sorbent is presented. Extractability of spiked [~C]fluoranthene from a variety of natural and man-made OC matrices, including bulk sediment organic C, peat moss, power plant fly ash, diesel soot, petroleum/natural gas soot, coal dust, and carbon black, was examined. Artificial sediment was prepared from glass beads amended with equal weight percentages (2%) of nine different types of OC, Amended sediment was spiked with [14C]fluoranthene and batchextracted with seawater and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) after 65 and 12 h or equilibration, respectively. Fluoranthene extractability by seawater was 0.03-0.9%, corresponding to a 50-fold variation of
04•02089 Energy security and global climate change mitigation Huntington, H. G. and Brown, S. P. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 715-718. Industrialized countries may reduce their costs of meeting carbon constraints if they penalize fuels not only on the basis of their carbon intensity but also on the basis of their import-export status. Simulations of these policies show that participating industrialized countries can reduce their costs and hence increase their willingness to participate. However, they will impose higher costs on the world, because the most carbon-intensive fuels will not be taxed most heavily. Such a bias creates a 'how' inefficiency in addition to the 'where' and 'when' inefficiency created by current international agreements to control greenhouse gas emissions. Although countries have always had such incentives, these considerations must be more fully acknowledged in today's energy markets, after September 2001.
04/02090 Environmental impact of fossil fuel fired cogeneration plants using a numerically standardized LCA Scheme Widiyanto, A, et al. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2003, 125, (1), 9-16. This paper describes the life cycle assessment environmental impacts resulting form fuel fired co-generation systems using NETS (Numerical Eco-load Total Standard, S. Kato, 1999) scheme having a graphic user interface. Following a brief introduction of the NETS evaluation method, firstly the total eco-load from commercial electricity power plants in Japan is numerically calculated in the NETs unit. We take here almost all factors into account including fuel mining, transportation and processing, plant manufacturing, assembling and its building construction, fuel consumption and maintenance during twenty durable years, plant dismantling and waste processing, thermal efficiency and delivery loss, etc. This evaluation greatly helps in the coo-load estimation of co-generation plants when electricity purchase is needed during the plant operation with a minimum eco-load. Next, cogeneration systems are paid attention to their ecology effectiveness. Here, different fuel fired co-generation plants of natural gas, heavy oil, and coal were selected. Environmental impacts resulting from the respective plants include fossil fuel depletion and natural resources depletion, global warming due to greenhouse gases, ozone layer depletion due to CFC type gas emission, various water and air pollution, rain acidification due to NOx and SOx waste processing, recycling etc. Each item can be successfully calculated from the inventory database accumulated by authors. Hourly energy demands of electricity and heat (steam, hot water and cold water) are set to a typical model for eight office buildings and two hotels. The NETs method is applied to the co-generation model, resulting in the best cost-operating scheme of co-generation plants with a minimum environmental impact.
04/02091 Environmental monitoring of a site for recovery of methane from coal seams Kreinin, E. V. and Kyarges, A. A. Gazovaya PromysMennost, 2003, (4), 91-93. (In Russian) Coal-seam methane production is an emerging energy sector in Russia that requires the introduction of dedicated environmental monitoring techniques. Arrangement and analysis of data indicating the potential environmental impacts have helped to formulate main targets for and structure of such monitoring devices. Special emphasis was placed on methane migration paths and potential water pollution.
04/02092 Environmental risk of radon from soils in Southwest and Central Poland Mose, D. et al. Energy Sources, 2003, 25, (5), 467-477. Relatively few measurements of indoor Rn are available for homes in Poland. To estimate the risk of radon in Polish homes, measurements of Rn emanation from soils were collected in regions of the Upper
288 Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004
Silesian Coal Basin, the Sudeten mountains, and overlying glacial sediments. Rn emanation data from the study areas characterized the coal basin as having a medium or low Rn potential, but extreme variability in some areas suggests that fracture zones with localized upward movement of Rn exist. Rn emanation measurements from the Sudeten mountains suggest that soils over most of the granite units, plus soils over some of the local gneisses and schists, have a high Rn potential. Rn emanation measurements taken from study areas in glacial sediments have a low to medium Rn potential.
