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04426 National annual industrial sulfur dioxide emission trends 1995–2015, report to Congress
15
96/04414 Lon -term trends in U.S. manufacturing energy consumption an CBcarbon dioxide emissions Golove, W. H. and Schipper, L. J. Energy, Jul.-Aug. 1996, 21, (7), 683-692. The paper describes the most recent analysis of U.S. manufacturing energy consumption and extends previous efforts in two important ways. The authors have acquired new data that enables them to extend their previous period of study and thus examine three distinct time periods, two with stable energy prices (1958-1973 and 1985-1991) and one in which energy prices rose significantly (1973-1985). They have also adapted their method to examine the historical trends of carbon emissions associated with manufacturing. 96104415 Looking for alternatives Butler, D. and Littlewood, J. Bldg. Serv. CIESE J., Jan. 1996, 28, (I), 37-38. The authors report that as part of the UK Department of Environment’s Energy Related Environmental Issues research programme, the Building Research Institute has embarked on a test project aimed at monitoring the performance of alternative refrigerants in air conditioning systems. 96104416 A mathematical model of a spray-dryed flue gas desulfurization system Abad, A. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1867-1870. A mathematical model for simulation of a spray dryer for wet desulphurization of flue gases was modifed in order to investigate some spray dryer design parameters and operating conditions. The model: (1) incorporates solids recirculation, (2) considers the effect of fly ash loading, (3) takes into account slurry heating and nonadiabatic gas cooling, (4) calculates the mass transfer coefficient by estimating the thickness of the liquid film, (5) extends the drying process to the dry adsorption stage, and (6) models the evolution of the solid agglomerate porosity during dry scrubbing. Solids recirculation produced an average increase of 12 yield points, resulting in a larger lime utilization; the improvement was due to an increase in the internal Ca-S ratio and in the solid-liquid interface area. Measurement and comoutational fluid dvnamics 96104417 modelling of aerosol particles in buiidlngs Riffat, S. B. ef al., Indoor Environ., Sep.-Oct. 1995, 4, (5), 289-296. Describes a study of various ways of removing aerosol particles from a mechanicallv ventilated room to determine the effectiveness of each technique. Also’includes the use of computational fluid dynamics of model particle movement. Mitigation of CO greenhouse effect. Combined dis96104416 posal and utliisation by photocatalysis Energy Cowers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), Malati, M. A. 1345-1350. Discusses the two options of mitigating CO, greenhouse effect disposal/storage and fixation/utilisation, which can be simultaneously acheived by photocatalysis
Mobility of trace elements from coal and combus96104420 tion wastes Querol, X. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 821-838 The mobility of ~30 trace elements from four Spanish coals was investigated using sequential extraction procedures. The total leachable fractions were obtained by comparing the total trace element content in the bulk coal samples with the extractable content. The high-temperature ash of these coals, and the fly ash and slag produced during the combustion of one of the coals in a large power plant, were also investigated to determine the trace element mobilities in the combustion wastes. The results demonstrate that the elements associated with sulohides. sulohates and oreanic matter in coal show the highest extraction rat& (As; B, be, Mn, MO! ‘iri, Pb, Se, Sr, U, V, Y and Zn) while elements with aluminosilicate affmnies have lower mobilities. Model for flue-gas desuifurization In a circulating 96104421 drv scrubber N&thery, J. K. AlChE J., 1996, 42, (l), 259-268. Describes the development of a simple model for SO, absorption in a circulating dry scrubbing process, a semi-dry, lime-based, flue-gas desulphurization process using a circulating fluidized bed arrangement to contact a sorbent with SO, laden flue gas under cool-side conditions. The reaction chemical is thoughts to be similar to that of spray-drying absorption.
