- Email: [email protected]
04185 Immobilization of heavy metals in ashes
15
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
were main sources of airborne fluorine. In this district fluorosis, no relations were observed between atmospheric and fluorosis prevalence.
of the epidemic fluorine. content
Gas suspension absorption (GSA) a new approach 97104180 in FGD systems
Hedenhag, J. G. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Zhil. Fuel Sysr. 1996, 21, 1-13. The paper discusses a process to control acid gas emissions from boilers and incinerators, the gas suspension absorber (GSA). This system demonstrated high removal efficiencies for particulates, acid gases, and heavy metals, all with low lime consumption. Topics discussed include: the GSA system, GSA system efficiencies and operating experience.
Green transport technology (GlT): analytical studies of a thermochemical store for minimizing energy consumption and air pollution from automobile engines 97104181
Darkwa, K. and O’callaghan, P. W. Appl. Therm. Eng., 1997, 17, (7), 603614. The authors carried out analytical evaluation of a thermochemical store using inorganic oxides as the storage materials. Such a device is capable of minimizing energy consumption and pollutants simultaneously during cold starting of automobile engines. Sources of heat from the exhaust and the cooling circuit are identified as potential energy input for regenerating the store. The device still requires experimental validation, with regard to issues such as the life cycle of the storage material and the bed configuration of the store, on which its viability depends. 97104182
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Mexican energy
sector Munoz L. R. Rev. Fat. fag., Univ. Cent. Venez., 1995, 10, (l-2), 72-106. (In English/Spanish) A National Inventory Project is being carried out in Mexico for the National Ecological Institute, with the support of ICF-EPA and UNEP. As part of the project, this paper aims to identify the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) produced by the energy sector in Mexico in 1990. The main GHGs and their sources are: 313.87 Tg of CO2 in the combustion of all fuels, 12.59 Tg of CO, 0.002 Tg of NZO, 0.92 Tg of NO,, 0.25 Tg of CH4 and 1.05 Tg of NMVOCs from combustion in fixed and mobile sources. Higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions are produced from crude oil, natural gas, and solid biomass, due to their size and efficiency. Any effort to reduce these emissions would be very significant if it has an impact on these fuels. 97fO4183
1-Hydroxypyrene levels in coal-handling workers at
a coke oven
Malkin, R. et al. J. &cup. Environ. Med., 1996, 38, (ll), 1141-I 144. At the coal-handling area of a coke oven, where workers came into contact with coal-tar sludge, an environmental and medical survey was conducted. The purpose of the study was to determine if skin contact with coal-tar sludge was an important in pyreoe exposure, because workers were observed to have substantial contact with the sludge. Environmental monitoring revealed minimal airborne exposure to pyrene, a by-product of the coke distillation process. Only one personal breathing zone sample detected pyrene, and at a level of 0.001 mg/m’. However, the mean pre-shift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration and the mean post-shift level indicate absorption as a result of skin exposure.
Identification of mutagens in the acidic fraction of 97104184 the tar extracted from diesel exhaust particulate matter Saito, I. et al. Tokyo-lorim Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nenpo, 1996, 47, 239243. (In Japanese) The Diesel particulate matter from the deposit in the dilution tunnel conducted to exposure chambers was collected. The acidic benzene-EtOH extract was subdivided by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and subfractions were tested for mutagenicity in bacterial reversion assays. The existence of polycyclic aromatic compounds containing oxygen in the molecule such as carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, phenols and ketones, were confirmed by surveying mass spectrum libraries.
97104185
Immobilization of heavy metals in ashes
Kurita Water Industries, Ltd. Japan Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,174,017 [97,174,017] (Cl. B09B3100). 8 Jul 1997, Appl. 95/340,773, 27 Dee 1995; 5 pp. (In Japanese) Heavy metal-containing ashes are kneaded with water and activated carbon, and, optionally, H3P04 or phosphate salts. The simple and efficient process completely prevents the solubilization of heavy metals from incineration ashes or fly ashes.
Impact assessment of emissions from a municipal waste incinerator
97104188
Koblantz, S. M. et al. Environ. Monit. Assess., 1997, 45, (l), 21-42. During and after operation of a refuse-derived fuel steam generating plant in downtown Albany, NY, its emissions have been a subject of public concern. Routine collections of aerosol samples at 6-day intervals at four air quality monitoring sites near the plant were analysed for 14 trace metals and three combustion-related inorganic anions. This was undertaken in an attempt to detect contributions of the incinerator to the ambient burden in Albany. Statistical and correlative comparisons of the analyte concentra-
352
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
tions were made using direct comparison of monthly, quarterly and annual arithmetic and geometric means, enrichment-factor analysis, factor analysis and correlation with wind direction, precipitation and tonnage of refuse burned. These revealed extremely low trace-metal and anion concentrations in the fallout of emissions from the plant and are indistinguishable from the corresponding ambient concentrations at Albany. Factor analyses and winddirection correlations indicate that contaminants at Albany were components of mixed air masses with contributions from a variety of regionally distributed sources.
