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00850 Coprocessing of waste plastics with coal and petroleum residue using different catalysts
02
Liquid
97100836
fuels
(derived
liquid
Coal liquids-who
fuels)
needs them?
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G., Proc. -Amu. hrt. Pittsburgh Coal Cunf.,1995, 12. 101 l-Itllh. A review of the energy situation of the world and the United States.
97100637 Coal water slurry reburning pliance system for cyclone-fired boilers’
‘Low cost NO.
com-
Suppl. Coal Fines: Unclaimed Fuel, Pap. Int. Tech. Ashworth, R. A. et al. Conf. Coal LOi/. Fue/ Syst., 2Ist, 1996, 37-48. Edited by Serkin, S. D. Coal & Slurry Technology Association, Washington, D.C. Details a low cost version of reburning technology wherein a SO/SO coal water slurry is used as the reburning fuel instead of natural gas or coal. It is an alernative to the NO, reduction system currently being considered for cyclone-fired units.
97100638 different
Comparison reactor systems
of coal
liquefaction
yields
from two
Redlich, P. J. ef al. Fuel, 1996, 7.5, (12). 1467-1470. Presents a comparison between Ni-Moand NaAIOz-Ni-Mo-catalysed solvent-free hydrogenation of a low-rank coal in a 35 ml reactor (I g coal charge) heated in a horizontal position with vertical agitation, and in a 55 ml reactor (3 g coal charge) heated in a vertical position with a stirrer. The effects of addition of solvent and varying the coal loading in the 55 ml autoclave showed the importance of good accessibility of the reactant gas to the coal particles.
97100839 1 t/d PSU
Comparison
of liquefaction
catalysts
examined
in a
Takekawa, T. et al. Proc. Atmu. 1~. Pittsburgh Coal Conf.. 1995, 12, 11591164. This study undertook a comparison of natural pyrite (NP), wet-method synthetic iron sulfide (W-SIS), and dry-method synthetic iron sulfide (DSIS) as liquefaction catalysts in the 1 t/d process supporting unit. D-SIS gave increased oil yield and decreased yields of gas and residue. Higher organic gas yield and lower n-paraffin content in the solvent were obtained using the NP catalyst.
97100840 Comparison nol synthesis processes
of two-phase
and three-phase
metha-
C‘hem. Eng. Process., 1996. 35, Graaf, G. H. and Beenackers, A. A. C. M. (6). 413-427. The study undertakes a comparison between the ICI (two-phase) methanol synthesis process and a three-phase slurry process based on a multi-stage agitated reactor. Process calculations are based on a complete reactor system consisting of the reactor itself, a recycling system, and a gas-liquid separator. The data were taken from previous studies. The results show that both reactor systems produce comparable methanol yields under the same process conditions except for the reactor temperature. However, for the present low energy prices, the annual financial savings, coupled with these energetic aspects, are not sufficient to compensate for the higher capital investment of the three-phase reactor system relative to the ICI two-phase reactor system.
97100841 synthesis
Composition modulation of the over a supported cobalt catalyst
Fischer-Tropsch
Can. J. Chem. Eng., 1996, 74, (S), 695-705. Khodadadi, A. A. et al. In this paper different cycling strategies are explored to see if carbon chain growth can be enhanced and methane formation suppressed. The best strategy for longer chain hydrocarbons suitable for jet or diesel fuels was cycling between syngas mixtures.
97100844 liquefaction
as dispersant
and stabi-
Yamato, F. er al. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 134, 477 [96, 134, 4771 (Cl. ClOL1132). 28 May 1996, Appl. 941269. 433, 2 Nov 1994, 6 pp (In Japanese). The title agent is a product from the condensation reaction of formaldehyde with (a) an aromatic compound having l-300 molecules. Cz__3oxy-alkylene group (e.g. ethylene oxide adduct of phenol) and (b) aromatic compound having carboxyl group (e.g. hydroxy benzoic acid).
97100843 apparatus
Continuous for plastics
thermal
decomposition
method
and
Tadauchi, F. rf ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JI 08, 169. 977 [96, 169, 9771 (Cl. CO8Jll/lO), 2 Jul 1996. Appl. 94/227, 901, 22 Sep 1994, 7 pp (In Japanese). The method detailed in this paper comprises dividing waste plastics into even batches, the thermal decomposition of each batch with a definite starting time, and the recovery the decomposed products together. The decomposed products can be used as fuel oil. Diagrams of the decomposition apparatus are included.
