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01065 Cryogenic properties of composite materials
16
Fuel science and technology
(fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
96101060 Composition distortion In MBMS sampling Knuth, E. L. Combustion & Flume, Nov. 1995, 103, (3), 171-180. Notwithstanding the advantages of molecular-beam mass-spectrometer (MBMS) sampling from combustion systems, including from flames, experience has shown that care is required either to minimize or to correct for composition and temperature distortions arising from the presence and operation of a MBMS sampling system. Hence the origins and handling of such distortions are reviewed. In the main body of this review, radical recombination and heat transfer at the external probe surface, acceleration into the probe orifice, chemical relaxation in the free jet, radial diffusion in the free jet, skimmer interference, Mach-number focusing, and fragmentation during detection are considered. 96/01061 Computerlsed glow curve deconvolution: Appiication to thermoluminescence dosimetry Horowitz, Y. S. and Yossian, D. Nuclerrr Technology P&/is/&g. Arhford, Kent, UK, 114 pp. This monograph aims to accelerate the optimal use of computerised glo& curve deconvolution in thermoluminescence dosimetry. 96101062 Condensate measurements of high and low pressure Buthker, E. Gas, Oct. 1995, 115, (lo), 18-19. (In Flemish) Gastec has developed a measuring method to determine the condensate content in natural gas. In the past, this method was applied in research projects into condensate behaviour in distribution systems of energy utilities. Further development of the method resulted in a measuring installation that can be used at high pressure and, therefore, is very suitable for exploration companies. The Gastec condensate measurements are based on IS0 6570. The measuring method is adaptable and has an measuring accuracy of 1%. 96lO1063 Continuous expert diagnosis: Is the future so far away? Milne, R. MfS, Modern Power Systems, Oct. 1995. 15. (lo), 19, 21-22. The author discusses conditions based maintenance which is a practice that can bring benefits in cost and efficiency. For the besr return, however, it requires accurate condition monitoring and diagnosis. In order to carry out this function, the TIGER programme has been developed to integrate an expert system with data acquisition to provide advanced monitoring and diagnosis of problems. 96lQlO64 Countering corrosion Hunter, A. Offshore Engineer, Oct. 1995, p. 36. A roundup of prominent issues and trends in the area of offshore materials begins with a review of current industry thinking on topside corrosion inhibition and the challenges ahead. 96/01065 Cryogenic properties of composite materlais Horiuchi, T. and Ooi, T. Cryogenics, 1995, 35, (ll), 677-679. For the support materials of superconducting magnet systems, specifically for the transportable cryostat used for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, three kinds of organic composite materials were investigated: carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP), aluminium-oxide-fibre-reinforced plastics, and silicon-carbide-fibre-reinforced plastics. Considering the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivities of glass-fibre-reinforced plastics and CFRP, the authors recommend the use of a combination of these two materials. The thermal and mechanical properties of these organic composite materials and support-system requirements for superconducting magnet systems are presented 96101066 2D gas and solids flow prediction in circulating fiuidized beds based on suction probe and pressure profile measurements Kruse, M. and Werther. J. Chemical Engng. & Procening. Jun. 1995. 34. (3), 18.5-203. A fluid-mechanical model for the recirculation zone of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers is presented which considers the local flow structure of the CFB to be composed of an upward flowing lean suspension and downward flowing strands or clusters of particles. The model parameters are obtaind by fitting the model to at least one measured horizontal profile of the upward and one downward solids fluxes and making use of a measured pressure profile along the riser height. The model allows the two-dimensional gas and solids flow inside the whole recirculation zone to be predicted. 96lQ1067 Detection of mercury in the effluents of coal-based industries by mercury analyzer Singh, J. et al., Pollut. Rex, 1995, 14, (l), 11-18. The study highlights the detection of mercury by using a mercury analyzer in the effluents from coal washeries. coal mines. coke-oven plants and thermal power plants.
