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05947 Enhancing the benefits of fly ash as a soil amendment by pre-leaching
04
Effect of polar component8 on the phyaico-chamlQSlO5943 cal proprrtlaa of coal tar Chambrion, P. et al., Fuel, Sep. 1995, 74, (9), 1284-1290. The influence of polar compounds like phenols and pyridine-type bases on the morphology and glass transition of coal tar is investigated. A coal tar sample IS separated into various fractions whiclt thereafter are recombined progressively in order to reconstitute the starting sample. At each step, the glass transitlon temperature and activation energ of the relaxation process of the glassy fractions are determined by d.s.c. h e amount and morphology of solid particles present in the tar fractions are determined by means of optical microscopy and image analysis. The presence of phenol tends to increase the size of the relaxation unit, which suggests the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between aromatic units of various sizes. In contrast, bases have an opposite effect to phenols. The presence of phenol tends to decrease the mean size of insoluble particles whereas bases increase it. Effect8 of annealing on the conductlvlty of C, thin ZY:” Belu-Marlan, A. er al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5), 495-509. __ __..
.
Films of C,, at different stages of annealing of T,=200” and 3OO’Chave been electrically characterized over the temperature domain from -13O’Cto T,. X-ray diffraction revealed a random glycrystalline fee structure with stacking defects of an intrinsic nature, due to deposition conditions. The value of room-temperature conductivity was found to be in the range (6.31.0) lo”’ (ohm cm)-‘. In the stable annealed state the conductivity showed an activated temperature dependence above 423 K and a non-activated dependence below 330-280 K. Effect8 of pretreatment on carbonlratlon properties 95105945 of resin fractions aaparatad from a solvent-refined coal Ida, T. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (5), 617-624. Resin B and C (separated from hexane insoluble-benzeie soluble fraction of Akabira SRC) produced isotropic cokes after carbonization. The pretreatment of heteroatom removal followd by hydrogenation (two-staged pretreatment) was more effective in attaining the anisotropic textures of widely develo d flow domain type from both resin B and C, then pretreatment with onp” y hydrogenation. The analytical results suggested that the carbonization properties of resin B and C and, hence, the extent of developed anisotropic textures, may be more affected by OH groups than by total heteroatom content. Elucldatlng the pore structure of activated carbon Q5lO5946 fibers through direct imaging using acanning tunneling microaCOPY(SW / Economv. J. et al.. Carbon. 1995. 33. 131. 344-345. Describes an initial step in compaiing’ ihk’micropore size and shape of carbons by the use of STM techmques to directly image the microporosity of amorphous activated carbon fibres. Enhancing the benefits of fly ash aa a soil amandmant bv Dre-laachina Ghodrat[ k. et al., So;‘1Sci., 1995, 159, (4), 244-252. Previous studies have shown that the potential benefit of fly ash’as a soil amendment can be compromised by phytotoxic constituents of the ash, specifically excessive levels of B and soluble salts. Therefore, greenhouse and column studies were conducted to determine if pre-leaching an ashamended soil would decrease the detrimental components of the ash to levels that would have no effect on crop growth.
95105947
95105948 Examination of the oxidatlva atablllzatlon reaction of the pitch-baaed carbon fiber through continuous maaauremant of oxygen chemlaorption and gas formation rate Miura, K. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 275-282. Stabilization is an important step for producing pitch-based carbon fibre. In this paper, gas formation rates and weight change during oxidative stabilization, which is most commonly employed as the stabilization method, were measured continuously for three pitch-based yams, using a mass spectrometer and a thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. From these measurements, change in the amount of oxygen incorporated in the yam could be estimated continuously and accurately. A large difference was found between the amount of incorporated oxygen measured by the presented method, and the amount estimated from only weight change. Ferric chloride-graphite intercalation compounds prepared from graphite fluoride Hung, C. C. Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 315-322. The reaction between graphite fluoride and ferric chloride was observed in the temperature range of 300 to 4OO”C>.The graphite fluorides used for this reaction have an sp’ electronic structure and are electrical insulators. They can be made by fluorinating either carbon fibres or powder having various degress of graphitization. Reaction is fast and spontaneous and can occur in the presence of air. The ferric chloride does not have to be predried. The products have an sp2 electronic structure and are eletrical conductors. 95105949
Flaxibillty of graphena layers In carbon nanotubaa (letter to the Editor) Despres, J. F. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (l), 87-90.