74
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
of mineral
matter to low temperature
Martin, S. C. and Schobert, H. H. Prepr. Pup. Am. Chem. Sot., Di\s. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3). 967-971. Discusses that the liquefaction of demineralized Wyodak coal at 350’ gives higher overall conversions than that of the untreated coal. There is no evident mineral matter effect on solvent (Tetralin) H donation. So. the reactions at 350” are not mineral matter catalysed.
97100845 useable
Conversion of polymer hydrocarbon streams
and
plastic
wastes
into
U.S. 5569,803 (Cl. 585-241; CO7Cl100). 29 Ott 1096, De Broqueville, A. BE Appl. 9211, 018, 24 Nov 1992, 7 pp. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 5, 28X. 394. Details a process for the conversion of polymers, particularly plastic containers or other plastic wastes. The process comprises placing the mixed polymer wastes into contact with a solvent that dissolves a part of the polymers and separates the other fractions. The solvent fraction is subjected to treatment for the recovery of a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon stream that can he thermally cracked and the products utilized in refining operations or for fuel value in running chemical plants. Includes process flow diagrams.
97100846 The conversion of syngas on FelMnO. metal modification on product distribution. Guan,
N.
Cuihua
Xuebao,
1996, 17, (5)
Guan,
N.
97100848 isobutanol
Cuihua
Xuehao,
I. Effects of
382-386.
97100847 The conversion of syngas on Fe/MnO. K in modified Fe/MnO catalysts
II. The role of
1996, 17, (5). 387-390.
Conversion of synthesis over ZrO,-coated catalysts
gas
to
methanol
and
Tan, Y. et ~1. Ranlioo Huoxue Xuehoo, 1996, 24, (4), 368-371. (In Chinese) The catalyst described in this paper had high activity and selectivity to form methanol, ethanol and isohutanol. Formation of catalyst: ZrO: was coated on alumina by the impregnation with solution of ZrO(NO1):. followed hy drying and calcination. In this way, ZrOz dispersed onto the surface of alumina to form a monolayer, with IO% of ZrOz and then 4*+ KzO was incorporated.
97100849 liquids
Converting
natural and methane
gases directly
into
Adams, Q. J. Prepr. Pup. Am. Gem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chrm.. lY9h. 41, (3). 1074-1078. This article presents a discussion on processes for Cl-Id (natural gas) conversion to higher hydrocarbons either by direct conversion or via synthesis gas (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis).
97100850 petroleum
Coprocessing of waste plastics residue using different catalysts
with
coal
and
Joo, H. K. and Curtis, C. W. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3). 1048-1052. Details a study in which LDPE, LDPE + bituminous coal, and LDPE + coal + petroleum refining residue were subjected to liquefaction using NiMo and zeolitic hydrogenationihydrocracking catalysts. None of the catalysts affected the conversion or product distribution in the coal/LDPE system, although LDPE alone was sensitive to catalyst and temperature used. The 3-component systems responded best to catalyst combinations displaying both hydrogenation and bydrocracking activities.
97lOO851 97100842 Condensation compounds lizing agent for coal water slurry
Contribution mechanisms
Coprocessing
waste rubber tire material
and coal
Orr, E. C. ef al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1996, 47, (3). 245-259. In this study Blind Canyon DECS-6 coal (BC6) was reacted with ground waste rubber tyre (WRT) particles and pyrolysed tyre oil (PTO) recovered by vacuum pyrolysis of WRT in order to investigate the feasihility of coprocessing coal and waste tyre maierials to make transportation fuels. It was found that coprocessing coal with PTO is more beneficial than coprocessing coal with WRT, i.e. the BC6IPTO mixture yields more product liquids as well as diminished carbon black contamination of liquid products.
97100852 Correlation between ion for ZrOz in F-T reaction Li, W. et al.
97100853 mordenite
Wuli Huaxue
Xuehao.
the catalytic
1996, 12. (12)
The cracking reaction of modified by RF and steaming
property
and Zr3+
1074-1078.
vacuum
gas
oil
on
Lee, K-H. and Ha, B-H. Korrgop Hwahak, 19Y6, 7. (5), 925-937. (In Korean) The catalytic activity and the yield of gasoline, kerosine and diesel, and branched aromatics in vacuum gas oil cracking were improved when mesoporous mordenite was used.