64
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January
1996
96/01066 Determination of trace elements in coal by plasma spectrometry Beckwith, P. M. Proc. Am. Power Co& 1995, 57, (I), 266-269. The paper describes how analytical methods are being developed to apply inductively coupled plasma spectrometry to determine trace elements in coal. Analytical techniques are reviewed with a discussion of sample preparation methods, analysis conditions, and instrumental parameters. 96lOlQ69 Diffusion forces on aerosols Schafer, H. and Mewes, D. Che+al Engng. & Processing, Jun. 1995, s 34, (3), 255-260. The separation of particles with radii smaller than 1 micron by means of migration induced by concentration gradients is considered. An experimental set-up consisting mainly of a measuring tube was used for the experimental investigations. The separating capacity could be enhanced from virtually zero in the absence of a concentration gradient up to 60% with a concentration gradient for particles with diameters of 0.135 micron. The separating capacity was enhanced for larger particles from 25% to nearly 100% due to diffusion forces. The particle path in the measuring tube was calculated in order to compare these results with known results. Concentrations and velocities in the tube were calculated by means of a finite element programme. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement. 96lQ107Q E.p.r. studies of thermal decomposition of vitrinite Pilawa, B. et al., Fuel, Nov. 1995, 74, (ll), 1654-1657. Vitrinite from Polish medium-rank coal (85.6 wt% C) heated in a inert atmosphere at 300-650°C was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance in the X-band (9.3 GHz). The e.p.r. spectra of the vitrinite, recorded using different microwave powers, were approximated by superposition of a Gauss line and two Lorentz lines. The g factor, linewidth of the components and their fraction in the total spectrum were determined. A sharp increase in total concentration of paramagnetic centres after heating above 55O’C was observed. Strong quenching and production of paramagnetic centres with broad Gauss and broad Lorentz lines above 550°C were detected. The heating of the vitrinite only slightly influenced the amount of paramagnetic centres with narrow Lorentz liner. 96101071 Electron spin echo imaging using a field gradient wire inserted into a cavity Yamamoto, M. and Ikeya, M. Jpn. J. Appl Phys., Parr 2. 1995, 34, (1). L115-118. The signal separation for composite signals of coal in an irradiated quartz tube was demonstrated using field-swept electron spin echo imaging. A uniform and intense magnetic field gradient was produced by sixteen straight wires inserted into a microwave cavity 96101072 Energy optlmlzation at Leykam Bruck MI’S, Modern Power Systems, Oct. 1995, 15, (lo), 45, 57. A new combined cycle power plant has been installed at KNP Leykam Bruck’s paper mill in Austria. The new plant will produce electricity and steam as part of an integrated energy system which will ensure that the mill has access to a continuous supply of cost-effective energy. Key to integrating the mill’s various energy systems was the installation of a Damatic XD control system, and a computer programme used to optimize operational economy. 96lQ1073 ESEM study of osmotic swelling of bentonite from Radzionkow (Poland) Baker, J. C. et al., Appl. Clay Sci., 1995, 9, (6), 465-469. The swelling tests using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) have been carried out on bentonite of Carboniferous age from the Radzionkow coal mine in Poland. The ESEM test results revealed that in all samples osmotic swelling of constituent smectite in response to freshwater immersion led to significant microstructural reorganization, similar to that recently recorded for freshwater-treated, smectitic clay in reservoir sandstones. 96101074 An exact modeiiing for thermal diffuslvltles of solid objects exposed to heating Dincer, I. lnt. J. Energy Rex, Nov. 1995, 19, (B), 693-698. A new simple model for determining the thermal diffusivities of solid geometrical objects (i.e. infinite slab, infinite cylinder, and sphere) being heated in a heating medium is proposed. In the unsteady-state heat transfer modelling, the lag factor and heating coefficient for heating applications were well-defined as being in a cooling process. In addition, new characteristic equations for the case of 0 cBicl@O in the transient heat transfer were developed instead of the existing complicated equations, and these were employed. In order to test the present model, the literature heat transfer data were used as an example and the use of the model was described in detail. The results indicate that the heating coefficient has a direct influence on the thermal diffusivity and that the present model permits the determination of the thermal diffusivity values.
