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04943 Progress in fullerene chemistry: From exohedral functionalization to heterofullerenes
04
By-products related to fuels
96104934 A new type of cementltloua materlal and Its component design Mao, R. et al., Wuhan Gongye Daxue Xuebao, 1995, 17, (2), 8-11. Describes the development of a cementitious material made from coal ash, coal tailings, and other industrial waste. The material is comprised of dehydrated CSH phase, crystallized minerals, active clay dehydrated phases, and small amounts of nonactive minerals. The stability of the material is controlled by three parameters of ratio of early strengthening mineral/other minerals, crystalline/amorphous mineral ratio, and active/nonactive mineral ratio.
96104943 Progress In fullerena chemlatry: From exohedral functlonallratlon to heterofullerenea Averdung, J. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 633-654. Various types of cycloaddition such as [2+1], [2+3], and Diels-Alder reactions have been investigated for the purpose of exohedral functionalization of [60]fullerene and also in a few cases of [70]fullerene. Thermal and photochemical activation have been used and lead to a variety of new fullerene derivatives which may be further functionalizable. In addition, a new approach to aza-heterofullerenes has been developed starting from an exohedrally activated fullerene.
96104935 On the characterization of lnduatrlal carbon black by ph alcothemlcal and by emplrlcal parameters (letter to the Editor r Stoeckli, H. F. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 135-137.
96104944 Propertlea of calcium alllcata brlcka Improved by pretreatment of raw materlala of coal ash Ashida, T. er al., Zairyo, 1996, 45, (3), 286-291. (In Japanese) Calcium silicate bricks were hydrothermally made from the raw materials of waste coal ash which were activated by pretreating with 0.05 molil-HCI solution or 0.1 molil-NaOh solution at 80” for 4 hours. After curing for 72 hours, the bricks consisted of hydrogarnet, C-S-H, and tobermorite. The bricks made from the pretreated coal ash had lower bending strength and lower bulk density than those made from untreated coal ash.
Optlcal teats of coal tar meaophaae pitches after 96104936 their treatment at low tamoeraturaa Zmuda, W. A.and BudzyniS.’ Karbo-Eiergochem.-Ekol., 1995, 40, (lo), 262-26.5. (In Polish) Coal tar mesophas; pitches obtained from a light coal tar and an anthracene II oil were macerated in THF and detailed at a temperature of 20”. 96104937 Optlmlratlon of MTBE ayntheala In a flxed-bed reactor system y;y;;i; E. M. Chemical Engineering & Processing, Mar. 1996, 35, (2), A fundamental fixed-bed catalytic reactor model has been developed for use in selecting alternative operating strategies on a commercial methyl-tbutyl ether (MTBE) unit. The model is based on general chemical enginering principles and is tuned to represent the operation of the reactor’s system of a given MTBE unit. Constrained optimization techniques are used to determine the optimum operating conditions of the reactor’s system that give the maximum net profit. The model will enable the user to predict the required bed temperature rises, the required recycle rate for specific singlepass conversion and the required heat removal rate in the coolers of an existing unit. 96104936 Preparatlon and characterlzatlon of activated carbon from a low rank coal Usmani, T. H. er al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 77-82. Powdered activated carbon has been prepared from lignitic coal of Lakhra (Pakistan) by a chemical activation method using ZnCl as an activating agent. Different process variables have been establishe d after a series of experiments and an impregnation ratio of 1:2, an activation temperature of 650°C and a duration of 1 hour have been found to be appropriate for its preparation. It has been found that the char is obtained in high yield with iodine and methylene blue numbers of 990 and 205, respectively. 96104939 Preparatlon and propertlea of an antlbacterlal actlvated carbon flber contalnlng meaoporea Oya, A. er al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 53-57. Preparation of an antibacterial activated carbon fibre with mesopores was attempted. Phenolic resin containing cobalt as an activation catalyst and silver as an antibacterial agent was spun, stabilized, carbonized and activated in steam. The number of the metal particles increased with as activation proceeded and reached to 100-200 nm in diameter at the largest. The activated carbon fibre with 72 m2g” of mesopore surface area was obtained after 51 wt% burn-off of the carbon tibre containing 0.22 wt% of Ag and 52 ppm of Co. 96104940 Pra aratlon of activated carbon by low-temperature oxldatlon o P coking coal Yoon, H. S. et al., Kongop Hwahak, 1995, 6, (6), 1012-1020. Investigates the effect of low-temperature oxidation process on the characteristics of activated carbon. The precursor used was bituminous coking coal from New Zealand having free swelling index 9. 9610494 1 The pressure-temperature phase and tranaformatlon dlagram for carbon; updated through 1994 Bundy, F. P. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 141-153. In recent years, important advances in our understanding of the pressuretemperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon have occurred as a result of developments in both experimental and theoretical techniques. Graphite, diamond, liquid and vapour remain the major thermodynamically stable forms of carbon. However, due to the high activation energies for solid-state transformations and the specific effects of reaction paths, other metastable forms and a wide spectrum of complex hybrid forms may be generated, and possibly quenched-in, to survive metastably. The paper focuses primarily on developments since the last review of the carbon phase diagram published in 1989, but also includes references to the reliable older work. 96104942 Productlon of molecular alevlng carbon from phenol-formaldehyde realn by an ester-carbonlzatlon method. (Letter to the Edltor) Hayashi, J. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 273-274.