97104187 Impact from waste created by the combustion of heavy metal laden coal on surface and groundwater in the Vistula River system Kulik-Kuziemska, I. River Quai., [Proc. Int. River Qual Symp.], 1994 (Pub. 1997), 325-330. Edited by Laenen, A. and Dunnette, D. A., Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. During the process of vertical water filtration through the layer of deposited wastes, the leaching level of soluble ash components is studied and the results are discussed. 97104188 In-situ immobilization of lead species in combustion environments by injection of gas phase silica sorbent precursors Biswas, P. and Zachariah, M. R. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1997, 31. (9). 2455-2463. of a The paper describes a mechanistic study of the in situ immobilization toxic metal species in a high-temperature environment using gas-phase sorbent precursors. Planar laser-based imaging measurements of fluorescence and particle scattering have been obtained to study the interaction of lead with silicon species in high-temperature oxidizing environments. The application of laser-induced fluorescence, the spectroscopy of PbO(g), and the techniques of measurement of gas-phase precursors to particle formation are also discussed. The silicon precursor is oxidized to form silica particles in the high temperature, followed by a reactive scavenging of PbO(g). The result is that the lead oxide gas-phase concentration is reduced, and homogeneous nucleation of lead species is suppressed. The resultant particles are not only larger than a lead only case but also have morphologies in which lead is effectively immobilized and vitrified within a silica matrix. Trace quantities of silicon species have been shown to be effective in conversion of lead oxide to lead silicate. The measured conversion efficiencies of lead oxide to lead silicate agree well with equilibrium calculations. No limitations on the rate were witnessed.
97104189 Increased CYPIAI and ribosomal protein L5 gene expression in a teleost: the response of juvenile chinook salmon to coal dust exposure
Campbell, P. M. and Devlin, R. H. Aquat. Toxicol., 1997, 38, (l-3), I-15. The sub-lethal physiological effects of coal dust exposure in vertebrates have not been extensively studied. Coal dust contamination of the marine environment occurs, for example, around coal loading and storage terminals. To determine the potential impact of coal dust exposure on juvenile Chinook salmon, fish were exposed for an &day period to 60 mg I-‘, 200 mg I-‘, or 500 mg I-’ of coal dust in sea water. The levels of CYPIAI mRNA quantified using RT-PCR. One negative control group was maintained in sea water only, while the second positive control group was i.p. injected with a-naphthoflavone (BNF: 50 mg kg-‘). There was a significant increase in CYPIAI expression in fish exposed to coal dust (ANOVA; P < O.OOl), and in fish injected with BNF (t-test: P < O.OOl), relative to controls. In addition, RT-PCR analysis indicated increased expression of a second gene in the fish exposed to coal dust. Sequence analysis identified the second coal dust-inducible gene as ribosomal protein L5. Both of these genes encode proteins vital in the cellular metabolism. The enzyme encoded by CYPIAI plays an important role in the metabolic activation of PAHs to carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolites. L5 plays a crucial role in ribosome bio-genesis. At present, the significance of the increased hepatic expression of L5 in coal dust-exposed fish is unclear and warrants further investigation.
97104190 Inflammation, chemokine expression, and death in monocrotaline-treated rats following fuel oil fly ash inhalation Killingsworth, C. R. Inhalation Toxicol., 1997, 9, (6). 541-565. In order to explore potential mechanisms responsible for fine particle air pollution-induced mortality in people, monocrotaline-induced lung disease was used as an animal model of cardiorespiratory disease. Saline- or monocrotaline-rated rats were exposed by inhalation to fuel oil ash or filtered indoor air for 6 h on days 11-13. All animals were killed on day 14. The data suggest that monocrotaline treatment and fly ash exposure result in significant inflammation in the lung with evidence of pro-inflammatory signals in the heart. Death occurred following fly ash exposure only in rats with monocrotaline-induced pre-existing inflammation.
