- Email: [email protected]
00146 ANOVA analysis of two-stage coprocessing of low-density polyethylene, coal, and petroleum residue
02
Structure and properties of humic acid obtained 99lOO141 from thermo-oxidized brown coal Butuzova, L.et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (6). 581-584. In the presence of small portions of oxygen and water the opportunity to isolate a considerable number of humic acids from the brown coal thermooxidative treatment products has been shown. Variations in the functional content, thermal stability and biological activity of the prepared humic acids depending on the conditions of coal thermal processing have been revealed. A semicoke, under the conditions of mild thermo-oxidative destruction may yield up to 37.4% of the so-called ‘high-temperature’ humates and residual coal whose methylene-blue activity is 207.5 mg/g which is equal to that of the good activated carbon.
Thermal and chemical modifications on a low-rank coal by iron addition in swept fixed bed hydropyrolysis
99100143
Mastral, A. M.et al. Fuel 1998, 77, (6), 585-590. When it is subjected to hydropyrolysis conditions with red mud (RM) as the catalytic precursor this work focuses on the thermal and chemical changes taking place on a low-rank coal. For each run, 5 g of coal were pyrolysed in a swept fixed-bed reactor at 40 kg/cm’ hydrogen pressure. The variables of the process were: temperatures ranging from 400 to 600°C; 0.5 and 2 I/min of hydrogen flow: 10 and 20 min residence time; and in the presence and absence of Red Mud. Allowing information to be gathered regarding the changes undergone by the coal structure, both in its organic and inorganic components, in its conversion into liquids and chars is conversion product distribution and a wide battery of complementary analyses. From the data obtained, it can be deduced that: (1) at 400°C the iron catalyst is not active; (2) at higher temperatures iron catalytic cracking is observed more than hydrogenating activity, due to the FerO, transformation into (Fe&) crystallography as spinel; (3) in this coal hydropyrolysis one-third of the coal is converted into liquids; and (4) RM helps to reduce sulfur emissions by HzS fixation as Fe&.
Upgrading low-rank coals by TEK-KOL’s liquids 99100144 from coal technology Wang, M. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (2) l-21. TEK-KOL’s Liquids From Coal (LFC) Process uses a mild gasification process to convert low-rank coals into value added products. Two primary products are generated as a result of LFC processing: (1) Process-Derived Fuel (PDF), a high heating value, clean burning solid fuel and carbon source for a variety of utility and industrial applications, and (2) CoalDerived Liquid (CDL), a low sulfur hydrocarbon liquid suitable for fuel oil and chemical feedstock uses. Both PDF and CDL have been successfully utilized on a commercial scale. The LFC Process has been thoroughly demonstrated at the ENCOAL LFC Demonstration Plant at the Buckskin Mine in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The 1000 short ton per day plant was designed and built to commercial standards. The plant employs commercial available equipment and ‘state of the art’ control system, and ‘best available control technologies’ ensure compliance with strict environmental standards. In the last five years, the plant and its supporting facilities have operated in an integrated mode for more than 14,500 h. The major pieces of equipment, including the large blowers, combustors, dryer, pyrolyser, and cooler have operated far more hours overall considering hot standby and ramping operations. The equipment has been demonstrated to operate reliably. The plant has processed 246,900 short tons of raw coal and produced 114,900 short tons of PDF and 116,100 barrels of CDL. A multiphase process to identity and develop technical and financially viable LFC projects has been developed by TEK-KOL. Commercialization of the LFC technology is progressing world-wide. The world-wide opportunities for the application of the LFC Technology are addressed in this paper.
The use of dispersed catalysts to co-process New Mexico sub-bituminous coal with Hondo vacuum bottoms
99lOO145 $izer,
R. H. et al.
Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1997, 14, (18),
In a continuous Pilot Plant Unit at Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc., novel processing concepts in catalytic coal/oil co-processing are being evaluated. One of the main new ideas being explored in these experiments is the use of finely dispersed disposal catalysts. A major impact on the economics of coprocessing is the catalyst cost as determined by both its activity and deactivation. A potential solution to the catalyst cost would be the use of a low concentration slurry catalyst. The dispersed catalyst loading was lOOO2000 ppm Fe and 50-100 ppm MO. The replacement of the supported catalyst with a finely dispersed catalyst allows a larger thermal volume and excellent contact between the feed and the catalyst particles. Process performance at equivalent reactor operating conditions for supported
recovery)
catalyst and the dispersed catalyst systems used are comparable. However, for coal/oil co-processing, direct coal liquefaction or heavy oil upgrading, on an economic basis the dispersed catalyst is more economical than the supported catalyst.