(pollution,
health protection, safefy)
96104422 Modeling of catalytic oxidation of NH, and reduction of NO on limestone during sulfur capture Kiil, S. er al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 1996, 51, (4), 587-601. Describes a theoretical study of the complex transient system of simultaneous sulphur capture and catalytic reactions of N-containing compounds taking place on a single limestone particle which was carried out using a numerical technique developed previously based on collocation on moving finite elements. The particle was divided into moving zones, described by the reaction between limestone, 0, and SO,, each zone of which was assigned a certain catalytic activity with respect to each species involved. 96104423 A modern flue-gas cleaning system for waste incineration olants Gottschaik, J. et al., ABB Review, 1996, (l), 29-36. Since 1990, waste incineration plants in Germany have had to comply with Europe’s strictest emissions legislation - a clean-air decree known as the ‘17th BlmSchV’. Building on the clean-air limits contained in the 1986 German decree ‘TA-Luft’rit also forms the core of the Eurooean Union’s guideline for the thermal ireatment of hazardous waste that took effect in 1993. Total Cleaning and Recycling (TCR) is a process, developed by ABB, which ensures compliance with the ‘17th BlmSchV’, in some cases guaranteeing results well below the limits given in it. Because TCR systems are of modular desien. thev can be easilv retrofitted to older incineration plants. Results from”a full&ale demonsiration system in operation in Hobro, Denmark, confirm the good performance of the new ABB technology. 96104424 Molecular hydro en emission due to bituminous coal weathering as a possib $e source of explosion in underground coal mines Grossman, S. L. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (I), 469-472. To test hydrogen evolution during coal weathering in a mine, 1000 tones of bituminous coal was stored for 30 days in a Ruhr area mine at 65” adjacent to a crack. It was estimated that l-2 m3 hydrogen evolved during that period, giving a hydrogen concentration of ca. 10% in the crack; the lower explosion limit for hydrogen is 4%. 96104425 Monitoring of biological effects Svanberg. 0. Resources, Consenjarion & Recycling, Apr. 1996, 16, (I), 35 l-360. The paper discusses the contamination of the sea which originates from widely different sources. Complex industrial effluents adds to municipal discharges containing chemical products used in households. Storm water is contaminated fro& road trafiic, domestic use of pesticides, etc. The worldwide transport and use of petroleum inevitably leads to discharges and accidentiai spills contaminating the sea. 96104426 National annual industrial sulfur dioxide emission trends 19952015, report to Congress Nizich, S. er al., EPA-454-R-95-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
96104419 Mlti atlon of methane emissions at landfill sites in New England, U !4A Mosher, B. W. er al., Energy Convers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 1093-1098. Field measurements of methane emissions from landfills are essential if one is to accurately constrain uncertainties in current estimates of global methane emissions from landfills and document emissions reductions realized by currently available control technology. Two experimental techniques for the measurement of methane flux from landfills, flux chamber measurements and tracer flux techniques, have been evaluated at a 24 hectare landfill site in New England.
Environment
Research
Triangle
Park, NC.2771 1, USA, 1995, 65 pp.
In compliance with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, this USEPA report inventories national annual SO, emissions for non-utility industrial sources (e.g. coal-burning power plants, pulp and paper mills, petroleum refineries). Emissions data for each year from 1985 to the present, and likely trends in emissions over the next 20 years are reported. 96104427 groundwater King, M. W. Eortelle
Natural
attenuation
of
coal
er al., Proc. 3rd Inf. In S~tu On-Site Press, Colombus, Ohio, USA, 1995, 171-179.
tar
organics
Bioreclam.
