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01243 Treatment of fly ashes containing harmful heavy metals
05
Nuclear fuels (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
99lOl240 chemically
Structural, thermal modified fly ash
and
adsorption
properties
of
Sarbak. Z. Hung. J. Ind. Chem., 1998, 26, (2), 101-104. Modification of fly ash from the Poznan-Garhary power plant took place with NaOH. NH4HC03/NaOH, EDTA and HCI solutions. On the basis of X-ray diffraction, JR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. it was found that chemically modified fly ashes showed crystalline structures similar to that of zeolites. The samples were examined in adsorptive removal of n-butylamine as a model air odourizing compound.
Studies on stabilization 99lO1241 steam treatment
of the solidified
methods
for determining
car-
Paya. J. et al. Cem. Concr. Rex., 1998, 28, (5) 675-686. Using thermogravimetry. unburnt carbon content in fly ashes were determined. After being heated in inert atmosphere, carbon reacts towards iron oxide components in fly ash and after it is heated in an oxidizing environment, carbon oxidation process overlaps carbonate decomposition. A thermogravimetric method combining inert and oxidizing atmospheres was designed, in such a way that hydrated lime, calcium carbonate and unburnt carbon contents for several fly ashes were determined. Also determined was carbon content in fly ash-sized fractions, with highest carbon content found in the coarsest fractions.
99101243 metals
Treatment
of fly ashes
containing
harmful
heavy
Gonbei. H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JIP IO 118,612 [98 118,612] (Cl. B09B3/00), 12 May 1998, Appl. 96/295,801, 17 Ott 1996,4 pp. (lo Japanese) The incinerator fly ashes are treated by dosing with a chelating agent containing dithiocarbamic acid salt aqueous solution at a controlled pH of ~12. extruding the mixture to form pellets and then drying the pellets to prevent heavy metal leachates in landfill.
99101244 tion
Treatment
of wastewater
from flue gas desuifuriza-
Fujita, H. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP IO 137,542 [9X 137.5421 (Cl. BOID53/50), 26 May 1998, Appl. 96/322.197. 18 Nov 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) Used membranes are washed with oxalic acid-containing solutions in oxidation, coagulation and membrane separation of wastewater from flue gas desulfurization. For the treatment of wastewater from desuifurization of coal power plant flue gases, this process is useful.
99mt 245 fly ash
Typical
case study on comprehensive
utilization
of
Yang, Y. and Wang, J. Huanung Raohu, 1997, (11). 23-24. (In Chinese) Describes the raw material, formula, process flow and equipment of Portland cement production by using fly ash from power plant.
Utilization of sulfur bearing fly ash from a dry and a 99101246 dry-wet flue gas desuifurizatlon process Nabozny. M. et al. Metall. Foundry Eng., 1997. 23, (4). 475-482. Fly ash is pelletized together with special additives to form granulate and treatment at high temperature, producing a lightweight aggregate with good strength properties by a sintering process in a shaft furnace. Applications for the aggregate include use as a component in construction concretes. building elements, bridges and road construction. 99101247 Wastewater sludge conditioning by fly ash Wang, S. and Viraraghavan, T. Wasre Manage., 1997 (Pub. 1998). 17, (7) 443450. A study on the conditioning of wastewater sludge from the City of Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant by fly ash from Boundary Dam Power Station, Saskatchewan, Canada. The leachability of heavy metals was tested using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), equilibrium leach test (ELT) and long-term leaching test (LTLT) methods. On the basis of concentrations of microorganisms and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc), the results from these leaching tests indicated that, the sludge produced at the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant conditioned by the locally available fly ash can be disposed of in landfills and used as a soil conditioner for land application. The three important mechanisms in fixation of heavy metals are considered to be silicate and hydroxide precipitations and sorption. High pH conditions were considered to be the predominant mechanism in killing microorganisms.