346
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
96104945 Propertlea of mulllte ayntheslzed from fly ash and alumina mlxture Huang, X. ef al., fndian Ceram., 1995, 38, (l), 110-119. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing mullite from beneficiated fly ash and alumina powder mixture. As received and beneficiated fly ash of both class F and class C were used to synthesize mullite. Beneficiated class F fly ash was successfully converted to mullite with properties equivalent to those of commercial mullite. The as-received fly ah of both F and C class were not suitable for synthesizing low expansion mullite. 96104946 Pulverized coal ash - requlrementa for utlllaatlon Sloss, L. et al., IEA Coal Research, Gemini House, IO-18 Putney Hill, London SW15 6AA, IEACRI88 f300. (non-member countries) f100. (tnember countries), Jun. 1996. 96104947 Reactor and method for productlon of bltumen tar oxldatlon Ignatov, A. A. er al., Russ. Pat. RlJ.2,046,874, Oct. 1995.
by
96104946 Recovery of galllum from coal Ostrowski, C. Szklo Ceram., 1995, 46, (4). 9-12. (In Polish) The paper discusses how the demand of gallium is continuously increasing both in Poland and in other countries, because of its utilization for production of semiconductors. In Poland a new technology of gallium recovery from combustion gases obtained from combustion of coal or brown coal of various degree of carbonization has been developed. In the paper the author discusses the state of the recovery of gallium in the world. 96104949 Reglochemlstry of azlde addltlona to [70]fullerene h’uber, B. and Hirsch, A. Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 715-728. The authors report for the first time on the reaction of C,, with alkyl azides and show that the [3+2]-cycloaddition occurs preferably at bond 7 followed by bond 5 to give two region isomeric A/B-triazolines and one C/Ctriazoline. 96104950 Relatlonahlpa between petrographic compoaltlon and thermal behavlor of some Spanlah oil shales Borrego, A. G. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 283-286. The presence of mineral matter delays hydrocarbon generation from oil shales during thermal heating. This effect was increased when the clay minerals are illite + montmorillonite compared to kaolinite + illite. Moreover, the absorptive effect of the mineral matter reduces the yield of liquid hydrocarbons which could lead to a wrong typing of the organic matter by established standard methods. 96104951 Remarkable Increase of BTX yield by zeollte catalyst In the hydrocracklng of coal volatlle matter Chareonpanich, M. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1483-1486. A two-stage process for high-yield manufacture of BTX from coal was characterized by: (1) coal hydropyrolysis in a free-fall reactor at 800”, followed by (2) fixed-bed hydrocracking of nascent volatiles at 300-600” and 5 MPa H, for 10 s residence time over a packed bed of metal-free US zeolites. Four coal model compounds were carried out under the same hydrocracking conditions. 96104952 Rheologlc propertlea of petroleum asphalt-coal tar pitch blends Zielinski, J. Karbo-Energochem.-Ekol., 1995, 40, (9), 233-236. (In Polish) Presents the rheologic properties of blends of oxidized petroleum asphalt and coal tar pitch. The 15 wt.% addition of coal tar pitch to asphalt has no influence on the rheologic properties of this blend, especially at high temperature.
