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01507 Decarboxylation of coal model compounds under liquefaction conditions: Does decarboxylation lead to retrograde reactions?
15 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation) distributions provided a more detailed picture of the behaviour of individual droplets. The results are compared with data for a non-swirling kerosene spray for the same conditions of fuel and air flow rates.
tion plants can achieve efficiencies consistently higher than IGCC, depending on plant configuration and carbon conversion, making this solution a viable and attractive option for efficient coal utilization.
97101498 Catalytic decomposition of gasification gas tar with benzene as the model compound Simell, P. A. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1997, 36, (l), 42-51. In this study tar decomposition over a dolomite catalyst in gasification conditions was modelled by benzene’s reaction with COZ. Kinetic studies were carried out at 1023-1173 K and ambient pressure in a plug flaw reactor. Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanistic models describing benzene decomposition were derived and tested.
97101505 Comparison of CO2 sources Weimer, T. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., (4), 1337-1340. Presents a comparison of energy demands concentrated sources (e.g. flue gases) and the fuel production. This study takes into account transportation and storage. Both renewable and considered.
97101499 Characterization of coal dissolution products obtained at low temperatures Ashida, S. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1995, 32, 180183 (In Japanese). Coal dissolution was carried out in several hydrogen donor solvents or Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at low temperatures (175%300°C) under N without a catalyst. 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, IO-Hexahydroanthracene (HHA), which is a strong hydrogen donating solvent and NMP were found to give high dissolution yields even at such low temperatures In the case of HHA, the quantities of hydrogen transferred from the solvent to a coal correlated well with the dissolution yields. For both cases of HHA and NMP, the dissolution reaction products were characterized to elucidate their dissolution mechanisms. 97/01500 Characterization of RuMo-SiOz catalysts. A comparative study before and after CO hydrogenation reaction Juan, Aifredo and Damiani, D. E. JMatcr. Chem., 1996,6, (8) 1433-1439. Presnts a study of fresh and spent SiOL-supported Ru-MO catalysts for CO hydrogenation. The study made use of temperature-programmed reduction tests, in conjunction with X-ray diffraction and Hz chemisorption studies. Morphological changes in the catalysts were observed as a function of catalyst pretreatment and catalyst exposure to the reaction conditions. A pretreatment step, including an oxidation step prior to a reduction step, introduced more severe changes not only in Hz uptake but also in Ru particle size. A mechanism based on the influence of the presence of CO in contact with Ru particles (e.g. involving formation and migration of Ru carbonyls) was postulated to explain the increase in particle dimensions. The reactivity of the carbonaceous residues present on the surface of the spent catalyst depended not only on the metal (Ru or MO) but also on the pretreatment. This was clearly observed in the temperature-programmed reduction experiments on the bimetallic catalysts. Chemical structure and thermal decomposition 97101501 behavior of oil shale kerogen Ishiwatari, M. Jasco Rep., 1996, 38, (4), 42-48 (In Japanese). This article details a study into the thermal decomposition behaviour of oil shale and kerogen by stepwise pyrolytic gas chromatography (PY-GC). It was found that there was no essential difference between the results of PYGC analysis of oil shale and from those of kerogen. Based on the analysis results, the characteristics of kerogen and also its thermal decomposition behavior into isoprenoids, alkanes, alkenes, alkylbenzenes, alkylphenols, etc. are described. 97101502 The coai/Fe304 system for mixing of solar and fossil energies Tamaura, Y. et al. Energy, FebiMarch 1997, 22, (2/3), 337-342. An investigation into the use of the solar-driven endothermic reaction of coal and magnetite for mixing solar and fossil energies. The proposed solar thermochemical process offers the possibility of performing simultaneously gasification of coal and reduction of iron oxide and also producing a fuel with an upgraded calorific value. 97101503 Co-pyrolysis of coal and shale oil atmospheric residues Kawashima, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshi, 1994, 31, 167-170 (In Japanese). This study involved the co-pyrolysis of coal and shale oil atmopheric residues. The structural changes during the co-pyrolysis were investigated with solid-state “C-NMR spectroscopy. The effect of coal species, shale oil species, and the heating rate were studied. Retro-condensation reactions were suppressed and the process reactivity was increased with an increasing amount of transferable hydrogen from the shale oil residues and an increased heating rate. 97101504 Combined-cycle power stations using ‘clean-coal technologies’: thermodynamic analysis of full gasification versus fiuidized bed combustion with partial gasffication Lozza, G. et al. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1996, 118, (4) 737-748. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic aspects of plants based on the concept of partial coal gasification and fluidized-bed combustion of unconverted char from gasification plants, in comparison with full gasification cycles, assessing their performance on the basis of a common advanced power plant technology level. Results show that partial gasifica-