126
Fuel and Energy Abstfacts
March 1999
Wisconsin program
Electric’s
coal
combustion
products
Ramme, B. W. and Kohl. T. A. I’roc. Am. Poccserc‘o,r/.. 19% 60. (2). Xx7894. Wisconsin Electric’s efforts since the 1980s to find uses for coal combustion fly ash and bottom ash are reviewed. Included within the discussion are the properties of coal combustion products, use of ASTM C6lX class C fly ash. use of ASTM C618 class F fly ash and hottom ash.
coal ash by
Shibata. Y. er al. Haikibursu Gakkoi Ronbunshi, 1998, 9, (4). 157-163. The lime-pozzolan reaction was used to decrease leaching of toxic metals from coal ash-based cement materials. Once kneaded with water, the mixture was processed under steam atmosphere at about 60°C. eventually turning into a solid, which was subsequently crushed and adjusted to 540 mm. The amount of metal leaching met the standard requirements and the strength of the granular solid improved in long-term testing under road base environmental conditions. Actual long term road tests also confirmed that the granular solid exceeded the quality of crushed stone as a road base material.
Therm0 ravimetric 99101242 bon content in fly asR es
99101246 utilization
05
NUCLEAR Scientific,
FUELS
Technical
Drying of mock spent nuclear fuel elements
99lt.M 249
Crepeau, J. C. er al. Drying Technology, 1998, 16, (3-5). 545-560. Until spent nuclear fuel elements can be safely handled and prepared for interim dry storage, they are stored in underwater cooling pools. The fuel was intended for short-term storage in water before it was to be reprocessed. However, the fuel will no longer be reprocessed and extended storage in water has caused many of the aluminum-clad elements to degrade, exposing the uranium fuel. In addition. sludge, comprised of corroded aiuminium and sediment, has accumulated in and around the fuel plates. The water in the sludge must be removed before the spent fuel elements can be placed in dry storage. Experiments have been performed on mock spent fuel elements with simulated corrosion product applied between the plates. To dry the elements. a series of vacuum and heating cycles were used and a mixture of clay and aluminum oxide was used to simulate corrosion products on the elements. The procedures used in the experiments were determined to be adequate to dry the mock spent fuel elements and the temperature behaviour of the simulated corrosion product within the fuel elements could be used to determine when the element was dry. On plates where areas of wet simulant were found, a sharp drying front was observed that separated the wet and dry parts of the simulated corrosion product. Over time, the drying front propagated inward towards the centre of the mock fuel elements.
99l01250 a simulated backfill
An ex erimentai and theoretical thermal anal sis of CAN E U 37-eiement spent fuel bundle w rth air
Chun, M.-H. and Ryu, Y.-H. Ann. Nucl. Energy, lY98,25. (IS), 1253-1262. A series of experiments were performed to obtain the maximum fuel rod temperature along with the radial and axial temperature distributions within a simulated CANDU 37-element spent fuel bundle within a fuel basket using a thermal mock-up. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the data with the predictions made by the MAXROT code developed earlier. Comparisons between the measured and predicted maximum fuel rod temperatures of the simulated CANDU 37-element spent fuel bundle for the 48 runs made show that the MAXROT code slightly over-predicts. The agreement is within 2.8% and mean deviation is 3.2”C. From this result, it was concluded that the MAXROT code can be used to obtain the maximum fuel rod temperature of the CANDU 37element spent fuel bundle within a fuel basket in a given spent fuel dry storage canister with an uncertainty of ahout 2.8%.
99101251 system
The
non-equilibrium
entropy
in nuclear
reaction
Shunguang, W. er al. Commun. Theor. Phys., 1997, 28, (4), 441-448. In this paper the non-equilibrium entropies for both close and open systems are studied based on the non-linear occupation number equation. The relations between transport coefficients and nuclear temperature parameter were obtained by analysis. The single-particle occupation numhcr equation for the open system was established and its numerical solutions given. The entropies and occupation numbers with different emission rates were also calculated and compared with each other.
