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39. 7th international conference on ionized gases
Classified abstracts 30-46 18 30. Investigation of a discharge with a hollow cathode. Part 2. (USSR) A method for measurement o f the electric field strength and the electron energy distribution in a hollow cathode is described. From the results the probable physical model of the discharge is given.
V S Borodin et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1198-1201 (in Russian). 18 31. Gas discharge injection of electrons into a resonator. (USSR) A method of pulling electrons out of the Penning discharge by hf field through a slot at the anode is described. This field with a frequency 3 kMc/s is produced by resonator coupled with the discharge by the anode slot. (USSR) Yu G Yushkov and Yu E Kreindel, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966,
1215-1216 (in Russian). 18 32. On the kinetics of positive ions in a Penning discharge. (USSR) The positive ion trajectory in a discharge with oscillating electrons was calculated. It is shown that, for a long anode, ions oscillate while, for a short anode, ions move into the cathode on a logarithmic curve. The influence of space charge is considered. All results were verified by some experiments at 10-s torr. (USSR) G V Smirnitskaya and R P Babertsyan, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July
1966, 1217-1225 (in Russian). 18 33. New method of determination of potential distribution in Penning discharge. (USSR) The method described, called the "ion-kinetic method", is suitable for the determination of discharge parameters at pressures of 10-3 to 10-11 torr. Through a central slot in one cathode the ions travel to a collector where their energies are measured. The collector is separate from the discharge so it does not affect the fields between cathode and anode. Results of some measurements are given. (USSR) E M Reikin'odel et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1226-1232 (in
Russian). 18 34. Anisotropy of work function of molybdenum single crystals.
(USSR) Thermoemission of Mo single crystals prepared by vacuum zone melting was studied. It is shown that the work functions for emission from different faces were not constant: 4.9 eV for (110), and 4.18 eV for (114). All measurements were performed at 5 x 10-8 torr. (USSR) E M Savitskiy et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1310-1312 (in
Russian). 18 35. Transverse distribution of components of mixture in a positive column of a glow discharge. (USSR) Equations are given for the case when the column excitation and ionization are oetermined by the impurity gas and other cases are briefly discussed. Distributions are calculated for a mixture of He with partial pressure 1 tort and Hg with partial pressures 10-a to 3 × 10-s torr. (USSR) Yu A Pekar, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (8), Aug 1966, 1372-1375 (in Russian). 18 36. On the utility of the Saha-Langmulr equation for the description of the temperature dependence of positive ion current in silicon surface ionization. (USSR) By measuring the contact difference of potentials it is shown that the Saha-Langmuir equation is usable for the description of the temperature dependence of Si surface ionization. (USSR) V I Paleev et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (8), Aug 1966, 1459-1468 (in
currents are found to be in good agreement with the FowlerNordheim theory of field emission from the pure metal surface. D K Davies and M A Biondi, J Appl Phys, 37 (8), 1966, 2969-2977. 18:64 39. 7th international conference on ionized gases. (USSR) A report of the Conference that took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on 22nd-27th August, 1965. I R Gekker et al, Usp FizNauk, 89 (2), June 1966, 309-319 (in Russian). 18 40. Some observations about high voltage breakdown and vacuum conditions. B W Schumacher, Rev Sci Instrum, 37 (8), 1966, 1092. 18 41. Electric breakdown in beams of condensed hydrogen and condensed nitrogen in high vacuum. (Northern Ireland) E W Becker and R Klingelhofer, Plasma Physics (J Nucl Energy, Part
C), 8 (4), 1966, 413-417.
II V a c u u m apparatus and auxiliaries 20. Pumping systems 20 : 31 Evacuation of transmitting tubes by titanium sputtering pumps. See abstract number 188. 20 : 34 42. A study of various pumping mechanisms used to reduce vacuum chamber pressure. (USA) Study of various methods of exhausting vacuum chambers to simulate outer space. The pumping characteristics and limitations of ion pumps, titanium-sublimation pumps and cryopumps are ascertained and summarized. Examples are given of the use of a residual gas analyzer to detect selective pumping characteristics in a laboratory system using ion pumping and liquid nitrogen cooled Ti-sublimation pumping. C F Brothers, Inst Environmental Sciences, Annual Tech Meeting,
San Diego, California, April 1966. 2O 43. The development of ultrahigh vacuum techniques for the purification of nitrogen gas (USA) Using a bakeable ultrahigh vacuum system as a basis, various methods for obtaining pure nitrogen were investigated. One method using a bulk getter of 64 per cent zirconium-34 per cent titanium alloy was found to produce nitrogen with impurities less than one ppm. The getter was outgassed by several bakings, and the nitrogen introduced. After several more hours at high temperature the gas was permitted to flow into the discharge tube. This method was also found to remove hydrogen, water vapour and oxides of carbon. Emissions due to impurities were practically non-existent in the spectrum. R E Miller, Rep NASA-CR-71197, Feb 1966, John Hopkins Univ
Dept of Physics, Baltimore, Md. 20 44. Versatile high temperature furnace. (USA) Past experience in making of thermal and physical measurements at high temperatures have resulted in a general furnace design which has proved to be quite successful for a variety of measurements, in the range 750--2900°C. General design principles and details of construction are discussed. P Wagner, Rev Sci Instrum, 37 (8), 1966, 1054-1059. 20 : 37 45. Assembly for mechanical tests under vacuum at high temperature.