By-products related to fuels
96104934 A new type of cementltloua materlal and Its component design Mao, R. et al., Wuhan Gongye Daxue Xuebao, 1995, 17, (2), 8-11. Describes the development of a cementitious material made from coal ash, coal tailings, and other industrial waste. The material is comprised of dehydrated CSH phase, crystallized minerals, active clay dehydrated phases, and small amounts of nonactive minerals. The stability of the material is controlled by three parameters of ratio of early strengthening mineral/other minerals, crystalline/amorphous mineral ratio, and active/nonactive mineral ratio.
96104943 Progress In fullerena chemlatry: From exohedral functlonallratlon to heterofullerenea Averdung, J. et al., Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 633-654. Various types of cycloaddition such as [2+1], [2+3], and Diels-Alder reactions have been investigated for the purpose of exohedral functionalization of [60]fullerene and also in a few cases of [70]fullerene. Thermal and photochemical activation have been used and lead to a variety of new fullerene derivatives which may be further functionalizable. In addition, a new approach to aza-heterofullerenes has been developed starting from an exohedrally activated fullerene.
96104935 On the characterization of lnduatrlal carbon black by ph alcothemlcal and by emplrlcal parameters (letter to the Editor r Stoeckli, H. F. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 135-137.
96104944 Propertlea of calcium alllcata brlcka Improved by pretreatment of raw materlala of coal ash Ashida, T. er al., Zairyo, 1996, 45, (3), 286-291. (In Japanese) Calcium silicate bricks were hydrothermally made from the raw materials of waste coal ash which were activated by pretreating with 0.05 molil-HCI solution or 0.1 molil-NaOh solution at 80” for 4 hours. After curing for 72 hours, the bricks consisted of hydrogarnet, C-S-H, and tobermorite. The bricks made from the pretreated coal ash had lower bending strength and lower bulk density than those made from untreated coal ash.
Optlcal teats of coal tar meaophaae pitches after 96104936 their treatment at low tamoeraturaa Zmuda, W. A.and BudzyniS.’ Karbo-Eiergochem.-Ekol., 1995, 40, (lo), 262-26.5. (In Polish) Coal tar mesophas; pitches obtained from a light coal tar and an anthracene II oil were macerated in THF and detailed at a temperature of 20”. 96104937 Optlmlratlon of MTBE ayntheala In a flxed-bed reactor system y;y;;i; E. M. Chemical Engineering & Processing, Mar. 1996, 35, (2), A fundamental fixed-bed catalytic reactor model has been developed for use in selecting alternative operating strategies on a commercial methyl-tbutyl ether (MTBE) unit. The model is based on general chemical enginering principles and is tuned to represent the operation of the reactor’s system of a given MTBE unit. Constrained optimization techniques are used to determine the optimum operating conditions of the reactor’s system that give the maximum net profit. The model will enable the user to predict the required bed temperature rises, the required recycle rate for specific singlepass conversion and the required heat removal rate in the coolers of an existing unit. 96104936 Preparatlon and characterlzatlon of activated carbon from a low rank coal Usmani, T. H. er al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 77-82. Powdered activated carbon has been prepared from lignitic coal of Lakhra (Pakistan) by a chemical activation method using ZnCl as an activating agent. Different process variables have been establishe d after a series of experiments and an impregnation ratio of 1:2, an activation temperature of 650°C and a duration of 1 hour have been found to be appropriate for its preparation. It has been found that the char is obtained in high yield with iodine and methylene blue numbers of 990 and 205, respectively. 96104939 Preparatlon and propertlea of an antlbacterlal actlvated carbon flber contalnlng meaoporea Oya, A. er al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (l), 53-57. Preparation of an antibacterial activated carbon fibre with mesopores was attempted. Phenolic resin containing cobalt as an activation catalyst and silver as an antibacterial agent was spun, stabilized, carbonized and activated in steam. The number of the metal particles increased with as activation proceeded and reached to 100-200 nm in diameter at the largest. The activated carbon fibre with 72 m2g” of mesopore surface area was obtained after 51 wt% burn-off of the carbon tibre containing 0.22 wt% of Ag and 52 ppm of Co. 96104940 Pra aratlon of activated carbon by low-temperature oxldatlon o P coking coal Yoon, H. S. et al., Kongop Hwahak, 1995, 6, (6), 1012-1020. Investigates the effect of low-temperature oxidation process on the characteristics of activated carbon. The precursor used was bituminous coking coal from New Zealand having free swelling index 9. 9610494 1 The pressure-temperature phase and tranaformatlon dlagram for carbon; updated through 1994 Bundy, F. P. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 141-153. In recent years, important advances in our understanding of the pressuretemperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon have occurred as a result of developments in both experimental and theoretical techniques. Graphite, diamond, liquid and vapour remain the major thermodynamically stable forms of carbon. However, due to the high activation energies for solid-state transformations and the specific effects of reaction paths, other metastable forms and a wide spectrum of complex hybrid forms may be generated, and possibly quenched-in, to survive metastably. The paper focuses primarily on developments since the last review of the carbon phase diagram published in 1989, but also includes references to the reliable older work. 96104942 Productlon of molecular alevlng carbon from phenol-formaldehyde realn by an ester-carbonlzatlon method. (Letter to the Edltor) Hayashi, J. et al., Carbon, 1996, 34, (2), 273-274.