95105950
By-products
related to fuels
95105951 FI aah - A cheap catalyst In wet oxidation of an lnduatrlal peat7tide effluent Pramanik, S. et al., Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci, 1995, 2, (l), 44-47. Describes how fly ash, a solid waste from thermal power plants, was used as a catalyst to reduce COD of an industrial pesticide effluent by wet oxidation with H,O, at different temperatures. It was determined that 10% w/v) fly ash loading enhanced the percent COD reduction from 28.72 to B8.73 for a H,O, loading of 4.5% at 335 K. The catalytic effect of fly ash remains unchanged even after a fifth repeated use; ~95% of 0 liberated from H,O, is consumed for COD reduction. 95105952 Meyer, W.
Fly ash-containing polymer-bonded concrete
(Assigned ro) Meyer Pipes GmkfI and Co. KG, GER. Offen. DE.4,334,616, Apr. 1995. 95l05953
Fractal structure of aaphaltenaa In toluene Liu, Y. C. et al., Fuel, Sep. 1995, 74, (9), 1352-1356. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the fractal structure of Ratawi oetroleum asnhaltenes in toluene. For analvsis of the SANS data, the asphdtene aggregies are modellea as polydispeke fractal objects containing monodisperse asphaltene micelles as unit particles. The model is applicable to asphaltene concentrations of lo-80 wt%. The results show thai ihe asphalten& are well dispersed with a low agglomeration number when the concentration is up to 40%, and the fractal dimension is approximately 3.0. Above 40 wt%, large clusters start to form, and the fractal dimension decreases to a minimum of aooroximatelv 1.8 at 60 wt%. Above 60 wt% the average cluster size gradially decreises, while the fractal dimension increases, regaining approximately 3.0 at > 75 wt%. This is attributed to a phase inversion phenomenon. Fracture verification of fine grain laotroplc gra hitaa containing lmitativa defects subsequent t? round Rog in teat of non-deatructlva inspection Sato, S. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 141-152. Graphite of rod specimens containing different sizes of artificial imitative defects simulated with carbonized paper, were manufactured experimentally and subjected to a round robin test of non-destructive inspection NDI). The position of each defect in the rod was experimentally conharmed by a series of NDIs. This paper deals with the results of destructive tests performed as as the final step of the robin test. 95105954
s5/05s55 Fullerene waste aa a carbonacaoua adsorbent Cleveland, T. G. and Garg, S. Carbon, 1995, 33, (3). 335-338. 95/05956
;;;;$i,
Fullerenaa In Chinas‘a ink atlcka (‘SUMI’) A. er al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5),
Small amounts CUDto 0.1%) of C, and C., have been detected bv hinhpressure liquid ihh;omatogra’hic (EPLC) a&ysis of toluene extra& frim soots used to manufacture E hinese ink sticks, or Sumi. These soots have been prepared by slow burning of pine wood, and later various seed oils. Turpentine oil, the major constituent of pine wood oil, has been found to produce twice as much fullerenes as does toluene when used as the combustion material. The vields of fullerene from unsaturated combustion materials decrease with-the iodine number, reaching zero in the saturated compounds. Possible role of fullerenes as the effective gloss enhancer for black colour is suggested in reference to the known te&nique of adding a natural red pigment to sumi practiced in Japan. 95105957 Hemi-toroldal networks in pyrolytic carbon nanotubea Sarkar, A. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (I), 51-55. Evidence for the formation of an archetypal hemi-toroidal link structure between adjacent concentric walls in pyrolytic carbon nanotubes is presented. The observed and simulated TEM images for such structures are m excellent agreement. This study suggests. that double-walled carbon nonotubes, in which the inner and outer tubes are linked by such hemitoroidal seals, may be one viable way of overcoming the reactivity at the graphene edges of open-ended tubes to engineer stable and useful graphene nanostructures. 95105958 High-calcium coal combustion byproducts: Englneerlng propetiiaa, attringite formation, and potential application In aolidiflcation and stabilization of aelanium and boron Solem-Tishmack. J. K. et al.. Gem. Concr. Res..i995. 25. 131.658-670. Four high-calcium coal combustion byproducts’ residue, r&d’& atmospheric fluidized bed combustion fly ash, were tested for engineering properties and ability to immobilize boron and selenium. These data are needed to explore high-volume utilization in engineered structures or in solidification/stabilization technology. High-pressure chemical vapor depoaitlon for preparation of carbon Nakao, N. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 183-191. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) apparatus under high gas pressure up to 1.0 MPa was experimentally fabricated. The hinh oressure CVD with methane as raw maierial gas arid argon as carrier gas &as carried out, and carbon film was obtained as a graphite substrate at temperatures of 1673 to 2373 K and total gas pressure of 40 KPa to 1.0 MPa. 95l05959
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995 423
Effect of polar component8 on the phyaico-chamlQSlO5943 cal proprrtlaa of coal tar Chambrion, P. et al., Fuel, Sep. 1995, 74, (9), 1284-1290. The influence of polar compounds like phenols and pyridine-type bases on the morphology and glass transition of coal tar is investigated. A coal tar sample IS separated into various fractions whiclt thereafter are recombined progressively in order to reconstitute the starting sample. At each step, the glass transitlon temperature and activation energ of the relaxation process of the glassy fractions are determined by d.s.c. h e amount and morphology of solid particles present in the tar fractions are determined by means of optical microscopy and image analysis. The presence of phenol tends to increase the size of the relaxation unit, which suggests the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between aromatic units of various sizes. In contrast, bases have an opposite effect to phenols. The presence of phenol tends to decrease the mean size of insoluble particles whereas bases increase it. Effect8 of annealing on the conductlvlty of C, thin ZY:” Belu-Marlan, A. er al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5), 495-509. __ __..