Russian).
(France)
18 37. Prediction of the voltage for electrical breakdown in ultrahigh vacuum. (USA) The empirical method for predicting the breakdown voltage from the breakdown current voltage characteristics appears to be valid not only for tungsten, but also for Mo, Ni, Cr, and probably Cu, using the appropriate constants. I Brodie, J Vac Sci Technol, 3, 1966, 222-225. 18 38. Vacuum electrical breakdown between plane-parallel copper electrodes. (USA) Measurements have been made of breakdown currents between thoroughly outgassed plane-parallel copper electrodes in ultrahigh vacuum, for electrode separations in the range 0.03~).2 cm. These
An assembly for the mechanical testing of refractory metals is described and illustrated diagrammatically. Tests may be performed under vacuum and up to 2600°K. G Kamoun, Rev Hautes Temp Refract, 3, 1966, 41-46 (in French). 2O 46. Vacuum system with a condensation pump. (USSR) The system described is pumped by an oil-diffusion pump through a liquid nitrogen trap and a liquid hydrogen filled condensation pump. The ultimate pressure in the chamber volume (15 litres) is of the order of 10-8 tort, without baking the chamber walls. Liquid hydrogen consumption is about 160 cm 3 per hour. The apparatus is used for the production of thin films with evaporation by electron bombardment. A K Kikoin et al, Pribory Tekh Eksper, 11 (3), May-June 1966,
165-167, (in Russian). 53
V S Borodin et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1198-1201 (in Russian). 18 31. Gas discharge injection of electrons into a resonator. (USSR) A method of pulling electrons out of the Penning discharge by hf field through a slot at the anode is described. This field with a frequency 3 kMc/s is produced by resonator coupled with the discharge by the anode slot. (USSR) Yu G Yushkov and Yu E Kreindel, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966,
1215-1216 (in Russian). 18 32. On the kinetics of positive ions in a Penning discharge. (USSR) The positive ion trajectory in a discharge with oscillating electrons was calculated. It is shown that, for a long anode, ions oscillate while, for a short anode, ions move into the cathode on a logarithmic curve. The influence of space charge is considered. All results were verified by some experiments at 10-s torr. (USSR) G V Smirnitskaya and R P Babertsyan, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July
1966, 1217-1225 (in Russian). 18 33. New method of determination of potential distribution in Penning discharge. (USSR) The method described, called the "ion-kinetic method", is suitable for the determination of discharge parameters at pressures of 10-3 to 10-11 torr. Through a central slot in one cathode the ions travel to a collector where their energies are measured. The collector is separate from the discharge so it does not affect the fields between cathode and anode. Results of some measurements are given. (USSR) E M Reikin'odel et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1226-1232 (in
Russian). 18 34. Anisotropy of work function of molybdenum single crystals.