97104191 The influence of radionuclldes released by Sllesian coal mine activity on the natural environment in the Upper Vistula basin (Poland) Pociask-Karteczka, J. et al. IAHS Pub!., 1997, 243, (Freshwater Contamination), 103-108. In the Silesia region of Poland there is growing concern over increasing human radiation exposure from hard coal mining activity. The high radioactivity of coal, and waters circulating in the geological strata and
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
were main sources of airborne fluorine. In this district fluorosis, no relations were observed between atmospheric and fluorosis prevalence.
of the epidemic fluorine. content
Gas suspension absorption (GSA) a new approach 97104180 in FGD systems
Hedenhag, J. G. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Zhil. Fuel Sysr. 1996, 21, 1-13. The paper discusses a process to control acid gas emissions from boilers and incinerators, the gas suspension absorber (GSA). This system demonstrated high removal efficiencies for particulates, acid gases, and heavy metals, all with low lime consumption. Topics discussed include: the GSA system, GSA system efficiencies and operating experience.
Green transport technology (GlT): analytical studies of a thermochemical store for minimizing energy consumption and air pollution from automobile engines 97104181
Darkwa, K. and O’callaghan, P. W. Appl. Therm. Eng., 1997, 17, (7), 603614. The authors carried out analytical evaluation of a thermochemical store using inorganic oxides as the storage materials. Such a device is capable of minimizing energy consumption and pollutants simultaneously during cold starting of automobile engines. Sources of heat from the exhaust and the cooling circuit are identified as potential energy input for regenerating the store. The device still requires experimental validation, with regard to issues such as the life cycle of the storage material and the bed configuration of the store, on which its viability depends. 97104182
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Mexican energy
sector Munoz L. R. Rev. Fat. fag., Univ. Cent. Venez., 1995, 10, (l-2), 72-106. (In English/Spanish) A National Inventory Project is being carried out in Mexico for the National Ecological Institute, with the support of ICF-EPA and UNEP. As part of the project, this paper aims to identify the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) produced by the energy sector in Mexico in 1990. The main GHGs and their sources are: 313.87 Tg of CO2 in the combustion of all fuels, 12.59 Tg of CO, 0.002 Tg of NZO, 0.92 Tg of NO,, 0.25 Tg of CH4 and 1.05 Tg of NMVOCs from combustion in fixed and mobile sources. Higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions are produced from crude oil, natural gas, and solid biomass, due to their size and efficiency. Any effort to reduce these emissions would be very significant if it has an impact on these fuels. 97fO4183
1-Hydroxypyrene levels in coal-handling workers at
a coke oven
Malkin, R. et al. J. &cup. Environ. Med., 1996, 38, (ll), 1141-I 144. At the coal-handling area of a coke oven, where workers came into contact with coal-tar sludge, an environmental and medical survey was conducted. The purpose of the study was to determine if skin contact with coal-tar sludge was an important in pyreoe exposure, because workers were observed to have substantial contact with the sludge. Environmental monitoring revealed minimal airborne exposure to pyrene, a by-product of the coke distillation process. Only one personal breathing zone sample detected pyrene, and at a level of 0.001 mg/m’. However, the mean pre-shift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentration and the mean post-shift level indicate absorption as a result of skin exposure.
Identification of mutagens in the acidic fraction of 97104184 the tar extracted from diesel exhaust particulate matter Saito, I. et al. Tokyo-lorim Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nenpo, 1996, 47, 239243. (In Japanese) The Diesel particulate matter from the deposit in the dilution tunnel conducted to exposure chambers was collected. The acidic benzene-EtOH extract was subdivided by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and subfractions were tested for mutagenicity in bacterial reversion assays. The existence of polycyclic aromatic compounds containing oxygen in the molecule such as carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, phenols and ketones, were confirmed by surveying mass spectrum libraries.
97104185
Immobilization of heavy metals in ashes
Kurita Water Industries, Ltd. Japan Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,174,017 [97,174,017] (Cl. B09B3100). 8 Jul 1997, Appl. 95/340,773, 27 Dee 1995; 5 pp. (In Japanese) Heavy metal-containing ashes are kneaded with water and activated carbon, and, optionally, H3P04 or phosphate salts. The simple and efficient process completely prevents the solubilization of heavy metals from incineration ashes or fly ashes.
Impact assessment of emissions from a municipal waste incinerator
97104188
Koblantz, S. M. et al. Environ. Monit. Assess., 1997, 45, (l), 21-42. During and after operation of a refuse-derived fuel steam generating plant in downtown Albany, NY, its emissions have been a subject of public concern. Routine collections of aerosol samples at 6-day intervals at four air quality monitoring sites near the plant were analysed for 14 trace metals and three combustion-related inorganic anions. This was undertaken in an attempt to detect contributions of the incinerator to the ambient burden in Albany. Statistical and correlative comparisons of the analyte concentra-
352
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 1997
tions were made using direct comparison of monthly, quarterly and annual arithmetic and geometric means, enrichment-factor analysis, factor analysis and correlation with wind direction, precipitation and tonnage of refuse burned. These revealed extremely low trace-metal and anion concentrations in the fallout of emissions from the plant and are indistinguishable from the corresponding ambient concentrations at Albany. Factor analyses and winddirection correlations indicate that contaminants at Albany were components of mixed air masses with contributions from a variety of regionally distributed sources.