04•02093 Estimate of the dose-increment due to outdoor exposure to gamma rays from uranium progeny deposited on the soil around a coal-fired power plant in Ajka Town, Hungary Papp, Z. and Dezso, Z. Health Physics, 2003, 84, (6), 709-717. Brown coal unusually rich in uranium is burnt in a coal-fired power plant that lies inside the confines of a small industrial town name Ajka, Hungary, and which has been operational since 1943. The 23SU (226Ra) activity discharged to the atmosphere per unit electric energy produced was ~440-400 GBq (GW year) -~, which is 66-80 times more than that was estimated by U N S C E A R (1988) as a characteristic value for old type coal-fired power plants [5 GBq (GW year)-1]. The objective of this study was the experimental established assessment of the artificial increment in the dose form external exposure to gamma rays of terrestrial radionuclides outdoors. Soil samples were collected in and near Ajka from 81 locations. The samples were studied by Ge-(Li) g a m m a spectrometry. Considerably elevated concentrations of uranium and its progeny were measured in most of the samples that were collected near to the plant. Concentrations of 238U and Za6Ra in the top (0-5 cm depth) layer of undisturbed soil at public areas inside town were 4.7 times higher, on average, than those in the uncontaminated deeper layers. Dose rate in air (air kerma) from external exposure to terrestrial g a m m a rays outdoors at a height 1 m and EDs were estimated from the measured activity concentrations using some relevant literature data. The estimated artificial increment in the dose rate in air was, on average, 32.8, 10.3, and 102.1 nGy/h at public areas, vegetable gardens, and backyards, respectively. The mean artificial increment in the annual per caput ED from external exposure to terrestrial radionuclides outdoors is 21.8 gSv/year. The collective dose commitment per unit energy generated from outdoor exposure to the deposited uranium progeny is ~8.0-9.1 person Sv (GW year) -~, which is 67-76 times more than that evaluated by U N S C E A R in 1989 for a typical old coal-fired power plant [0.12 person Sv (Gw year)-I]. Ajka is a suitable place for studying the dosimetric consequences of the use of coal for energy production experimental.
04/02094 Estimating the price of tradable permits for greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-12 Springer, U. and Varilek, M. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (5), 611-621. Many attempts have been made recently to predict the prices of tradable permits for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-12), In this paper, these price estimates are refined based on (i) the results of economic models and identification of factors which influence prices but are not fully reflected in the models, (ii) lessons from price forecasting experience in the US sulfur dioxide market, and (iii) current price data from the nascent international market for G H G permits. G H G permit prices are expected to be at the lower end of the broad spectrum of existing predictions. This implies, among other things, that resource transfers to developing countries associated with emissions trading will be relatively low, Nevertheless, even a modest price will have a significant influence on the decisions of consumers and investors in energy markets around the world.
04102095 Extractability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: a matter of association? Ahrens, M. J. and Hickey, C. W. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 2003, 56, (2-3), 193-199. Bio-availability and accumulation of sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by benthic biota were closely related to their extractability by water or mild aqueous solvents. Nevertheless, P A H accumulation by benthic organisms is sometimes considerably different from predictions based on an equilibrium partition coefficient, Koc. between water and bulk sedimentary organic C (OC). Evidence that P A H extract-ability is strongly affected by the type of OC acting as a sorbent is presented. Extractability of spiked [~C]fluoranthene from a variety of natural and man-made OC matrices, including bulk sediment organic C, peat moss, power plant fly ash, diesel soot, petroleum/natural gas soot, coal dust, and carbon black, was examined. Artificial sediment was prepared from glass beads amended with equal weight percentages (2%) of nine different types of OC, Amended sediment was spiked with [14C]fluoranthene and batchextracted with seawater and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) after 65 and 12 h or equilibration, respectively. Fluoranthene extractability by seawater was 0.03-0.9%, corresponding to a 50-fold variation of