118
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
for fuel synthesis 1996. 41,
Div. Fuel Chern.,
for CO2 recovery from atmosphere for synthetic the energy demands for fossil energy demands are
97101506 Crude oils: modeiiing from chromatographic dataa new tool for classification Burg, P. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (I), X5-91. A new classification of crude oils was developed using gas chromatography. 97101507 Decarboxyiation of coal model compounds under liquefaction conditions: Does decarboxyiation lead to retrograde reactions? Eskay, T. et al. Prepr. Pap.- Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3), 1084-1089. This article details how several bibenzyls containing aromatic carboxylic acids and their salts were subjected to thermal decomposition in Tetralin and naphthalene in order to gain a better understanding of the role of decarboxylation in crosslinking during coal liquefaction. These were I,2(3,3’-dicarboxy-phenyl)ethane, I-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-(4-biphenyl)ethane, and 1,2-(4,4’-dicarboxyphenyl)ethane dipotassium salt. Development of an ail-slurry liquefaction test for 97101508 screening dispersed catalysts Rantell, T. et al. Prepr. Pap.- Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem.. 1996. 41. (3), 993-997.
Describes a laboratory test which has been developed to screen candidate dispersed catalysts and determine the optimum range of operating conditions to maximize coal conversion and distillate yield. The objectives of the test are to simulate operation in an all-slurry mode with coal conversion and product selectivity at least as good as that achieved in 2. stage operation at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction Facility. Tests are conducted in microautoclaves using pilot plant derived solvents and a Wyodak coal in the ratio of 1.85:1. An Fe-Mo catalyst contained in a Wilsonville process solvent has been used as a reference. Evaluations of various MO formulations are discussed. 97101509 Development of techniques for monitoring gasphase sodium species formed during coal combustion and gasification Chadwick, B. L. et al. Inr. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 32, (l-4), 241-253. The development of techniques suitable for online analysis of gas-phase molecular sodium species, resulting from the combustion and gasification of low-rank coals, is described, with emphasis on laser-induced photofragment fluorescence and microwave spectroscopy. 97lO1510 Effect of calcium and calcium minerals in coal on its thermal analysis Maes, 1. 1. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (2), 143-147. Atmospheric-pressure temperature-programmed reduction (AP-TPR) experiments were carried out on a bituminous coal with added limestone and dolomite and on a demineralized lignite in order to study the effect of the presence of limestone and dolomite in coal, and calcium in lignite, on this process. Results are fully discussed and conclusions are made. 97101511 Energy producing chemical coal processing, 1. Complex coal treatment to produce coke, methanol and energy: Calculation and analysis of schemes Gudkov, A. V. et al. Chem. Sustainable Dev., 1995, 3, (3), 187-193. Several schemes for a complex coal treatment including gasification, production of coke and carbon sorbents, methanol synthesis, energy and heat production have been analysed with regard to energy and chemical technologies. Imitation models for chemical technologies allowing mathemtaical modeling, schemes calculation and optimization with respect to several purposeful criteria were built. Results are presented as charts and patterns of isolines describing the maximum productivity towards coke, methanol, electricity, heat and towards exergy efficiency of the schemes on the plane ‘gasification temperature-moisture’. 97/01512 Energy recovery by combining organic material fermentation with fuel ceil Buettner, B. and Foelimer, T. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 515, 669 (Cl. HOlM8/ 06), 31 Ott 1996, Appl. 19, 515, 669, 28 Apr 1995, 4 pp. (In German) 97101513 Environmentally friendly production of poiybutene amines for use as deposit-control fuel additives Duncan, M. P. U.S. US 5, 583, 186 (Cl. 525-368; CO8F8/32), 10 Dee 1996. Appl. 457, 521, 1 Jun 1995, 7 pp. Details an invention which provides a new and improved process for the preparation of a polybutene amine composition.
tion plants can achieve efficiencies consistently higher than IGCC, depending on plant configuration and carbon conversion, making this solution a viable and attractive option for efficient coal utilization.