.
Films of C,, at different stages of annealing of T,=200” and 3OO’Chave been electrically characterized over the temperature domain from -13O’Cto T,. X-ray diffraction revealed a random glycrystalline fee structure with stacking defects of an intrinsic nature, due to deposition conditions. The value of room-temperature conductivity was found to be in the range (6.31.0) lo”’ (ohm cm)-‘. In the stable annealed state the conductivity showed an activated temperature dependence above 423 K and a non-activated dependence below 330-280 K. Effect8 of pretreatment on carbonlratlon properties 95105945 of resin fractions aaparatad from a solvent-refined coal Ida, T. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (5), 617-624. Resin B and C (separated from hexane insoluble-benzeie soluble fraction of Akabira SRC) produced isotropic cokes after carbonization. The pretreatment of heteroatom removal followd by hydrogenation (two-staged pretreatment) was more effective in attaining the anisotropic textures of widely develo d flow domain type from both resin B and C, then pretreatment with onp” y hydrogenation. The analytical results suggested that the carbonization properties of resin B and C and, hence, the extent of developed anisotropic textures, may be more affected by OH groups than by total heteroatom content. Elucldatlng the pore structure of activated carbon Q5lO5946 fibers through direct imaging using acanning tunneling microaCOPY(SW / Economv. J. et al.. Carbon. 1995. 33. 131. 344-345. Describes an initial step in compaiing’ ihk’micropore size and shape of carbons by the use of STM techmques to directly image the microporosity of amorphous activated carbon fibres. Enhancing the benefits of fly ash aa a soil amandmant bv Dre-laachina Ghodrat[ k. et al., So;‘1Sci., 1995, 159, (4), 244-252. Previous studies have shown that the potential benefit of fly ash’as a soil amendment can be compromised by phytotoxic constituents of the ash, specifically excessive levels of B and soluble salts. Therefore, greenhouse and column studies were conducted to determine if pre-leaching an ashamended soil would decrease the detrimental components of the ash to levels that would have no effect on crop growth.
95105947
95105948 Examination of the oxidatlva atablllzatlon reaction of the pitch-baaed carbon fiber through continuous maaauremant of oxygen chemlaorption and gas formation rate Miura, K. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 275-282. Stabilization is an important step for producing pitch-based carbon fibre. In this paper, gas formation rates and weight change during oxidative stabilization, which is most commonly employed as the stabilization method, were measured continuously for three pitch-based yams, using a mass spectrometer and a thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. From these measurements, change in the amount of oxygen incorporated in the yam could be estimated continuously and accurately. A large difference was found between the amount of incorporated oxygen measured by the presented method, and the amount estimated from only weight change. Ferric chloride-graphite intercalation compounds prepared from graphite fluoride Hung, C. C. Carbon, 1995, 33, (3), 315-322. The reaction between graphite fluoride and ferric chloride was observed in the temperature range of 300 to 4OO”C>.The graphite fluorides used for this reaction have an sp’ electronic structure and are electrical insulators. They can be made by fluorinating either carbon fibres or powder having various degress of graphitization. Reaction is fast and spontaneous and can occur in the presence of air. The ferric chloride does not have to be predried. The products have an sp2 electronic structure and are eletrical conductors. 95105949
Flaxibillty of graphena layers In carbon nanotubaa (letter to the Editor) Despres, J. F. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (l), 87-90.
