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02376 Renewable energy conversion and utilization in ASEAN countries
18 Energy conversion and recycling An amount of primary energy supply in Japan is increasing year by year. Much energy such as oil, coal and natural gas is imported so that the self-sufficiency ratio in Japan is only 20% even if including nuclear energy. An amount of energy consumption is also increasing especially in commercial and resident sector and transport sector. As a result, a large amount of greenhouse gas was emitted into the environment. Nuclear energy plays the important role in energy supply in Japan. Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) has been carried out research and development of a hydrogen production system using a high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR). The HTTR project aims at the establishment of the HTGR hydrogen production system. Reactor technology of the HTGR, hydrogen production technology with thermo-chemical water splitting process and system integration technology between the HTGR and a hydrogen production plant are developed in the HTTR project.
05•02376 Renewable energy conversion and utilization in ASEAN countries Abdullah, K. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (2 4), 119 128. The world population has passed six billion people and the pressure on basic daily needs is particularly dominant in the developing countries, such as the ASEAN. As most of the natural resources, particularly that of fossil fuel is depleting rapidly, more efficient ways to produce daily necessity are becoming important issues. In addition, both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol require, that efforts should be directed to improve efficiency of energy conversion devices, effective use of the clean and environmentally friendly renewable source of energy, beside providing sink for the green house gas (GHG) emissions. INFORSE report to the UN Secretary General indicated that the total energy sources in the industrialized countries will diminish drastically, but by providing enough funding for research and development in renewable energy conversion, about 50% of the world energy could be supplied by the developing countries by the year 2050. Despite the above limiting conditions, current data indicated growing energy demand in most of the developing countries, particularly in the ASEAN region. Consequently, these countries, should find out the best strategy in utilizing the available energy sources to maintain sustainable development. One of the reasonable option is to make use of the potential renewable energy resources within the countries and develop industries that complies with the unique characteristics of the energy, which is usually disperse, low density and mostly is still not yet competitive with power generation system using subsidized fuel price. Although some basic R/D on renewable energy technology is also being conducted in ASEAN, more effort, however, is directed to its immediate applications in providing basic energy need for rural house-hold, creating productive uses to process agricultural commodities, and to support general rural electrification programs. Such activity has been supported by relevant and operational government policies, international assistances, and gradual involvement of the private sectors.
05•02377 Roadmap towards a sustainable hydrogen economy in Mexico Ram/rez-Salgado, J. and Estrada-Martinez, A. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 129, (2), 255 263. The fast developing of fuel cell (FC) technologies has open a window to alternative energy sources such as natural gas, methanol, ethanol, or hydrogen. This paper outlines the prospects for a hydrogen economy in Mexico. If a hydrogen economy in Mexico is considered, in the near future and if all the national energy could be produced by hydrogen, the country will require 46.5 million tons per year. By 2010, it would have approximately 3300 automobiles with fuel cells. In the initial phase of a 'hydrogen economy', hydrogen could be produced from the current competitive fossil fuels. Hydrogen is a unique fuel with unmatched properties. The Mexican hydrogen industry does not know yet how many tons of hydrogen per year are produced for the different uses of chemical production, oil refining, metal treating or electrical applications. At this moment, hydrogen national resources are 837.7 million tons, which reverts a huge potential in hydrocarbon resources. Hydrogen costs from natural gas are about three times the cost of the feedstock, thus US$6 feedstock gas would result in the hydrogen costing US$18 per million of Btu, which is equivalent to gasoline costing about US$2 per gallon.
05•02378 Scenarios of solid oxide fuel cell introduction into Japanese society Fukushima, Y. et al. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 131, (1 2), 327 339. In this paper, strategies to successfully introduce solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) into industry and society are discussed using a scenario approach. Scenarios for Japanese energy systems are developed to portray the situation up to the year 2050, in order to consider the potential interrelation of SOFCs with other power generation technologies, and to direct further investigation and stimulate discussion among researchers and stakeholders. Scenarios are constructed by
combining a number of scenario options, such as technical, social, political and economic aspects. Specific attention is focused on the lifecycle of SOFCs. A power generation planning model developed in a previous study was extended to model decision-making for power generation capacity planning based on cost minimization, subject to other constraints and requirements over the focal time period of 2001 2050. In this way, it is possible to assess for each scenario not only the feasible introduction rate of SOFCs, but also the CO2 emissions, cost, and energy security requirements for the entire energy system, including both distributed and centralized power systems. The results of the analyses elucidate the effectiveness of different technical and political alternatives, such as technological breakthrough, recycling, security of materials and production facilities, on the successful introduction of SOFCs in Japanese power systems.