in
Symp.,
A volume of sand containing residual coal tar creosote was emplaced below the water table under controlled field conditions to investigate natural attenuation orocesses for selected creosote comoounds. The movement of groundwater’ through the source has led to the hevelopment of a complex dissolved organic plume, which has been monitored in detail for more than 1,000 days. During this period, several distinct types of behaviour were evident for the monitored compounds. Natural occurrences as analogues for the geologi96104420 cal disposal of carbon dioxide Pearce, J. M. er al., Energy Cowers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 1123-1128. Discusses how it is now generally accepted that anthropogenic CO, emissions are contributing to the global rise in atmospheric CO, concentrations. One oossibilitv for reducine carbon dioxide emissions is to remove it from the fiue gasesbf coal-firediower stations and dispose of it in underground geological reservoirs, possibly offshore in the North Sea. The feasibdity of Ihis option has been s&died in detail by a consortium of European partners. As part of this study, natural occurrences of carbon dioxide were identified and preliminary information from these was obtained. The best characterised are found in the USA where the carbon dioxide reserves are exploited for use in tertiary enhanced oil recovery programmes in the Texas oilfields. 96104429 Natural radloactlvlty of Zambian coal and coal ash Hayumbu, P. et al.. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995, 201, (4), 333-346.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996
305
96/04414 Lon -term trends in U.S. manufacturing energy consumption an CBcarbon dioxide emissions Golove, W. H. and Schipper, L. J. Energy, Jul.-Aug. 1996, 21, (7), 683-692. The paper describes the most recent analysis of U.S. manufacturing energy consumption and extends previous efforts in two important ways. The authors have acquired new data that enables them to extend their previous period of study and thus examine three distinct time periods, two with stable energy prices (1958-1973 and 1985-1991) and one in which energy prices rose significantly (1973-1985). They have also adapted their method to examine the historical trends of carbon emissions associated with manufacturing. 96104415 Looking for alternatives Butler, D. and Littlewood, J. Bldg. Serv. CIESE J., Jan. 1996, 28, (I), 37-38. The authors report that as part of the UK Department of Environment’s Energy Related Environmental Issues research programme, the Building Research Institute has embarked on a test project aimed at monitoring the performance of alternative refrigerants in air conditioning systems. 96104416 A mathematical model of a spray-dryed flue gas desulfurization system Abad, A. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1867-1870. A mathematical model for simulation of a spray dryer for wet desulphurization of flue gases was modifed in order to investigate some spray dryer design parameters and operating conditions. The model: (1) incorporates solids recirculation, (2) considers the effect of fly ash loading, (3) takes into account slurry heating and nonadiabatic gas cooling, (4) calculates the mass transfer coefficient by estimating the thickness of the liquid film, (5) extends the drying process to the dry adsorption stage, and (6) models the evolution of the solid agglomerate porosity during dry scrubbing. Solids recirculation produced an average increase of 12 yield points, resulting in a larger lime utilization; the improvement was due to an increase in the internal Ca-S ratio and in the solid-liquid interface area. Measurement and comoutational fluid dvnamics 96104417 modelling of aerosol particles in buiidlngs Riffat, S. B. ef al., Indoor Environ., Sep.-Oct. 1995, 4, (5), 289-296. Describes a study of various ways of removing aerosol particles from a mechanicallv ventilated room to determine the effectiveness of each technique. Also’includes the use of computational fluid dynamics of model particle movement. Mitigation of CO greenhouse effect. Combined dis96104416 posal and utliisation by photocatalysis Energy Cowers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), Malati, M. A. 1345-1350. Discusses the two options of mitigating CO, greenhouse effect disposal/storage and fixation/utilisation, which can be simultaneously acheived by photocatalysis
Mobility of trace elements from coal and combus96104420 tion wastes Querol, X. er al., Fuel, May 1996, 75, (7), 821-838 The mobility of ~30 trace elements from four Spanish coals was investigated using sequential extraction procedures. The total leachable fractions were obtained by comparing the total trace element content in the bulk coal samples with the extractable content. The high-temperature ash of these coals, and the fly ash and slag produced during the combustion of one of the coals in a large power plant, were also investigated to determine the trace element mobilities in the combustion wastes. The results demonstrate that the elements associated with sulohides. sulohates and oreanic matter in coal show the highest extraction rat& (As; B, be, Mn, MO! ‘iri, Pb, Se, Sr, U, V, Y and Zn) while elements with aluminosilicate affmnies have lower mobilities. Model for flue-gas desuifurization In a circulating 96104421 drv scrubber N&thery, J. K. AlChE J., 1996, 42, (l), 259-268. Describes the development of a simple model for SO, absorption in a circulating dry scrubbing process, a semi-dry, lime-based, flue-gas desulphurization process using a circulating fluidized bed arrangement to contact a sorbent with SO, laden flue gas under cool-side conditions. The reaction chemical is thoughts to be similar to that of spray-drying absorption.