Economics,
99101252
Climate
Policy, Supplies,
Forecasts
change. Time to re-assess
nuclear
power
Guinness, J. Nucl. Eur. Worldscan, 1998. 18, (5/6), 58-59. The advantages of nuclear energy in comparison to fossil energy are discussed on the background of increasing population, growing economies, increasing energy demand and global warming.
Nuclear fuels (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
99lOl240 chemically
Structural, thermal modified fly ash
and
adsorption
properties
of
Sarbak. Z. Hung. J. Ind. Chem., 1998, 26, (2), 101-104. Modification of fly ash from the Poznan-Garhary power plant took place with NaOH. NH4HC03/NaOH, EDTA and HCI solutions. On the basis of X-ray diffraction, JR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. it was found that chemically modified fly ashes showed crystalline structures similar to that of zeolites. The samples were examined in adsorptive removal of n-butylamine as a model air odourizing compound.
Studies on stabilization 99lO1241 steam treatment
of the solidified
methods
for determining
car-
Paya. J. et al. Cem. Concr. Rex., 1998, 28, (5) 675-686. Using thermogravimetry. unburnt carbon content in fly ashes were determined. After being heated in inert atmosphere, carbon reacts towards iron oxide components in fly ash and after it is heated in an oxidizing environment, carbon oxidation process overlaps carbonate decomposition. A thermogravimetric method combining inert and oxidizing atmospheres was designed, in such a way that hydrated lime, calcium carbonate and unburnt carbon contents for several fly ashes were determined. Also determined was carbon content in fly ash-sized fractions, with highest carbon content found in the coarsest fractions.
99101243 metals
Treatment
of fly ashes
containing
harmful
heavy
Gonbei. H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JIP IO 118,612 [98 118,612] (Cl. B09B3/00), 12 May 1998, Appl. 96/295,801, 17 Ott 1996,4 pp. (lo Japanese) The incinerator fly ashes are treated by dosing with a chelating agent containing dithiocarbamic acid salt aqueous solution at a controlled pH of ~12. extruding the mixture to form pellets and then drying the pellets to prevent heavy metal leachates in landfill.
99101244 tion
Treatment
of wastewater
from flue gas desuifuriza-
Fujita, H. er al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP IO 137,542 [9X 137.5421 (Cl. BOID53/50), 26 May 1998, Appl. 96/322.197. 18 Nov 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) Used membranes are washed with oxalic acid-containing solutions in oxidation, coagulation and membrane separation of wastewater from flue gas desulfurization. For the treatment of wastewater from desuifurization of coal power plant flue gases, this process is useful.
99mt 245 fly ash
Typical
case study on comprehensive
utilization
of
Yang, Y. and Wang, J. Huanung Raohu, 1997, (11). 23-24. (In Chinese) Describes the raw material, formula, process flow and equipment of Portland cement production by using fly ash from power plant.
Utilization of sulfur bearing fly ash from a dry and a 99101246 dry-wet flue gas desuifurizatlon process Nabozny. M. et al. Metall. Foundry Eng., 1997. 23, (4). 475-482. Fly ash is pelletized together with special additives to form granulate and treatment at high temperature, producing a lightweight aggregate with good strength properties by a sintering process in a shaft furnace. Applications for the aggregate include use as a component in construction concretes. building elements, bridges and road construction. 99101247 Wastewater sludge conditioning by fly ash Wang, S. and Viraraghavan, T. Wasre Manage., 1997 (Pub. 1998). 17, (7) 443450. A study on the conditioning of wastewater sludge from the City of Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant by fly ash from Boundary Dam Power Station, Saskatchewan, Canada. The leachability of heavy metals was tested using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), equilibrium leach test (ELT) and long-term leaching test (LTLT) methods. On the basis of concentrations of microorganisms and heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc), the results from these leaching tests indicated that, the sludge produced at the Regina Wastewater Treatment Plant conditioned by the locally available fly ash can be disposed of in landfills and used as a soil conditioner for land application. The three important mechanisms in fixation of heavy metals are considered to be silicate and hydroxide precipitations and sorption. High pH conditions were considered to be the predominant mechanism in killing microorganisms.