97101498 Catalytic decomposition of gasification gas tar with benzene as the model compound Simell, P. A. et al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1997, 36, (l), 42-51. In this study tar decomposition over a dolomite catalyst in gasification conditions was modelled by benzene’s reaction with COZ. Kinetic studies were carried out at 1023-1173 K and ambient pressure in a plug flaw reactor. Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanistic models describing benzene decomposition were derived and tested.
97101505 Comparison of CO2 sources Weimer, T. et al. Prepr. Pap. Am. Chem. Sot., (4), 1337-1340. Presents a comparison of energy demands concentrated sources (e.g. flue gases) and the fuel production. This study takes into account transportation and storage. Both renewable and considered.
97101499 Characterization of coal dissolution products obtained at low temperatures Ashida, S. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronhunshu, 1995, 32, 180183 (In Japanese). Coal dissolution was carried out in several hydrogen donor solvents or Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) at low temperatures (175%300°C) under N without a catalyst. 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, IO-Hexahydroanthracene (HHA), which is a strong hydrogen donating solvent and NMP were found to give high dissolution yields even at such low temperatures In the case of HHA, the quantities of hydrogen transferred from the solvent to a coal correlated well with the dissolution yields. For both cases of HHA and NMP, the dissolution reaction products were characterized to elucidate their dissolution mechanisms. 97/01500 Characterization of RuMo-SiOz catalysts. A comparative study before and after CO hydrogenation reaction Juan, Aifredo and Damiani, D. E. JMatcr. Chem., 1996,6, (8) 1433-1439. Presnts a study of fresh and spent SiOL-supported Ru-MO catalysts for CO hydrogenation. The study made use of temperature-programmed reduction tests, in conjunction with X-ray diffraction and Hz chemisorption studies. Morphological changes in the catalysts were observed as a function of catalyst pretreatment and catalyst exposure to the reaction conditions. A pretreatment step, including an oxidation step prior to a reduction step, introduced more severe changes not only in Hz uptake but also in Ru particle size. A mechanism based on the influence of the presence of CO in contact with Ru particles (e.g. involving formation and migration of Ru carbonyls) was postulated to explain the increase in particle dimensions. The reactivity of the carbonaceous residues present on the surface of the spent catalyst depended not only on the metal (Ru or MO) but also on the pretreatment. This was clearly observed in the temperature-programmed reduction experiments on the bimetallic catalysts. Chemical structure and thermal decomposition 97101501 behavior of oil shale kerogen Ishiwatari, M. Jasco Rep., 1996, 38, (4), 42-48 (In Japanese). This article details a study into the thermal decomposition behaviour of oil shale and kerogen by stepwise pyrolytic gas chromatography (PY-GC). It was found that there was no essential difference between the results of PYGC analysis of oil shale and from those of kerogen. Based on the analysis results, the characteristics of kerogen and also its thermal decomposition behavior into isoprenoids, alkanes, alkenes, alkylbenzenes, alkylphenols, etc. are described. 97101502 The coai/Fe304 system for mixing of solar and fossil energies Tamaura, Y. et al. Energy, FebiMarch 1997, 22, (2/3), 337-342. An investigation into the use of the solar-driven endothermic reaction of coal and magnetite for mixing solar and fossil energies. The proposed solar thermochemical process offers the possibility of performing simultaneously gasification of coal and reduction of iron oxide and also producing a fuel with an upgraded calorific value. 97101503 Co-pyrolysis of coal and shale oil atmospheric residues Kawashima, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshi, 1994, 31, 167-170 (In Japanese). This study involved the co-pyrolysis of coal and shale oil atmopheric residues. The structural changes during the co-pyrolysis were investigated with solid-state “C-NMR spectroscopy. The effect of coal species, shale oil species, and the heating rate were studied. Retro-condensation reactions were suppressed and the process reactivity was increased with an increasing amount of transferable hydrogen from the shale oil residues and an increased heating rate. 97101504 Combined-cycle power stations using ‘clean-coal technologies’: thermodynamic analysis of full gasification versus fiuidized bed combustion with partial gasffication Lozza, G. et al. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 1996, 118, (4) 737-748. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic aspects of plants based on the concept of partial coal gasification and fluidized-bed combustion of unconverted char from gasification plants, in comparison with full gasification cycles, assessing their performance on the basis of a common advanced power plant technology level. Results show that partial gasifica-