Fuel science and technology
(fundamental
science, analysis, instrumentation)
96101060 Composition distortion In MBMS sampling Knuth, E. L. Combustion & Flume, Nov. 1995, 103, (3), 171-180. Notwithstanding the advantages of molecular-beam mass-spectrometer (MBMS) sampling from combustion systems, including from flames, experience has shown that care is required either to minimize or to correct for composition and temperature distortions arising from the presence and operation of a MBMS sampling system. Hence the origins and handling of such distortions are reviewed. In the main body of this review, radical recombination and heat transfer at the external probe surface, acceleration into the probe orifice, chemical relaxation in the free jet, radial diffusion in the free jet, skimmer interference, Mach-number focusing, and fragmentation during detection are considered. 96/01061 Computerlsed glow curve deconvolution: Appiication to thermoluminescence dosimetry Horowitz, Y. S. and Yossian, D. Nuclerrr Technology P&/is/&g. Arhford, Kent, UK, 114 pp. This monograph aims to accelerate the optimal use of computerised glo& curve deconvolution in thermoluminescence dosimetry. 96101062 Condensate measurements of high and low pressure Buthker, E. Gas, Oct. 1995, 115, (lo), 18-19. (In Flemish) Gastec has developed a measuring method to determine the condensate content in natural gas. In the past, this method was applied in research projects into condensate behaviour in distribution systems of energy utilities. Further development of the method resulted in a measuring installation that can be used at high pressure and, therefore, is very suitable for exploration companies. The Gastec condensate measurements are based on IS0 6570. The measuring method is adaptable and has an measuring accuracy of 1%. 96lO1063 Continuous expert diagnosis: Is the future so far away? Milne, R. MfS, Modern Power Systems, Oct. 1995. 15. (lo), 19, 21-22. The author discusses conditions based maintenance which is a practice that can bring benefits in cost and efficiency. For the besr return, however, it requires accurate condition monitoring and diagnosis. In order to carry out this function, the TIGER programme has been developed to integrate an expert system with data acquisition to provide advanced monitoring and diagnosis of problems. 96lQlO64 Countering corrosion Hunter, A. Offshore Engineer, Oct. 1995, p. 36. A roundup of prominent issues and trends in the area of offshore materials begins with a review of current industry thinking on topside corrosion inhibition and the challenges ahead. 96/01065 Cryogenic properties of composite materlais Horiuchi, T. and Ooi, T. Cryogenics, 1995, 35, (ll), 677-679. For the support materials of superconducting magnet systems, specifically for the transportable cryostat used for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, three kinds of organic composite materials were investigated: carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP), aluminium-oxide-fibre-reinforced plastics, and silicon-carbide-fibre-reinforced plastics. Considering the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivities of glass-fibre-reinforced plastics and CFRP, the authors recommend the use of a combination of these two materials. The thermal and mechanical properties of these organic composite materials and support-system requirements for superconducting magnet systems are presented 96101066 2D gas and solids flow prediction in circulating fiuidized beds based on suction probe and pressure profile measurements Kruse, M. and Werther. J. Chemical Engng. & Procening. Jun. 1995. 34. (3), 18.5-203. A fluid-mechanical model for the recirculation zone of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers is presented which considers the local flow structure of the CFB to be composed of an upward flowing lean suspension and downward flowing strands or clusters of particles. The model parameters are obtaind by fitting the model to at least one measured horizontal profile of the upward and one downward solids fluxes and making use of a measured pressure profile along the riser height. The model allows the two-dimensional gas and solids flow inside the whole recirculation zone to be predicted. 96lQ1067 Detection of mercury in the effluents of coal-based industries by mercury analyzer Singh, J. et al., Pollut. Rex, 1995, 14, (l), 11-18. The study highlights the detection of mercury by using a mercury analyzer in the effluents from coal washeries. coal mines. coke-oven plants and thermal power plants.