05•02379 The role of Japan's industry in the HTTR design and its construction Minatsuki, I. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 233, (1 3), 377 390. The research and development (R&D) of the high temperature gascooled reactor (HTGR) has been carried out by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) since the 1960s. The construction of the high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) started in March 1991 for the purpose of the establishment and advancement of basic HTGR technology, as well as the application of advanced research. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Fuji Electric, Toshiba, Hitachi, Nuclear Fuel Industries and Toyo Tanso have participated in this project since the R&D stage of HTTR in the area of high temperature equipment design, system design and safety design. The installation was completed in November 1996, and was then handed over to JAERI in September 1997. This paper summarizes the roles of each industrial organization in the HTTR design and construction.
18
ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING
05•02380 Application of oil refinery waste in the biosynthesis of glycolipids by yeast Bednarski, W. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 95, (1), 15 18. Candida Antarctica or Candida apicola synthesized surfactants (glycolipids) in the cultivation medium supplemented with oil refinery waste, either with soapstock (from 5.0% to 12.0% v/v) or post-refinery fatty acids (from 2.0% to 5.0% v/v). The efficiency of glycolipids synthesis was determined by the amount of waste supplemented to the medium and was from 7.3 to 13.4 g/1 and from 6.6 to 10.5 g/1 in the medium supplemented with soapstock and post-refinery fatty acids, respectively. The studied yeast also synthesized glycolipids in the nonsupplemented medium however, by the enrichment of medium with the oil refinery waste, a 7.5 8.5-fold greater concentration of glycolipids was obtained in the post-culture liquid then in the medium without addition of oil refinery waste. The yeast synthesized from 6.6 to 10.3 g dry biomass/1 and the intra-cellular fat content was from 16.8% to 30.2%. The efficiency of glycolipids synthesis was determined by yeast species, medium acidity and culture period. The surface tension of the post-culture liquid separated from yeast biomass was reduced to 35.6 raN/m, which corresponded to the surface tension obtained at the critical micelle concentration of glycolipids.
05•02381 Electrochemical recycling of the zinc from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries Freitas, M. B. J. G. and de Pietre, M. K. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 128, (2), 343 349. In this work, zinc from the spent Zn MnO2 batteries is recycled. Ionic zinc is recovered from acidic or alkaline solutions using a galvanostatic technique. An optimum current density between 1 0 . 0 and 25.0 mA cm 2 was obtained for recovery of ionic zinc from acidic solutions. The optimum current density is equal to 15.0 mA cm 2 for zinc electrodeposition from alkaline solution. The charge efficiency is 80.0% and decreases with increase of current density. In acidic solutions, hydrogen adsorption catalyse Zn 2+ electrodeposition. In alkaline solutions, a parallel reaction of the hydrogen evolution inhibits zincate electrodeposition.
05•02382 Numerical analysis of emission component from incineration of palm oil wastes Harimi, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 28, (3), 339 345. In the last decade, there has been an increasing awareness of the use of by-products and wastes from palm oil mills with the dual objective of reducing their environmental impacts and enhancing the economic
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
345
05•02376 Renewable energy conversion and utilization in ASEAN countries Abdullah, K. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (2 4), 119 128. The world population has passed six billion people and the pressure on basic daily needs is particularly dominant in the developing countries, such as the ASEAN. As most of the natural resources, particularly that of fossil fuel is depleting rapidly, more efficient ways to produce daily necessity are becoming important issues. In addition, both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol require, that efforts should be directed to improve efficiency of energy conversion devices, effective use of the clean and environmentally friendly renewable source of energy, beside providing sink for the green house gas (GHG) emissions. INFORSE report to the UN Secretary General indicated that the total energy sources in the industrialized countries will diminish drastically, but by providing enough funding for research and development in renewable energy conversion, about 50% of the world energy could be supplied by the developing countries by the year 2050. Despite the above limiting conditions, current data indicated growing energy demand in most of the developing countries, particularly in the ASEAN region. Consequently, these countries, should find out the best strategy in utilizing the available energy sources to maintain sustainable development. One of the reasonable option is to make use of the potential renewable energy resources within the countries and develop industries that complies with the unique characteristics of the energy, which is usually disperse, low density and mostly is still not yet competitive with power generation system using subsidized fuel price. Although some basic R/D on renewable energy technology is also being conducted in ASEAN, more effort, however, is directed to its immediate applications in providing basic energy need for rural house-hold, creating productive uses to process agricultural commodities, and to support general rural electrification programs. Such activity has been supported by relevant and operational government policies, international assistances, and gradual involvement of the private sectors.
