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178 Failure identification procedure using redundant rules
Abstracts
746 surveyed. The development of intelligent man-machine systems was then aimed at supporting operators in their knowledge-based behaviour to cope with unforeseen abnormal events, considering the recent advances in artificial intelligence and cognitive engineering. A case study is described.
techniques of observation and of protocol analysis have been employed for exploring cognitive processes.
174 Human Intervention in Supervisory Control
At the fist stage of failure diagnosis, it is important to confirm the correctness of input data used for failure diagnosis by rule-based expert systems. This paF develops a simple method to identify an abnormal event using redundant rules, which help the operator understand the current system state. The method requires only a relation table showing the values of input data under each abnormal event to be identified. The operator can estimate easily not only the system state, but also which input datum may be wrong, and which input datum is important and must be improved for its validation. Illustrative examples show the details and merit of the method in an operator’s aide.
N. Moray, J. Lee, pp 43-46 Thii paper &scribes
experiments on supervisory control of a simulated automated pasteurisation plant which could be controlled either manually or automatically. By varying the probability and nature of faults in the system, the ‘transfer functions’ which describe the development of trust in the automated system and self confidence in operators’ ability to exercise manual control were A quantitative model was developed to discovered. predict when an operator will intervene to take control of the plant. Results suggest that there is ‘inertia’ in the dynamics of trust and self confidence, and there is evidence that some operators’ bias towards manual control may lead to suboptimal intervention strategies.
178 Failure Identifkation Procedure using
Redundant Rules T. Kohda, K. Inoue, pp 71-76
Aspects of Computer-Aided Interactive Grasp Planning A.J. Kasinski, pp 77-82
179 Man-Machine
175 Interfacing between Fuzzy Linguistic Controller
and Expert’s Behavioural Skills via Qualitative Mental Models T. Sawaragi, 0. Katai, S. Iwai, pp 47-52 This paper presents a system for tuning a fuzzy controller off-line by analyzing the human operator’s control actions as well as the evolving system states caused by those actions. That is, a human operator, who is controlling a complex plant and simultaneously supervising its behaviour so that it can attain the higherlevel control task, provides a training example. The recorded data are analyzed in terms of the operator’s mental models that qualitatively and symbolically reason about his goals and the slant dvnamics. This analysis enables theclarification o’f his goal-and-plan structure for the task implied in the training example, and specifies the tuning parameters needed for designing a fuzzy controller.
Features of an interactive, graphical simulator for supporting robot tine motion operations, and some preliminary experiences with the implemented modules, are reported. The operator is supported by partly automated, interactive simulation tools based on simplified models of the scene. The consequences of planning decisions are evaluated and communicated to the user in order to accept or modify the actual step of the plan. This approach should help to decompose and structure the decision/action process, thereby enabling further studies on error recovery strategies. These experiences might be useful in problems of teleoperation or of autonomous tine motion of robots, particularly of dextrous hands.
180 Knowledge-Based Pattern-Supported Man-
Machine Interaction T. VPmos, F. Katona,
176 Fuzzy Set Theory for Modelling the Navigator’s Behaviour R. Papenhuijzen, H.G. Stassen, pp 53-60 It is expected
that a computer program by means of which the behaviour of the complete crew-ship-fairway system can be simulated, will make a powerful tool for investigations in the field of navigation and fairway design. Hence, a fuzzy set model of the navigator’s behaviour is proposed. On the basis of a series of preliminary experiments, the applicability of the fuzzy set navigator model is compared to that of an alternative, control theoretic development.
pp 83-88
The knowledge base, being a key issue in man-machine interfacing, is much more pattern-like in the human brain’s representation than the logic of rule-based systems. The basic problems of pattern representation, quantification, metric and decision methods are discussed, on the basis of experience on several problems, one of them a decade’s work on a sophisticated human brain-oriented medical expertise. Some relevant are formed, supporting the practical hypotheses applicability of patterns combined with logic in complex man-machine systems. and Analysis of Human Task Allocation in a Bottling Hall W.A. Blaauboer, P.L. Brinkman, P.A. Wieringa, pp 89-94
181 Modelling 177 Analysis
of Operator
Behaviour
for Cognitive
Model Implementation F. Decortis, J. Kjaer-Hansen, J.A. Lockett, K.H. Wheatley, pp 61-70 This paper presents an analysis of the cognitive processes of an operator controlling~ the simulator of a-complex ulant (i.e.. a Steam Generator Heavv Water Reactor, SGHWR). This research has been guided towards the adaptation of a computer-based model of an operator to the specific task of controlling the SGHWR. The objective is to analyse an operator’s cognitive processes in a problem-solving situation, by focusing on aspects related to information checking and actions to be taken. Five problems to solve on the simulator were selected. Four operators participated in the experiments. Current
Automation changes the role of human operators in industrial production. Methods and models are needed to evaluate different task-allocation designs with respect to their performance, flexibility and working conditions. A procedure is described for the modelling of human operator teams in a bottling hall. A time-sequential network of interacting human operators can be formed, using Petri-Net theory. The possibilities for the analysis and simulation of this man-machine model are discussed. The performance and flexibility of three different work organization forms are evaluated. However, it is not possible to determine an optimal form. because this
746 surveyed. The development of intelligent man-machine systems was then aimed at supporting operators in their knowledge-based behaviour to cope with unforeseen abnormal events, considering the recent advances in artificial intelligence and cognitive engineering. A case study is described.
techniques of observation and of protocol analysis have been employed for exploring cognitive processes.