(pollution,
health protection, safefy)
96104422 Modeling of catalytic oxidation of NH, and reduction of NO on limestone during sulfur capture Kiil, S. er al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 1996, 51, (4), 587-601. Describes a theoretical study of the complex transient system of simultaneous sulphur capture and catalytic reactions of N-containing compounds taking place on a single limestone particle which was carried out using a numerical technique developed previously based on collocation on moving finite elements. The particle was divided into moving zones, described by the reaction between limestone, 0, and SO,, each zone of which was assigned a certain catalytic activity with respect to each species involved. 96104423 A modern flue-gas cleaning system for waste incineration olants Gottschaik, J. et al., ABB Review, 1996, (l), 29-36. Since 1990, waste incineration plants in Germany have had to comply with Europe’s strictest emissions legislation - a clean-air decree known as the ‘17th BlmSchV’. Building on the clean-air limits contained in the 1986 German decree ‘TA-Luft’rit also forms the core of the Eurooean Union’s guideline for the thermal ireatment of hazardous waste that took effect in 1993. Total Cleaning and Recycling (TCR) is a process, developed by ABB, which ensures compliance with the ‘17th BlmSchV’, in some cases guaranteeing results well below the limits given in it. Because TCR systems are of modular desien. thev can be easilv retrofitted to older incineration plants. Results from”a full&ale demonsiration system in operation in Hobro, Denmark, confirm the good performance of the new ABB technology. 96104424 Molecular hydro en emission due to bituminous coal weathering as a possib $e source of explosion in underground coal mines Grossman, S. L. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (I), 469-472. To test hydrogen evolution during coal weathering in a mine, 1000 tones of bituminous coal was stored for 30 days in a Ruhr area mine at 65” adjacent to a crack. It was estimated that l-2 m3 hydrogen evolved during that period, giving a hydrogen concentration of ca. 10% in the crack; the lower explosion limit for hydrogen is 4%. 96104425 Monitoring of biological effects Svanberg. 0. Resources, Consenjarion & Recycling, Apr. 1996, 16, (I), 35 l-360. The paper discusses the contamination of the sea which originates from widely different sources. Complex industrial effluents adds to municipal discharges containing chemical products used in households. Storm water is contaminated fro& road trafiic, domestic use of pesticides, etc. The worldwide transport and use of petroleum inevitably leads to discharges and accidentiai spills contaminating the sea. 96104426 National annual industrial sulfur dioxide emission trends 19952015, report to Congress Nizich, S. er al., EPA-454-R-95-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
96104419 Mlti atlon of methane emissions at landfill sites in New England, U !4A Mosher, B. W. er al., Energy Convers. Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 1093-1098. Field measurements of methane emissions from landfills are essential if one is to accurately constrain uncertainties in current estimates of global methane emissions from landfills and document emissions reductions realized by currently available control technology. Two experimental techniques for the measurement of methane flux from landfills, flux chamber measurements and tracer flux techniques, have been evaluated at a 24 hectare landfill site in New England.
Environment
Research
Triangle
Park, NC.2771 1, USA, 1995, 65 pp.
In compliance with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, this USEPA report inventories national annual SO, emissions for non-utility industrial sources (e.g. coal-burning power plants, pulp and paper mills, petroleum refineries). Emissions data for each year from 1985 to the present, and likely trends in emissions over the next 20 years are reported. 96104427 groundwater King, M. W. Eortelle
Natural
attenuation
of
coal
er al., Proc. 3rd Inf. In S~tu On-Site Press, Colombus, Ohio, USA, 1995, 171-179.
tar
organics
Bioreclam.
in
Symp.,
A volume of sand containing residual coal tar creosote was emplaced below the water table under controlled field conditions to investigate natural attenuation orocesses for selected creosote comoounds. The movement of groundwater’ through the source has led to the hevelopment of a complex dissolved organic plume, which has been monitored in detail for more than 1,000 days. During this period, several distinct types of behaviour were evident for the monitored compounds. Natural occurrences as analogues for the geologi96104420 cal disposal of carbon dioxide Pearce, J. M. er al., Energy Cowers. Mgmr., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 1123-1128. Discusses how it is now generally accepted that anthropogenic CO, emissions are contributing to the global rise in atmospheric CO, concentrations. One oossibilitv for reducine carbon dioxide emissions is to remove it from the fiue gasesbf coal-firediower stations and dispose of it in underground geological reservoirs, possibly offshore in the North Sea. The feasibdity of Ihis option has been s&died in detail by a consortium of European partners. As part of this study, natural occurrences of carbon dioxide were identified and preliminary information from these was obtained. The best characterised are found in the USA where the carbon dioxide reserves are exploited for use in tertiary enhanced oil recovery programmes in the Texas oilfields. 96104429 Natural radloactlvlty of Zambian coal and coal ash Hayumbu, P. et al.. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995, 201, (4), 333-346.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996
305