Liquid
97100836
fuels
(derived
liquid
Coal liquids-who
fuels)
needs them?
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G., Proc. -Amu. hrt. Pittsburgh Coal Cunf.,1995, 12. 101 l-Itllh. A review of the energy situation of the world and the United States.
97100637 Coal water slurry reburning pliance system for cyclone-fired boilers’
‘Low cost NO.
com-
Suppl. Coal Fines: Unclaimed Fuel, Pap. Int. Tech. Ashworth, R. A. et al. Conf. Coal LOi/. Fue/ Syst., 2Ist, 1996, 37-48. Edited by Serkin, S. D. Coal & Slurry Technology Association, Washington, D.C. Details a low cost version of reburning technology wherein a SO/SO coal water slurry is used as the reburning fuel instead of natural gas or coal. It is an alernative to the NO, reduction system currently being considered for cyclone-fired units.
97100638 different
Comparison reactor systems
of coal
liquefaction
yields
from two
Redlich, P. J. ef al. Fuel, 1996, 7.5, (12). 1467-1470. Presents a comparison between Ni-Moand NaAIOz-Ni-Mo-catalysed solvent-free hydrogenation of a low-rank coal in a 35 ml reactor (I g coal charge) heated in a horizontal position with vertical agitation, and in a 55 ml reactor (3 g coal charge) heated in a vertical position with a stirrer. The effects of addition of solvent and varying the coal loading in the 55 ml autoclave showed the importance of good accessibility of the reactant gas to the coal particles.
97100839 1 t/d PSU
Comparison
of liquefaction
catalysts
examined
in a
Takekawa, T. et al. Proc. Atmu. 1~. Pittsburgh Coal Conf.. 1995, 12, 11591164. This study undertook a comparison of natural pyrite (NP), wet-method synthetic iron sulfide (W-SIS), and dry-method synthetic iron sulfide (DSIS) as liquefaction catalysts in the 1 t/d process supporting unit. D-SIS gave increased oil yield and decreased yields of gas and residue. Higher organic gas yield and lower n-paraffin content in the solvent were obtained using the NP catalyst.
97100840 Comparison nol synthesis processes
of two-phase
and three-phase
metha-
C‘hem. Eng. Process., 1996. 35, Graaf, G. H. and Beenackers, A. A. C. M. (6). 413-427. The study undertakes a comparison between the ICI (two-phase) methanol synthesis process and a three-phase slurry process based on a multi-stage agitated reactor. Process calculations are based on a complete reactor system consisting of the reactor itself, a recycling system, and a gas-liquid separator. The data were taken from previous studies. The results show that both reactor systems produce comparable methanol yields under the same process conditions except for the reactor temperature. However, for the present low energy prices, the annual financial savings, coupled with these energetic aspects, are not sufficient to compensate for the higher capital investment of the three-phase reactor system relative to the ICI two-phase reactor system.
97100841 synthesis
Composition modulation of the over a supported cobalt catalyst
Fischer-Tropsch
Can. J. Chem. Eng., 1996, 74, (S), 695-705. Khodadadi, A. A. et al. In this paper different cycling strategies are explored to see if carbon chain growth can be enhanced and methane formation suppressed. The best strategy for longer chain hydrocarbons suitable for jet or diesel fuels was cycling between syngas mixtures.
97100844 liquefaction
as dispersant
and stabi-
Yamato, F. er al. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 08, 134, 477 [96, 134, 4771 (Cl. ClOL1132). 28 May 1996, Appl. 941269. 433, 2 Nov 1994, 6 pp (In Japanese). The title agent is a product from the condensation reaction of formaldehyde with (a) an aromatic compound having l-300 molecules. Cz__3oxy-alkylene group (e.g. ethylene oxide adduct of phenol) and (b) aromatic compound having carboxyl group (e.g. hydroxy benzoic acid).
97100843 apparatus
Continuous for plastics
thermal
decomposition
method
and
Tadauchi, F. rf ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JI 08, 169. 977 [96, 169, 9771 (Cl. CO8Jll/lO), 2 Jul 1996. Appl. 94/227, 901, 22 Sep 1994, 7 pp (In Japanese). The method detailed in this paper comprises dividing waste plastics into even batches, the thermal decomposition of each batch with a definite starting time, and the recovery the decomposed products together. The decomposed products can be used as fuel oil. Diagrams of the decomposition apparatus are included.