174 Human Intervention in Supervisory Control
At the fist stage of failure diagnosis, it is important to confirm the correctness of input data used for failure diagnosis by rule-based expert systems. This paF develops a simple method to identify an abnormal event using redundant rules, which help the operator understand the current system state. The method requires only a relation table showing the values of input data under each abnormal event to be identified. The operator can estimate easily not only the system state, but also which input datum may be wrong, and which input datum is important and must be improved for its validation. Illustrative examples show the details and merit of the method in an operator’s aide.
N. Moray, J. Lee, pp 43-46 Thii paper &scribes
experiments on supervisory control of a simulated automated pasteurisation plant which could be controlled either manually or automatically. By varying the probability and nature of faults in the system, the ‘transfer functions’ which describe the development of trust in the automated system and self confidence in operators’ ability to exercise manual control were A quantitative model was developed to discovered. predict when an operator will intervene to take control of the plant. Results suggest that there is ‘inertia’ in the dynamics of trust and self confidence, and there is evidence that some operators’ bias towards manual control may lead to suboptimal intervention strategies.
178 Failure Identifkation Procedure using
Redundant Rules T. Kohda, K. Inoue, pp 71-76
Aspects of Computer-Aided Interactive Grasp Planning A.J. Kasinski, pp 77-82
179 Man-Machine
175 Interfacing between Fuzzy Linguistic Controller
and Expert’s Behavioural Skills via Qualitative Mental Models T. Sawaragi, 0. Katai, S. Iwai, pp 47-52 This paper presents a system for tuning a fuzzy controller off-line by analyzing the human operator’s control actions as well as the evolving system states caused by those actions. That is, a human operator, who is controlling a complex plant and simultaneously supervising its behaviour so that it can attain the higherlevel control task, provides a training example. The recorded data are analyzed in terms of the operator’s mental models that qualitatively and symbolically reason about his goals and the slant dvnamics. This analysis enables theclarification o’f his goal-and-plan structure for the task implied in the training example, and specifies the tuning parameters needed for designing a fuzzy controller.
Features of an interactive, graphical simulator for supporting robot tine motion operations, and some preliminary experiences with the implemented modules, are reported. The operator is supported by partly automated, interactive simulation tools based on simplified models of the scene. The consequences of planning decisions are evaluated and communicated to the user in order to accept or modify the actual step of the plan. This approach should help to decompose and structure the decision/action process, thereby enabling further studies on error recovery strategies. These experiences might be useful in problems of teleoperation or of autonomous tine motion of robots, particularly of dextrous hands.
180 Knowledge-Based Pattern-Supported Man-
Machine Interaction T. VPmos, F. Katona,
176 Fuzzy Set Theory for Modelling the Navigator’s Behaviour R. Papenhuijzen, H.G. Stassen, pp 53-60 It is expected
that a computer program by means of which the behaviour of the complete crew-ship-fairway system can be simulated, will make a powerful tool for investigations in the field of navigation and fairway design. Hence, a fuzzy set model of the navigator’s behaviour is proposed. On the basis of a series of preliminary experiments, the applicability of the fuzzy set navigator model is compared to that of an alternative, control theoretic development.
pp 83-88
The knowledge base, being a key issue in man-machine interfacing, is much more pattern-like in the human brain’s representation than the logic of rule-based systems. The basic problems of pattern representation, quantification, metric and decision methods are discussed, on the basis of experience on several problems, one of them a decade’s work on a sophisticated human brain-oriented medical expertise. Some relevant are formed, supporting the practical hypotheses applicability of patterns combined with logic in complex man-machine systems. and Analysis of Human Task Allocation in a Bottling Hall W.A. Blaauboer, P.L. Brinkman, P.A. Wieringa, pp 89-94
181 Modelling 177 Analysis
of Operator
Behaviour
for Cognitive
Model Implementation F. Decortis, J. Kjaer-Hansen, J.A. Lockett, K.H. Wheatley, pp 61-70 This paper presents an analysis of the cognitive processes of an operator controlling~ the simulator of a-complex ulant (i.e.. a Steam Generator Heavv Water Reactor, SGHWR). This research has been guided towards the adaptation of a computer-based model of an operator to the specific task of controlling the SGHWR. The objective is to analyse an operator’s cognitive processes in a problem-solving situation, by focusing on aspects related to information checking and actions to be taken. Five problems to solve on the simulator were selected. Four operators participated in the experiments. Current
Automation changes the role of human operators in industrial production. Methods and models are needed to evaluate different task-allocation designs with respect to their performance, flexibility and working conditions. A procedure is described for the modelling of human operator teams in a bottling hall. A time-sequential network of interacting human operators can be formed, using Petri-Net theory. The possibilities for the analysis and simulation of this man-machine model are discussed. The performance and flexibility of three different work organization forms are evaluated. However, it is not possible to determine an optimal form. because this