(USSR) Thermoemission of Mo single crystals prepared by vacuum zone melting was studied. It is shown that the work functions for emission from different faces were not constant: 4.9 eV for (110), and 4.18 eV for (114). All measurements were performed at 5 x 10-8 torr. (USSR) E M Savitskiy et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (7), July 1966, 1310-1312 (in
Russian). 18 35. Transverse distribution of components of mixture in a positive column of a glow discharge. (USSR) Equations are given for the case when the column excitation and ionization are oetermined by the impurity gas and other cases are briefly discussed. Distributions are calculated for a mixture of He with partial pressure 1 tort and Hg with partial pressures 10-a to 3 × 10-s torr. (USSR) Yu A Pekar, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (8), Aug 1966, 1372-1375 (in Russian). 18 36. On the utility of the Saha-Langmulr equation for the description of the temperature dependence of positive ion current in silicon surface ionization. (USSR) By measuring the contact difference of potentials it is shown that the Saha-Langmuir equation is usable for the description of the temperature dependence of Si surface ionization. (USSR) V I Paleev et al, Zh Tekh Fiz, 36 (8), Aug 1966, 1459-1468 (in
currents are found to be in good agreement with the FowlerNordheim theory of field emission from the pure metal surface. D K Davies and M A Biondi, J Appl Phys, 37 (8), 1966, 2969-2977. 18:64 39. 7th international conference on ionized gases. (USSR) A report of the Conference that took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, on 22nd-27th August, 1965. I R Gekker et al, Usp FizNauk, 89 (2), June 1966, 309-319 (in Russian). 18 40. Some observations about high voltage breakdown and vacuum conditions. B W Schumacher, Rev Sci Instrum, 37 (8), 1966, 1092. 18 41. Electric breakdown in beams of condensed hydrogen and condensed nitrogen in high vacuum. (Northern Ireland) E W Becker and R Klingelhofer, Plasma Physics (J Nucl Energy, Part
C), 8 (4), 1966, 413-417.
II V a c u u m apparatus and auxiliaries 20. Pumping systems 20 : 31 Evacuation of transmitting tubes by titanium sputtering pumps. See abstract number 188. 20 : 34 42. A study of various pumping mechanisms used to reduce vacuum chamber pressure. (USA) Study of various methods of exhausting vacuum chambers to simulate outer space. The pumping characteristics and limitations of ion pumps, titanium-sublimation pumps and cryopumps are ascertained and summarized. Examples are given of the use of a residual gas analyzer to detect selective pumping characteristics in a laboratory system using ion pumping and liquid nitrogen cooled Ti-sublimation pumping. C F Brothers, Inst Environmental Sciences, Annual Tech Meeting,
San Diego, California, April 1966. 2O 43. The development of ultrahigh vacuum techniques for the purification of nitrogen gas (USA) Using a bakeable ultrahigh vacuum system as a basis, various methods for obtaining pure nitrogen were investigated. One method using a bulk getter of 64 per cent zirconium-34 per cent titanium alloy was found to produce nitrogen with impurities less than one ppm. The getter was outgassed by several bakings, and the nitrogen introduced. After several more hours at high temperature the gas was permitted to flow into the discharge tube. This method was also found to remove hydrogen, water vapour and oxides of carbon. Emissions due to impurities were practically non-existent in the spectrum. R E Miller, Rep NASA-CR-71197, Feb 1966, John Hopkins Univ
Dept of Physics, Baltimore, Md. 20 44. Versatile high temperature furnace. (USA) Past experience in making of thermal and physical measurements at high temperatures have resulted in a general furnace design which has proved to be quite successful for a variety of measurements, in the range 750--2900°C. General design principles and details of construction are discussed. P Wagner, Rev Sci Instrum, 37 (8), 1966, 1054-1059. 20 : 37 45. Assembly for mechanical tests under vacuum at high temperature.
Russian).
(France)
18 37. Prediction of the voltage for electrical breakdown in ultrahigh vacuum. (USA) The empirical method for predicting the breakdown voltage from the breakdown current voltage characteristics appears to be valid not only for tungsten, but also for Mo, Ni, Cr, and probably Cu, using the appropriate constants. I Brodie, J Vac Sci Technol, 3, 1966, 222-225. 18 38. Vacuum electrical breakdown between plane-parallel copper electrodes. (USA) Measurements have been made of breakdown currents between thoroughly outgassed plane-parallel copper electrodes in ultrahigh vacuum, for electrode separations in the range 0.03~).2 cm. These
An assembly for the mechanical testing of refractory metals is described and illustrated diagrammatically. Tests may be performed under vacuum and up to 2600°K. G Kamoun, Rev Hautes Temp Refract, 3, 1966, 41-46 (in French). 2O 46. Vacuum system with a condensation pump. (USSR) The system described is pumped by an oil-diffusion pump through a liquid nitrogen trap and a liquid hydrogen filled condensation pump. The ultimate pressure in the chamber volume (15 litres) is of the order of 10-8 tort, without baking the chamber walls. Liquid hydrogen consumption is about 160 cm 3 per hour. The apparatus is used for the production of thin films with evaporation by electron bombardment. A K Kikoin et al, Pribory Tekh Eksper, 11 (3), May-June 1966,
165-167, (in Russian). 53