74
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
of mineral
matter to low temperature
Martin, S. C. and Schobert, H. H. Prepr. Pup. Am. Chem. Sot., Di\s. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3). 967-971. Discusses that the liquefaction of demineralized Wyodak coal at 350’ gives higher overall conversions than that of the untreated coal. There is no evident mineral matter effect on solvent (Tetralin) H donation. So. the reactions at 350” are not mineral matter catalysed.
97100845 useable
Conversion of polymer hydrocarbon streams
and
plastic
wastes
into
U.S. 5569,803 (Cl. 585-241; CO7Cl100). 29 Ott 1096, De Broqueville, A. BE Appl. 9211, 018, 24 Nov 1992, 7 pp. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 5, 28X. 394. Details a process for the conversion of polymers, particularly plastic containers or other plastic wastes. The process comprises placing the mixed polymer wastes into contact with a solvent that dissolves a part of the polymers and separates the other fractions. The solvent fraction is subjected to treatment for the recovery of a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon stream that can he thermally cracked and the products utilized in refining operations or for fuel value in running chemical plants. Includes process flow diagrams.
97100846 The conversion of syngas on FelMnO. metal modification on product distribution. Guan,
N.
Cuihua
Xuebao,
1996, 17, (5)
Guan,
N.
97100848 isobutanol
Cuihua
Xuehao,
I. Effects of
382-386.
97100847 The conversion of syngas on Fe/MnO. K in modified Fe/MnO catalysts
II. The role of
1996, 17, (5). 387-390.
Conversion of synthesis over ZrO,-coated catalysts
gas
to
methanol
and
Tan, Y. et ~1. Ranlioo Huoxue Xuehoo, 1996, 24, (4), 368-371. (In Chinese) The catalyst described in this paper had high activity and selectivity to form methanol, ethanol and isohutanol. Formation of catalyst: ZrO: was coated on alumina by the impregnation with solution of ZrO(NO1):. followed hy drying and calcination. In this way, ZrOz dispersed onto the surface of alumina to form a monolayer, with IO% of ZrOz and then 4*+ KzO was incorporated.
97100849 liquids
Converting
natural and methane
gases directly
into
Adams, Q. J. Prepr. Pup. Am. Gem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chrm.. lY9h. 41, (3). 1074-1078. This article presents a discussion on processes for Cl-Id (natural gas) conversion to higher hydrocarbons either by direct conversion or via synthesis gas (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis).
97100850 petroleum
Coprocessing of waste plastics residue using different catalysts
with
coal
and
Joo, H. K. and Curtis, C. W. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot.. Div. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3). 1048-1052. Details a study in which LDPE, LDPE + bituminous coal, and LDPE + coal + petroleum refining residue were subjected to liquefaction using NiMo and zeolitic hydrogenationihydrocracking catalysts. None of the catalysts affected the conversion or product distribution in the coal/LDPE system, although LDPE alone was sensitive to catalyst and temperature used. The 3-component systems responded best to catalyst combinations displaying both hydrogenation and bydrocracking activities.
97lOO851 97100842 Condensation compounds lizing agent for coal water slurry
Contribution mechanisms
Coprocessing
waste rubber tire material
and coal
Orr, E. C. ef al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1996, 47, (3). 245-259. In this study Blind Canyon DECS-6 coal (BC6) was reacted with ground waste rubber tyre (WRT) particles and pyrolysed tyre oil (PTO) recovered by vacuum pyrolysis of WRT in order to investigate the feasihility of coprocessing coal and waste tyre maierials to make transportation fuels. It was found that coprocessing coal with PTO is more beneficial than coprocessing coal with WRT, i.e. the BC6IPTO mixture yields more product liquids as well as diminished carbon black contamination of liquid products.
97100852 Correlation between ion for ZrOz in F-T reaction Li, W. et al.
97100853 mordenite
Wuli Huaxue
Xuehao.
the catalytic
1996, 12. (12)
The cracking reaction of modified by RF and steaming
property
and Zr3+
1074-1078.
vacuum
gas
oil
on
Lee, K-H. and Ha, B-H. Korrgop Hwahak, 19Y6, 7. (5), 925-937. (In Korean) The catalytic activity and the yield of gasoline, kerosine and diesel, and branched aromatics in vacuum gas oil cracking were improved when mesoporous mordenite was used.