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7. Ultra-high vacuum
Classified abstracts 1-190 Classified abstracts 1-16 on this page
Abstracting editor's note The label immediately following the title o[ each item denotes country or origin of publication, and that at the end of each abstract indicates country o[ origin of work (where known).
I. General v a c u u m science and engineering 10. V a c u u m science and technology 10
1. Vacuum technology. (Great Britain) The article surveys trends in vacuum technology of particular interest to the nuclear engineer. Three categories of application are distinguished: (1) the production of extremely low pressures for the sake of the emptiness of the system, as in accelerators and storage rings; (2) the production of very clean residual atmospheres, as in fusion research; (3) the rapid evacuation of large systems, as in the testing of satellites. An account of pumping methods occupies a large part of the article. This includes descriptions of the characteristics of Roots, vapour, turbomolecular, cryo and sorption pumps. Latest techniques of pressure measurement are described: the Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge operating down to 10 -11 torr, the mass filter down to 10 - i s torr and methods based on the rate of contamination of a surface by the residual gas and on the rate of neutralization of a visual cathode by the residual gas ions. The principal leak testing methods are described and the article concludes with an account of the application of vacuum technology in fusion research, particle research, uranium melting and casting and the use of electron beam welding in fuel element production. Anon, Nuclear Engng, 10 (111), Aug 1965, 295-300. 10 2. Modern ways of producing a vacuum. (Great Britain) A C Rose-Innes, The Times Science Review, Winter 1965,p 3. 10:13 3. Ultra-high vacuum. (USA) General discussion of ultra-high vacuum, its applications and the equipment for obtaining and measuring it. R W Roberts and E St Pierre, Science, 147, 1965, 1529-1542. 10 4. Vacuum technology. (USA) A vacuum system is described that is capable of achieving pressures of 7 × 10 -8 torr and uses no vacuum grease and no elastomer seals other than Teflon or Viton. The vacuum system is designed for plasma studies. I Henins and J Marshall, Los Alamos Scientific Lab, Univ of Cali-
fornia, New Mexico, 1965. 10 5. High vacuum systems. (USA) A survey article covering the basic principles of vacuum measurements; the selection of the materials used fn the construction of vacuum systems; analysis of vacuum systems; selection of the components used in the design of vacuum systems and the fabrication of vacuum systems. D L Lethnm, Machine Design, 37, 1965, 122-140. 10 6. Ultra-high vacuum techniques. (USA) W L Lange and J H Singleton, Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Pittsburgh, Penn, Quarterly Progress Report, 1 Jan-30 Dec 1964, 1 Jan-31 March 1965. 10 7. Ultra-high vacuum. (Great Britain) R W Roberts, Science Journal, 1 (10), Dec 1965, 32-39. 10 : 12 8. Advances in analytical chemistry and instrumentation. (USA) Charles N Reilley (Editor), Interscience Publ, John Wiley & Son,
New York, 1965.
10 9. Practical vacuum techniques. (USA) W F Brunner and T H Batzer, RheinholdPubl Corp, New York, 1965. 10 : 12 10. Analysis instrumentation 1964. (USA) L Fowler, R J Harmon and D K Roe, Plenum Press Inc, New York,
1965.
10
11. Ultra-high vacuum techniques. (Germany) Anon, Tech Mitt RFZ (Germany), 9 (1), March 1965, 33-43. 10 12. Vacuum. (France) R Champeix, Hachette, Paris, 1965; 241 pp, (in French).
11. Production of low pressures 11:21
13. Pressure fluctuations in systems evacuated by diffusion pumps.
(Great Britain) The problem of pressure fluctuations occurring in systems pumped by diffusion pumps has been reported by several investigators, various conclusions having been reached. Such fluctuations can exhibit differing characteristic symptoms, one common mode taking the form of relatively high pressure (10 -5 torr or greater) repetitive pulses. In this paper experiments are described which prove that these repetitive fluctuations are due to gases released from the region of the pump top flange seal, and the theoretical considerations supporting the experiments, together with the simple modifications required to effect a complete and proven cure for such pressure pulses, are detailed. (Great Britain) (Authors) U R Banee and E H Harden, Vacuum, 15 (9), Sept 1965, 437-441.
12. M e a s u r e m e n t
of low pressures
12 : l0 Advances in analytical chemistry and instrumentation. See abstract number 8. 12 : 10 Analysis instrumentation 1964. See abstract number 10. 12 14. How shall we measure vacuum ? (USA) Letters and comments sent to the magazine Research/Development and compiled and edited by F L Bonem, Res/Dev, 16, Sept 1965, 94-101. 12 15. Bibliography from 1950 to 1964 of papers published in various journals on the Bayard-Alpert manometer. (France) Anon, Le Vide, 20 (445), July-August 1965, 303-320.
13. V a c u u m applications 13 : 10
Ultra-high vacuum. See abstract number 3. 13 16. High-vacuum measurements and an improved calibration system.
(USA) Anon, Varian Publications, California, USA, 1964.
14. Kinetic theory of gases
14 : 16 The nature of gas flowthrough fine-pored solids. See abstract number 22.