118
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1997
for fuel synthesis 1996. 41,
Div. Fuel Chern.,
for CO2 recovery from atmosphere for synthetic the energy demands for fossil energy demands are
97101506 Crude oils: modeiiing from chromatographic dataa new tool for classification Burg, P. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (I), X5-91. A new classification of crude oils was developed using gas chromatography. 97101507 Decarboxyiation of coal model compounds under liquefaction conditions: Does decarboxyiation lead to retrograde reactions? Eskay, T. et al. Prepr. Pap.- Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1996, 41, (3), 1084-1089. This article details how several bibenzyls containing aromatic carboxylic acids and their salts were subjected to thermal decomposition in Tetralin and naphthalene in order to gain a better understanding of the role of decarboxylation in crosslinking during coal liquefaction. These were I,2(3,3’-dicarboxy-phenyl)ethane, I-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2-(4-biphenyl)ethane, and 1,2-(4,4’-dicarboxyphenyl)ethane dipotassium salt. Development of an ail-slurry liquefaction test for 97101508 screening dispersed catalysts Rantell, T. et al. Prepr. Pap.- Am. Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem.. 1996. 41. (3), 993-997.
Describes a laboratory test which has been developed to screen candidate dispersed catalysts and determine the optimum range of operating conditions to maximize coal conversion and distillate yield. The objectives of the test are to simulate operation in an all-slurry mode with coal conversion and product selectivity at least as good as that achieved in 2. stage operation at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction Facility. Tests are conducted in microautoclaves using pilot plant derived solvents and a Wyodak coal in the ratio of 1.85:1. An Fe-Mo catalyst contained in a Wilsonville process solvent has been used as a reference. Evaluations of various MO formulations are discussed. 97101509 Development of techniques for monitoring gasphase sodium species formed during coal combustion and gasification Chadwick, B. L. et al. Inr. J. Coal Geol., 1996, 32, (l-4), 241-253. The development of techniques suitable for online analysis of gas-phase molecular sodium species, resulting from the combustion and gasification of low-rank coals, is described, with emphasis on laser-induced photofragment fluorescence and microwave spectroscopy. 97lO1510 Effect of calcium and calcium minerals in coal on its thermal analysis Maes, 1. 1. et al. Fuel, 1997, 76, (2), 143-147. Atmospheric-pressure temperature-programmed reduction (AP-TPR) experiments were carried out on a bituminous coal with added limestone and dolomite and on a demineralized lignite in order to study the effect of the presence of limestone and dolomite in coal, and calcium in lignite, on this process. Results are fully discussed and conclusions are made. 97101511 Energy producing chemical coal processing, 1. Complex coal treatment to produce coke, methanol and energy: Calculation and analysis of schemes Gudkov, A. V. et al. Chem. Sustainable Dev., 1995, 3, (3), 187-193. Several schemes for a complex coal treatment including gasification, production of coke and carbon sorbents, methanol synthesis, energy and heat production have been analysed with regard to energy and chemical technologies. Imitation models for chemical technologies allowing mathemtaical modeling, schemes calculation and optimization with respect to several purposeful criteria were built. Results are presented as charts and patterns of isolines describing the maximum productivity towards coke, methanol, electricity, heat and towards exergy efficiency of the schemes on the plane ‘gasification temperature-moisture’. 97/01512 Energy recovery by combining organic material fermentation with fuel ceil Buettner, B. and Foelimer, T. Ger. Offen. DE 19, 515, 669 (Cl. HOlM8/ 06), 31 Ott 1996, Appl. 19, 515, 669, 28 Apr 1995, 4 pp. (In German) 97101513 Environmentally friendly production of poiybutene amines for use as deposit-control fuel additives Duncan, M. P. U.S. US 5, 583, 186 (Cl. 525-368; CO8F8/32), 10 Dee 1996. Appl. 457, 521, 1 Jun 1995, 7 pp. Details an invention which provides a new and improved process for the preparation of a polybutene amine composition.