346
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
96104945 Propertlea of mulllte ayntheslzed from fly ash and alumina mlxture Huang, X. ef al., fndian Ceram., 1995, 38, (l), 110-119. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing mullite from beneficiated fly ash and alumina powder mixture. As received and beneficiated fly ash of both class F and class C were used to synthesize mullite. Beneficiated class F fly ash was successfully converted to mullite with properties equivalent to those of commercial mullite. The as-received fly ah of both F and C class were not suitable for synthesizing low expansion mullite. 96104946 Pulverized coal ash - requlrementa for utlllaatlon Sloss, L. et al., IEA Coal Research, Gemini House, IO-18 Putney Hill, London SW15 6AA, IEACRI88 f300. (non-member countries) f100. (tnember countries), Jun. 1996. 96104947 Reactor and method for productlon of bltumen tar oxldatlon Ignatov, A. A. er al., Russ. Pat. RlJ.2,046,874, Oct. 1995.
by
96104946 Recovery of galllum from coal Ostrowski, C. Szklo Ceram., 1995, 46, (4). 9-12. (In Polish) The paper discusses how the demand of gallium is continuously increasing both in Poland and in other countries, because of its utilization for production of semiconductors. In Poland a new technology of gallium recovery from combustion gases obtained from combustion of coal or brown coal of various degree of carbonization has been developed. In the paper the author discusses the state of the recovery of gallium in the world. 96104949 Reglochemlstry of azlde addltlona to [70]fullerene h’uber, B. and Hirsch, A. Fullerene Science & Technol., 1996, 4, (4), 715-728. The authors report for the first time on the reaction of C,, with alkyl azides and show that the [3+2]-cycloaddition occurs preferably at bond 7 followed by bond 5 to give two region isomeric A/B-triazolines and one C/Ctriazoline. 96104950 Relatlonahlpa between petrographic compoaltlon and thermal behavlor of some Spanlah oil shales Borrego, A. G. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 1, 283-286. The presence of mineral matter delays hydrocarbon generation from oil shales during thermal heating. This effect was increased when the clay minerals are illite + montmorillonite compared to kaolinite + illite. Moreover, the absorptive effect of the mineral matter reduces the yield of liquid hydrocarbons which could lead to a wrong typing of the organic matter by established standard methods. 96104951 Remarkable Increase of BTX yield by zeollte catalyst In the hydrocracklng of coal volatlle matter Chareonpanich, M. et al., Coal Sci. Technol., 1995, 24, (2), 1483-1486. A two-stage process for high-yield manufacture of BTX from coal was characterized by: (1) coal hydropyrolysis in a free-fall reactor at 800”, followed by (2) fixed-bed hydrocracking of nascent volatiles at 300-600” and 5 MPa H, for 10 s residence time over a packed bed of metal-free US zeolites. Four coal model compounds were carried out under the same hydrocracking conditions. 96104952 Rheologlc propertlea of petroleum asphalt-coal tar pitch blends Zielinski, J. Karbo-Energochem.-Ekol., 1995, 40, (9), 233-236. (In Polish) Presents the rheologic properties of blends of oxidized petroleum asphalt and coal tar pitch. The 15 wt.% addition of coal tar pitch to asphalt has no influence on the rheologic properties of this blend, especially at high temperature.