43
Abstracting editor's note The label immediately following the title o[ each item denotes country or origin of publication, and that at the end of each abstract indicates country o[ origin of work (where known).
I. General v a c u u m science and engineering 10. V a c u u m science and technology 10
1. Vacuum technology. (Great Britain) The article surveys trends in vacuum technology of particular interest to the nuclear engineer. Three categories of application are distinguished: (1) the production of extremely low pressures for the sake of the emptiness of the system, as in accelerators and storage rings; (2) the production of very clean residual atmospheres, as in fusion research; (3) the rapid evacuation of large systems, as in the testing of satellites. An account of pumping methods occupies a large part of the article. This includes descriptions of the characteristics of Roots, vapour, turbomolecular, cryo and sorption pumps. Latest techniques of pressure measurement are described: the Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge operating down to 10 -11 torr, the mass filter down to 10 - i s torr and methods based on the rate of contamination of a surface by the residual gas and on the rate of neutralization of a visual cathode by the residual gas ions. The principal leak testing methods are described and the article concludes with an account of the application of vacuum technology in fusion research, particle research, uranium melting and casting and the use of electron beam welding in fuel element production. Anon, Nuclear Engng, 10 (111), Aug 1965, 295-300. 10 2. Modern ways of producing a vacuum. (Great Britain) A C Rose-Innes, The Times Science Review, Winter 1965,p 3. 10:13 3. Ultra-high vacuum. (USA) General discussion of ultra-high vacuum, its applications and the equipment for obtaining and measuring it. R W Roberts and E St Pierre, Science, 147, 1965, 1529-1542. 10 4. Vacuum technology. (USA) A vacuum system is described that is capable of achieving pressures of 7 × 10 -8 torr and uses no vacuum grease and no elastomer seals other than Teflon or Viton. The vacuum system is designed for plasma studies. I Henins and J Marshall, Los Alamos Scientific Lab, Univ of Cali-
fornia, New Mexico, 1965. 10 5. High vacuum systems. (USA) A survey article covering the basic principles of vacuum measurements; the selection of the materials used fn the construction of vacuum systems; analysis of vacuum systems; selection of the components used in the design of vacuum systems and the fabrication of vacuum systems. D L Lethnm, Machine Design, 37, 1965, 122-140. 10 6. Ultra-high vacuum techniques. (USA) W L Lange and J H Singleton, Westinghouse Electric Corporation,
Pittsburgh, Penn, Quarterly Progress Report, 1 Jan-30 Dec 1964, 1 Jan-31 March 1965. 10 7. Ultra-high vacuum. (Great Britain) R W Roberts, Science Journal, 1 (10), Dec 1965, 32-39. 10 : 12 8. Advances in analytical chemistry and instrumentation. (USA) Charles N Reilley (Editor), Interscience Publ, John Wiley & Son,
New York, 1965.
10 9. Practical vacuum techniques. (USA) W F Brunner and T H Batzer, RheinholdPubl Corp, New York, 1965. 10 : 12 10. Analysis instrumentation 1964. (USA) L Fowler, R J Harmon and D K Roe, Plenum Press Inc, New York,
1965.
10
11. Ultra-high vacuum techniques. (Germany) Anon, Tech Mitt RFZ (Germany), 9 (1), March 1965, 33-43. 10 12. Vacuum. (France) R Champeix, Hachette, Paris, 1965; 241 pp, (in French).
11. Production of low pressures 11:21
13. Pressure fluctuations in systems evacuated by diffusion pumps.
(Great Britain) The problem of pressure fluctuations occurring in systems pumped by diffusion pumps has been reported by several investigators, various conclusions having been reached. Such fluctuations can exhibit differing characteristic symptoms, one common mode taking the form of relatively high pressure (10 -5 torr or greater) repetitive pulses. In this paper experiments are described which prove that these repetitive fluctuations are due to gases released from the region of the pump top flange seal, and the theoretical considerations supporting the experiments, together with the simple modifications required to effect a complete and proven cure for such pressure pulses, are detailed. (Great Britain) (Authors) U R Banee and E H Harden, Vacuum, 15 (9), Sept 1965, 437-441.
12. M e a s u r e m e n t
of low pressures
12 : l0 Advances in analytical chemistry and instrumentation. See abstract number 8. 12 : 10 Analysis instrumentation 1964. See abstract number 10. 12 14. How shall we measure vacuum ? (USA) Letters and comments sent to the magazine Research/Development and compiled and edited by F L Bonem, Res/Dev, 16, Sept 1965, 94-101. 12 15. Bibliography from 1950 to 1964 of papers published in various journals on the Bayard-Alpert manometer. (France) Anon, Le Vide, 20 (445), July-August 1965, 303-320.
13. V a c u u m applications 13 : 10
Ultra-high vacuum. See abstract number 3. 13 16. High-vacuum measurements and an improved calibration system.
(USA) Anon, Varian Publications, California, USA, 1964.
14. Kinetic theory of gases
14 : 16 The nature of gas flowthrough fine-pored solids. See abstract number 22.
43