05•02377 Roadmap towards a sustainable hydrogen economy in Mexico Ram/rez-Salgado, J. and Estrada-Martinez, A. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 129, (2), 255 263. The fast developing of fuel cell (FC) technologies has open a window to alternative energy sources such as natural gas, methanol, ethanol, or hydrogen. This paper outlines the prospects for a hydrogen economy in Mexico. If a hydrogen economy in Mexico is considered, in the near future and if all the national energy could be produced by hydrogen, the country will require 46.5 million tons per year. By 2010, it would have approximately 3300 automobiles with fuel cells. In the initial phase of a 'hydrogen economy', hydrogen could be produced from the current competitive fossil fuels. Hydrogen is a unique fuel with unmatched properties. The Mexican hydrogen industry does not know yet how many tons of hydrogen per year are produced for the different uses of chemical production, oil refining, metal treating or electrical applications. At this moment, hydrogen national resources are 837.7 million tons, which reverts a huge potential in hydrocarbon resources. Hydrogen costs from natural gas are about three times the cost of the feedstock, thus US$6 feedstock gas would result in the hydrogen costing US$18 per million of Btu, which is equivalent to gasoline costing about US$2 per gallon.
05•02378 Scenarios of solid oxide fuel cell introduction into Japanese society Fukushima, Y. et al. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 131, (1 2), 327 339. In this paper, strategies to successfully introduce solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) into industry and society are discussed using a scenario approach. Scenarios for Japanese energy systems are developed to portray the situation up to the year 2050, in order to consider the potential interrelation of SOFCs with other power generation technologies, and to direct further investigation and stimulate discussion among researchers and stakeholders. Scenarios are constructed by
combining a number of scenario options, such as technical, social, political and economic aspects. Specific attention is focused on the lifecycle of SOFCs. A power generation planning model developed in a previous study was extended to model decision-making for power generation capacity planning based on cost minimization, subject to other constraints and requirements over the focal time period of 2001 2050. In this way, it is possible to assess for each scenario not only the feasible introduction rate of SOFCs, but also the CO2 emissions, cost, and energy security requirements for the entire energy system, including both distributed and centralized power systems. The results of the analyses elucidate the effectiveness of different technical and political alternatives, such as technological breakthrough, recycling, security of materials and production facilities, on the successful introduction of SOFCs in Japanese power systems.
05•02379 The role of Japan's industry in the HTTR design and its construction Minatsuki, I. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2004, 233, (1 3), 377 390. The research and development (R&D) of the high temperature gascooled reactor (HTGR) has been carried out by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) since the 1960s. The construction of the high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) started in March 1991 for the purpose of the establishment and advancement of basic HTGR technology, as well as the application of advanced research. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Fuji Electric, Toshiba, Hitachi, Nuclear Fuel Industries and Toyo Tanso have participated in this project since the R&D stage of HTTR in the area of high temperature equipment design, system design and safety design. The installation was completed in November 1996, and was then handed over to JAERI in September 1997. This paper summarizes the roles of each industrial organization in the HTTR design and construction.
18
ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING
05•02380 Application of oil refinery waste in the biosynthesis of glycolipids by yeast Bednarski, W. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2004, 95, (1), 15 18. Candida Antarctica or Candida apicola synthesized surfactants (glycolipids) in the cultivation medium supplemented with oil refinery waste, either with soapstock (from 5.0% to 12.0% v/v) or post-refinery fatty acids (from 2.0% to 5.0% v/v). The efficiency of glycolipids synthesis was determined by the amount of waste supplemented to the medium and was from 7.3 to 13.4 g/1 and from 6.6 to 10.5 g/1 in the medium supplemented with soapstock and post-refinery fatty acids, respectively. The studied yeast also synthesized glycolipids in the nonsupplemented medium however, by the enrichment of medium with the oil refinery waste, a 7.5 8.5-fold greater concentration of glycolipids was obtained in the post-culture liquid then in the medium without addition of oil refinery waste. The yeast synthesized from 6.6 to 10.3 g dry biomass/1 and the intra-cellular fat content was from 16.8% to 30.2%. The efficiency of glycolipids synthesis was determined by yeast species, medium acidity and culture period. The surface tension of the post-culture liquid separated from yeast biomass was reduced to 35.6 raN/m, which corresponded to the surface tension obtained at the critical micelle concentration of glycolipids.
05•02381 Electrochemical recycling of the zinc from spent Zn-MnO2 batteries Freitas, M. B. J. G. and de Pietre, M. K. Journal o f Power Sources, 2004, 128, (2), 343 349. In this work, zinc from the spent Zn MnO2 batteries is recycled. Ionic zinc is recovered from acidic or alkaline solutions using a galvanostatic technique. An optimum current density between 1 0 . 0 and 25.0 mA cm 2 was obtained for recovery of ionic zinc from acidic solutions. The optimum current density is equal to 15.0 mA cm 2 for zinc electrodeposition from alkaline solution. The charge efficiency is 80.0% and decreases with increase of current density. In acidic solutions, hydrogen adsorption catalyse Zn 2+ electrodeposition. In alkaline solutions, a parallel reaction of the hydrogen evolution inhibits zincate electrodeposition.
05•02382 Numerical analysis of emission component from incineration of palm oil wastes Harimi, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 28, (3), 339 345. In the last decade, there has been an increasing awareness of the use of by-products and wastes from palm oil mills with the dual objective of reducing their environmental impacts and enhancing the economic
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
345