97104187 Impact from waste created by the combustion of heavy metal laden coal on surface and groundwater in the Vistula River system Kulik-Kuziemska, I. River Quai., [Proc. Int. River Qual Symp.], 1994 (Pub. 1997), 325-330. Edited by Laenen, A. and Dunnette, D. A., Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. During the process of vertical water filtration through the layer of deposited wastes, the leaching level of soluble ash components is studied and the results are discussed. 97104188 In-situ immobilization of lead species in combustion environments by injection of gas phase silica sorbent precursors Biswas, P. and Zachariah, M. R. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1997, 31. (9). 2455-2463. of a The paper describes a mechanistic study of the in situ immobilization toxic metal species in a high-temperature environment using gas-phase sorbent precursors. Planar laser-based imaging measurements of fluorescence and particle scattering have been obtained to study the interaction of lead with silicon species in high-temperature oxidizing environments. The application of laser-induced fluorescence, the spectroscopy of PbO(g), and the techniques of measurement of gas-phase precursors to particle formation are also discussed. The silicon precursor is oxidized to form silica particles in the high temperature, followed by a reactive scavenging of PbO(g). The result is that the lead oxide gas-phase concentration is reduced, and homogeneous nucleation of lead species is suppressed. The resultant particles are not only larger than a lead only case but also have morphologies in which lead is effectively immobilized and vitrified within a silica matrix. Trace quantities of silicon species have been shown to be effective in conversion of lead oxide to lead silicate. The measured conversion efficiencies of lead oxide to lead silicate agree well with equilibrium calculations. No limitations on the rate were witnessed.
97104189 Increased CYPIAI and ribosomal protein L5 gene expression in a teleost: the response of juvenile chinook salmon to coal dust exposure
Campbell, P. M. and Devlin, R. H. Aquat. Toxicol., 1997, 38, (l-3), I-15. The sub-lethal physiological effects of coal dust exposure in vertebrates have not been extensively studied. Coal dust contamination of the marine environment occurs, for example, around coal loading and storage terminals. To determine the potential impact of coal dust exposure on juvenile Chinook salmon, fish were exposed for an &day period to 60 mg I-‘, 200 mg I-‘, or 500 mg I-’ of coal dust in sea water. The levels of CYPIAI mRNA quantified using RT-PCR. One negative control group was maintained in sea water only, while the second positive control group was i.p. injected with a-naphthoflavone (BNF: 50 mg kg-‘). There was a significant increase in CYPIAI expression in fish exposed to coal dust (ANOVA; P < O.OOl), and in fish injected with BNF (t-test: P < O.OOl), relative to controls. In addition, RT-PCR analysis indicated increased expression of a second gene in the fish exposed to coal dust. Sequence analysis identified the second coal dust-inducible gene as ribosomal protein L5. Both of these genes encode proteins vital in the cellular metabolism. The enzyme encoded by CYPIAI plays an important role in the metabolic activation of PAHs to carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolites. L5 plays a crucial role in ribosome bio-genesis. At present, the significance of the increased hepatic expression of L5 in coal dust-exposed fish is unclear and warrants further investigation.
97104190 Inflammation, chemokine expression, and death in monocrotaline-treated rats following fuel oil fly ash inhalation Killingsworth, C. R. Inhalation Toxicol., 1997, 9, (6). 541-565. In order to explore potential mechanisms responsible for fine particle air pollution-induced mortality in people, monocrotaline-induced lung disease was used as an animal model of cardiorespiratory disease. Saline- or monocrotaline-rated rats were exposed by inhalation to fuel oil ash or filtered indoor air for 6 h on days 11-13. All animals were killed on day 14. The data suggest that monocrotaline treatment and fly ash exposure result in significant inflammation in the lung with evidence of pro-inflammatory signals in the heart. Death occurred following fly ash exposure only in rats with monocrotaline-induced pre-existing inflammation.
97104191 The influence of radionuclldes released by Sllesian coal mine activity on the natural environment in the Upper Vistula basin (Poland) Pociask-Karteczka, J. et al. IAHS Pub!., 1997, 243, (Freshwater Contamination), 103-108. In the Silesia region of Poland there is growing concern over increasing human radiation exposure from hard coal mining activity. The high radioactivity of coal, and waters circulating in the geological strata and