02
99lW142 A study on the manufacture of activated carbon using Indonesian coal Baek, I.-H. er al. Kongop Hwahak, 1998, 9, (3) 419-423. (In Korean) By steam reaction method, Indonesian coal-based activated carbon was manufactured. Effects of carbonization temperature and steam amount on the process yield and quality of the product were investigated at the activation temperature of 900”. The rotary kiln type furnace was used for both activation and carbonization and the optimum operation conditions were: carbonization temperature 700”, steam amount 2.7 g steam/g char, and activation temperature 900”. Obtained at these optimum conditions activated carbon had iodine value 1010 mg/g, methylene blue adsorption number 230 mg/g, and BET surface area 1020 m*/g with the hardness -97.
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
LIQUID Sources,
FUELS
properties,
recovery
ANOVA analysis of two-stage coprocessing low-density polyethylene, coal, and petroleum residue Joe, H. K. er al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (4). 704-714. 99lOO146
of
By using two fractional factorial designs and analyses of variance (ANOVA), the sequencing of reactants and reaction parameters in the two-stage coprocessing of coal with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and petroleum residue was investigated. The experiments were designed to determine the sequence of reactants and the reaction conditions that were required to achieve the highest level of conversion of the solid reactants, and to achieve a desirable product slate in terms of product solubility and bp distribution. The reaction system that yielded the highest amount of hexane solubles regardless of the reaction temperature sequence or extraction after the first stage was the catalytic liquefaction of LDPE in the first stage, with the reaction products being added to coal and heavy residue in the second stage, which was also reacted catalytically. When the effect of coal content and Hr pressure in the first and second stages was examined, it showed that the Hz pressure affected the amount of coal conversion achieved. A higher level of coal content, 28% compared to 5%. resulted in higher coal conversion. The result of lower Hz pressure in both stages was higher LDPE conversion, but an adverse effect on coal conversion, particularly at low coal concentrations.
99/00147 prospects
Beneficiated
coal-slurry
fuels-overview
and
Trass, 0. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23). 37-54. The history of coal-slurry fuels and coal beneficiation for slurry preparation is reviewed.
99100149
Biodiesel in Austria. An overview
Worgetter, M. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Muter., Proc. Biomass ConfAm., 3rd, 1997, (2), 1043-1053. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The efforts to introduce biodiesel on the Austrian market are described in this paper. Production technologies have been developed and fleet and bench tests have been carried out. The emissions of regulated and unregulated toxic and mutagenic compounds and toxicity have been investigated. Quality standards and analysis methods have been worked out, and approvals by the engine producers could be received. The programme included an exchange of information on the international level.
Characteristic fly-ash particles combustion found in lake sediments
99100149
from
oil-shale
Ailiksaar, T. et al. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1998, 104, (l-2). 149-160. In sediments, fly-ash particles accumulate, and these can be used to assess spatial distribution and temporal trends of atmospheric deposition of pollutants derived from high temperature combustion of fossil fuels. Oilshale is the main fossil fuel used in Estonia and a major source of atmospheric pollution in the Baltic states. To assess if oil-shale power plants produce specific fly-ash particles, we used SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to compare fly-ash particles from oil-shale combustion with particles from oil and coal combustion. Two types were analysed, large black (IO-30 /Lm) and small glassy (~5 I’m) spheroidal particles. Although particle morphology to some extent is indicative of the fuel burnt, morphology characters are not sufficient to differentiate between particles of different origin. However our results indicate that with EDX analysis the fly-ash from oil-shale can be distinguished from oil and coal derived particles in environmental samples. Concentrations of large black and small glassy spheroidal fly-ash particles in a sediment core from an Estonian lake showed similar trends to oil-shale combustion statistics from Estonian power plants.