64
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January
1996
96/01066 Determination of trace elements in coal by plasma spectrometry Beckwith, P. M. Proc. Am. Power Co& 1995, 57, (I), 266-269. The paper describes how analytical methods are being developed to apply inductively coupled plasma spectrometry to determine trace elements in coal. Analytical techniques are reviewed with a discussion of sample preparation methods, analysis conditions, and instrumental parameters. 96lOlQ69 Diffusion forces on aerosols Schafer, H. and Mewes, D. Che+al Engng. & Processing, Jun. 1995, s 34, (3), 255-260. The separation of particles with radii smaller than 1 micron by means of migration induced by concentration gradients is considered. An experimental set-up consisting mainly of a measuring tube was used for the experimental investigations. The separating capacity could be enhanced from virtually zero in the absence of a concentration gradient up to 60% with a concentration gradient for particles with diameters of 0.135 micron. The separating capacity was enhanced for larger particles from 25% to nearly 100% due to diffusion forces. The particle path in the measuring tube was calculated in order to compare these results with known results. Concentrations and velocities in the tube were calculated by means of a finite element programme. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement. 96lQ107Q E.p.r. studies of thermal decomposition of vitrinite Pilawa, B. et al., Fuel, Nov. 1995, 74, (ll), 1654-1657. Vitrinite from Polish medium-rank coal (85.6 wt% C) heated in a inert atmosphere at 300-650°C was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance in the X-band (9.3 GHz). The e.p.r. spectra of the vitrinite, recorded using different microwave powers, were approximated by superposition of a Gauss line and two Lorentz lines. The g factor, linewidth of the components and their fraction in the total spectrum were determined. A sharp increase in total concentration of paramagnetic centres after heating above 55O’C was observed. Strong quenching and production of paramagnetic centres with broad Gauss and broad Lorentz lines above 550°C were detected. The heating of the vitrinite only slightly influenced the amount of paramagnetic centres with narrow Lorentz liner. 96101071 Electron spin echo imaging using a field gradient wire inserted into a cavity Yamamoto, M. and Ikeya, M. Jpn. J. Appl Phys., Parr 2. 1995, 34, (1). L115-118. The signal separation for composite signals of coal in an irradiated quartz tube was demonstrated using field-swept electron spin echo imaging. A uniform and intense magnetic field gradient was produced by sixteen straight wires inserted into a microwave cavity 96101072 Energy optlmlzation at Leykam Bruck MI’S, Modern Power Systems, Oct. 1995, 15, (lo), 45, 57. A new combined cycle power plant has been installed at KNP Leykam Bruck’s paper mill in Austria. The new plant will produce electricity and steam as part of an integrated energy system which will ensure that the mill has access to a continuous supply of cost-effective energy. Key to integrating the mill’s various energy systems was the installation of a Damatic XD control system, and a computer programme used to optimize operational economy. 96lQ1073 ESEM study of osmotic swelling of bentonite from Radzionkow (Poland) Baker, J. C. et al., Appl. Clay Sci., 1995, 9, (6), 465-469. The swelling tests using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) have been carried out on bentonite of Carboniferous age from the Radzionkow coal mine in Poland. The ESEM test results revealed that in all samples osmotic swelling of constituent smectite in response to freshwater immersion led to significant microstructural reorganization, similar to that recently recorded for freshwater-treated, smectitic clay in reservoir sandstones. 96101074 An exact modeiiing for thermal diffuslvltles of solid objects exposed to heating Dincer, I. lnt. J. Energy Rex, Nov. 1995, 19, (B), 693-698. A new simple model for determining the thermal diffusivities of solid geometrical objects (i.e. infinite slab, infinite cylinder, and sphere) being heated in a heating medium is proposed. In the unsteady-state heat transfer modelling, the lag factor and heating coefficient for heating applications were well-defined as being in a cooling process. In addition, new characteristic equations for the case of 0 cBicl@O in the transient heat transfer were developed instead of the existing complicated equations, and these were employed. In order to test the present model, the literature heat transfer data were used as an example and the use of the model was described in detail. The results indicate that the heating coefficient has a direct influence on the thermal diffusivity and that the present model permits the determination of the thermal diffusivity values.