95105950
By-products
related to fuels
95105951 FI aah - A cheap catalyst In wet oxidation of an lnduatrlal peat7tide effluent Pramanik, S. et al., Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci, 1995, 2, (l), 44-47. Describes how fly ash, a solid waste from thermal power plants, was used as a catalyst to reduce COD of an industrial pesticide effluent by wet oxidation with H,O, at different temperatures. It was determined that 10% w/v) fly ash loading enhanced the percent COD reduction from 28.72 to B8.73 for a H,O, loading of 4.5% at 335 K. The catalytic effect of fly ash remains unchanged even after a fifth repeated use; ~95% of 0 liberated from H,O, is consumed for COD reduction. 95105952 Meyer, W.
Fly ash-containing polymer-bonded concrete
(Assigned ro) Meyer Pipes GmkfI and Co. KG, GER. Offen. DE.4,334,616, Apr. 1995. 95l05953
Fractal structure of aaphaltenaa In toluene Liu, Y. C. et al., Fuel, Sep. 1995, 74, (9), 1352-1356. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the fractal structure of Ratawi oetroleum asnhaltenes in toluene. For analvsis of the SANS data, the asphdtene aggregies are modellea as polydispeke fractal objects containing monodisperse asphaltene micelles as unit particles. The model is applicable to asphaltene concentrations of lo-80 wt%. The results show thai ihe asphalten& are well dispersed with a low agglomeration number when the concentration is up to 40%, and the fractal dimension is approximately 3.0. Above 40 wt%, large clusters start to form, and the fractal dimension decreases to a minimum of aooroximatelv 1.8 at 60 wt%. Above 60 wt% the average cluster size gradially decreises, while the fractal dimension increases, regaining approximately 3.0 at > 75 wt%. This is attributed to a phase inversion phenomenon. Fracture verification of fine grain laotroplc gra hitaa containing lmitativa defects subsequent t? round Rog in teat of non-deatructlva inspection Sato, S. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 141-152. Graphite of rod specimens containing different sizes of artificial imitative defects simulated with carbonized paper, were manufactured experimentally and subjected to a round robin test of non-destructive inspection NDI). The position of each defect in the rod was experimentally conharmed by a series of NDIs. This paper deals with the results of destructive tests performed as as the final step of the robin test. 95105954
s5/05s55 Fullerene waste aa a carbonacaoua adsorbent Cleveland, T. G. and Garg, S. Carbon, 1995, 33, (3). 335-338. 95/05956
;;;;$i,
Fullerenaa In Chinas‘a ink atlcka (‘SUMI’) A. er al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995, 3, (5),
Small amounts CUDto 0.1%) of C, and C., have been detected bv hinhpressure liquid ihh;omatogra’hic (EPLC) a&ysis of toluene extra& frim soots used to manufacture E hinese ink sticks, or Sumi. These soots have been prepared by slow burning of pine wood, and later various seed oils. Turpentine oil, the major constituent of pine wood oil, has been found to produce twice as much fullerenes as does toluene when used as the combustion material. The vields of fullerene from unsaturated combustion materials decrease with-the iodine number, reaching zero in the saturated compounds. Possible role of fullerenes as the effective gloss enhancer for black colour is suggested in reference to the known te&nique of adding a natural red pigment to sumi practiced in Japan. 95105957 Hemi-toroldal networks in pyrolytic carbon nanotubea Sarkar, A. et al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (I), 51-55. Evidence for the formation of an archetypal hemi-toroidal link structure between adjacent concentric walls in pyrolytic carbon nanotubes is presented. The observed and simulated TEM images for such structures are m excellent agreement. This study suggests. that double-walled carbon nonotubes, in which the inner and outer tubes are linked by such hemitoroidal seals, may be one viable way of overcoming the reactivity at the graphene edges of open-ended tubes to engineer stable and useful graphene nanostructures. 95105958 High-calcium coal combustion byproducts: Englneerlng propetiiaa, attringite formation, and potential application In aolidiflcation and stabilization of aelanium and boron Solem-Tishmack. J. K. et al.. Gem. Concr. Res..i995. 25. 131.658-670. Four high-calcium coal combustion byproducts’ residue, r&d’& atmospheric fluidized bed combustion fly ash, were tested for engineering properties and ability to immobilize boron and selenium. These data are needed to explore high-volume utilization in engineered structures or in solidification/stabilization technology. High-pressure chemical vapor depoaitlon for preparation of carbon Nakao, N. er al., Carbon, 1995, 33, (2), 183-191. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) apparatus under high gas pressure up to 1.0 MPa was experimentally fabricated. The hinh oressure CVD with methane as raw maierial gas arid argon as carrier gas &as carried out, and carbon film was obtained as a graphite substrate at temperatures of 1673 to 2373 K and total gas pressure of 40 KPa to 1.0 MPa. 95l05959
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 1995 423