99lOOl50 oils
Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis
Sipila, K. et al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (2), 103-l 13. For the characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oils an analysis scheme was developed. The scheme was based on fractionation of the oils with water and on further extraction of the water-soluble fraction with diethylether. The chemical composition of the fractions was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The physical and chemical nature of
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
15
Structure and properties of humic acid obtained 99lOO141 from thermo-oxidized brown coal Butuzova, L.et al. Fuel, 1998, 77, (6). 581-584. In the presence of small portions of oxygen and water the opportunity to isolate a considerable number of humic acids from the brown coal thermooxidative treatment products has been shown. Variations in the functional content, thermal stability and biological activity of the prepared humic acids depending on the conditions of coal thermal processing have been revealed. A semicoke, under the conditions of mild thermo-oxidative destruction may yield up to 37.4% of the so-called ‘high-temperature’ humates and residual coal whose methylene-blue activity is 207.5 mg/g which is equal to that of the good activated carbon.
Thermal and chemical modifications on a low-rank coal by iron addition in swept fixed bed hydropyrolysis
99100143
Mastral, A. M.et al. Fuel 1998, 77, (6), 585-590. When it is subjected to hydropyrolysis conditions with red mud (RM) as the catalytic precursor this work focuses on the thermal and chemical changes taking place on a low-rank coal. For each run, 5 g of coal were pyrolysed in a swept fixed-bed reactor at 40 kg/cm’ hydrogen pressure. The variables of the process were: temperatures ranging from 400 to 600°C; 0.5 and 2 I/min of hydrogen flow: 10 and 20 min residence time; and in the presence and absence of Red Mud. Allowing information to be gathered regarding the changes undergone by the coal structure, both in its organic and inorganic components, in its conversion into liquids and chars is conversion product distribution and a wide battery of complementary analyses. From the data obtained, it can be deduced that: (1) at 400°C the iron catalyst is not active; (2) at higher temperatures iron catalytic cracking is observed more than hydrogenating activity, due to the FerO, transformation into (Fe&) crystallography as spinel; (3) in this coal hydropyrolysis one-third of the coal is converted into liquids; and (4) RM helps to reduce sulfur emissions by HzS fixation as Fe&.
Upgrading low-rank coals by TEK-KOL’s liquids 99100144 from coal technology Wang, M. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (2) l-21. TEK-KOL’s Liquids From Coal (LFC) Process uses a mild gasification process to convert low-rank coals into value added products. Two primary products are generated as a result of LFC processing: (1) Process-Derived Fuel (PDF), a high heating value, clean burning solid fuel and carbon source for a variety of utility and industrial applications, and (2) CoalDerived Liquid (CDL), a low sulfur hydrocarbon liquid suitable for fuel oil and chemical feedstock uses. Both PDF and CDL have been successfully utilized on a commercial scale. The LFC Process has been thoroughly demonstrated at the ENCOAL LFC Demonstration Plant at the Buckskin Mine in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. The 1000 short ton per day plant was designed and built to commercial standards. The plant employs commercial available equipment and ‘state of the art’ control system, and ‘best available control technologies’ ensure compliance with strict environmental standards. In the last five years, the plant and its supporting facilities have operated in an integrated mode for more than 14,500 h. The major pieces of equipment, including the large blowers, combustors, dryer, pyrolyser, and cooler have operated far more hours overall considering hot standby and ramping operations. The equipment has been demonstrated to operate reliably. The plant has processed 246,900 short tons of raw coal and produced 114,900 short tons of PDF and 116,100 barrels of CDL. A multiphase process to identity and develop technical and financially viable LFC projects has been developed by TEK-KOL. Commercialization of the LFC technology is progressing world-wide. The world-wide opportunities for the application of the LFC Technology are addressed in this paper.
The use of dispersed catalysts to co-process New Mexico sub-bituminous coal with Hondo vacuum bottoms
99lOO145 $izer,
R. H. et al.
Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf, 1997, 14, (18),
In a continuous Pilot Plant Unit at Hydrocarbon Technologies, Inc., novel processing concepts in catalytic coal/oil co-processing are being evaluated. One of the main new ideas being explored in these experiments is the use of finely dispersed disposal catalysts. A major impact on the economics of coprocessing is the catalyst cost as determined by both its activity and deactivation. A potential solution to the catalyst cost would be the use of a low concentration slurry catalyst. The dispersed catalyst loading was lOOO2000 ppm Fe and 50-100 ppm MO. The replacement of the supported catalyst with a finely dispersed catalyst allows a larger thermal volume and excellent contact between the feed and the catalyst particles. Process performance at equivalent reactor operating conditions for supported
recovery)
catalyst and the dispersed catalyst systems used are comparable. However, for coal/oil co-processing, direct coal liquefaction or heavy oil upgrading, on an economic basis the dispersed catalyst is more economical than the supported catalyst.
02
99lW142 A study on the manufacture of activated carbon using Indonesian coal Baek, I.-H. er al. Kongop Hwahak, 1998, 9, (3) 419-423. (In Korean) By steam reaction method, Indonesian coal-based activated carbon was manufactured. Effects of carbonization temperature and steam amount on the process yield and quality of the product were investigated at the activation temperature of 900”. The rotary kiln type furnace was used for both activation and carbonization and the optimum operation conditions were: carbonization temperature 700”, steam amount 2.7 g steam/g char, and activation temperature 900”. Obtained at these optimum conditions activated carbon had iodine value 1010 mg/g, methylene blue adsorption number 230 mg/g, and BET surface area 1020 m*/g with the hardness -97.
Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
LIQUID Sources,
FUELS
properties,
recovery
ANOVA analysis of two-stage coprocessing low-density polyethylene, coal, and petroleum residue Joe, H. K. er al. Energy Fuels, 1998, 12, (4). 704-714. 99lOO146
of
By using two fractional factorial designs and analyses of variance (ANOVA), the sequencing of reactants and reaction parameters in the two-stage coprocessing of coal with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and petroleum residue was investigated. The experiments were designed to determine the sequence of reactants and the reaction conditions that were required to achieve the highest level of conversion of the solid reactants, and to achieve a desirable product slate in terms of product solubility and bp distribution. The reaction system that yielded the highest amount of hexane solubles regardless of the reaction temperature sequence or extraction after the first stage was the catalytic liquefaction of LDPE in the first stage, with the reaction products being added to coal and heavy residue in the second stage, which was also reacted catalytically. When the effect of coal content and Hr pressure in the first and second stages was examined, it showed that the Hz pressure affected the amount of coal conversion achieved. A higher level of coal content, 28% compared to 5%. resulted in higher coal conversion. The result of lower Hz pressure in both stages was higher LDPE conversion, but an adverse effect on coal conversion, particularly at low coal concentrations.
99/00147 prospects
Beneficiated
coal-slurry
fuels-overview
and
Trass, 0. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1997, 14, (23). 37-54. The history of coal-slurry fuels and coal beneficiation for slurry preparation is reviewed.
99100149
Biodiesel in Austria. An overview
Worgetter, M. et al. Making Bus. Biomass Energy, Environ., Chemical, Fibers Muter., Proc. Biomass ConfAm., 3rd, 1997, (2), 1043-1053. Edited by Overend, R. P. and Chornet, E. The efforts to introduce biodiesel on the Austrian market are described in this paper. Production technologies have been developed and fleet and bench tests have been carried out. The emissions of regulated and unregulated toxic and mutagenic compounds and toxicity have been investigated. Quality standards and analysis methods have been worked out, and approvals by the engine producers could be received. The programme included an exchange of information on the international level.
Characteristic fly-ash particles combustion found in lake sediments
99100149
from
oil-shale
Ailiksaar, T. et al. Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 1998, 104, (l-2). 149-160. In sediments, fly-ash particles accumulate, and these can be used to assess spatial distribution and temporal trends of atmospheric deposition of pollutants derived from high temperature combustion of fossil fuels. Oilshale is the main fossil fuel used in Estonia and a major source of atmospheric pollution in the Baltic states. To assess if oil-shale power plants produce specific fly-ash particles, we used SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to compare fly-ash particles from oil-shale combustion with particles from oil and coal combustion. Two types were analysed, large black (IO-30 /Lm) and small glassy (~5 I’m) spheroidal particles. Although particle morphology to some extent is indicative of the fuel burnt, morphology characters are not sufficient to differentiate between particles of different origin. However our results indicate that with EDX analysis the fly-ash from oil-shale can be distinguished from oil and coal derived particles in environmental samples. Concentrations of large black and small glassy spheroidal fly-ash particles in a sediment core from an Estonian lake showed similar trends to oil-shale combustion statistics from Estonian power plants.
99lOOl50 oils
Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis
Sipila, K. et al. Biomass Bioenergy, 1998, 14, (2), 103-l 13. For the characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oils an analysis scheme was developed. The scheme was based on fractionation of the oils with water and on further extraction of the water-soluble fraction with diethylether. The chemical composition of the fractions was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The physical and chemical nature of
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1999
15