126
Fuel and Energy Abstfacts
March 1999
Wisconsin program
Electric’s
coal
combustion
products
Ramme, B. W. and Kohl. T. A. I’roc. Am. Poccserc‘o,r/.. 19% 60. (2). Xx7894. Wisconsin Electric’s efforts since the 1980s to find uses for coal combustion fly ash and bottom ash are reviewed. Included within the discussion are the properties of coal combustion products, use of ASTM C6lX class C fly ash. use of ASTM C618 class F fly ash and hottom ash.
coal ash by
Shibata. Y. er al. Haikibursu Gakkoi Ronbunshi, 1998, 9, (4). 157-163. The lime-pozzolan reaction was used to decrease leaching of toxic metals from coal ash-based cement materials. Once kneaded with water, the mixture was processed under steam atmosphere at about 60°C. eventually turning into a solid, which was subsequently crushed and adjusted to 540 mm. The amount of metal leaching met the standard requirements and the strength of the granular solid improved in long-term testing under road base environmental conditions. Actual long term road tests also confirmed that the granular solid exceeded the quality of crushed stone as a road base material.
Therm0 ravimetric 99101242 bon content in fly asR es
99101246 utilization
05
NUCLEAR Scientific,
FUELS
Technical
Drying of mock spent nuclear fuel elements
99lt.M 249
Crepeau, J. C. er al. Drying Technology, 1998, 16, (3-5). 545-560. Until spent nuclear fuel elements can be safely handled and prepared for interim dry storage, they are stored in underwater cooling pools. The fuel was intended for short-term storage in water before it was to be reprocessed. However, the fuel will no longer be reprocessed and extended storage in water has caused many of the aluminum-clad elements to degrade, exposing the uranium fuel. In addition. sludge, comprised of corroded aiuminium and sediment, has accumulated in and around the fuel plates. The water in the sludge must be removed before the spent fuel elements can be placed in dry storage. Experiments have been performed on mock spent fuel elements with simulated corrosion product applied between the plates. To dry the elements. a series of vacuum and heating cycles were used and a mixture of clay and aluminum oxide was used to simulate corrosion products on the elements. The procedures used in the experiments were determined to be adequate to dry the mock spent fuel elements and the temperature behaviour of the simulated corrosion product within the fuel elements could be used to determine when the element was dry. On plates where areas of wet simulant were found, a sharp drying front was observed that separated the wet and dry parts of the simulated corrosion product. Over time, the drying front propagated inward towards the centre of the mock fuel elements.
99l01250 a simulated backfill
An ex erimentai and theoretical thermal anal sis of CAN E U 37-eiement spent fuel bundle w rth air
Chun, M.-H. and Ryu, Y.-H. Ann. Nucl. Energy, lY98,25. (IS), 1253-1262. A series of experiments were performed to obtain the maximum fuel rod temperature along with the radial and axial temperature distributions within a simulated CANDU 37-element spent fuel bundle within a fuel basket using a thermal mock-up. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the data with the predictions made by the MAXROT code developed earlier. Comparisons between the measured and predicted maximum fuel rod temperatures of the simulated CANDU 37-element spent fuel bundle for the 48 runs made show that the MAXROT code slightly over-predicts. The agreement is within 2.8% and mean deviation is 3.2”C. From this result, it was concluded that the MAXROT code can be used to obtain the maximum fuel rod temperature of the CANDU 37element spent fuel bundle within a fuel basket in a given spent fuel dry storage canister with an uncertainty of ahout 2.8%.
99101251 system
The
non-equilibrium
entropy
in nuclear
reaction
Shunguang, W. er al. Commun. Theor. Phys., 1997, 28, (4), 441-448. In this paper the non-equilibrium entropies for both close and open systems are studied based on the non-linear occupation number equation. The relations between transport coefficients and nuclear temperature parameter were obtained by analysis. The single-particle occupation numhcr equation for the open system was established and its numerical solutions given. The entropies and occupation numbers with different emission rates were also calculated and compared with each other.
Economics,
99101252
Climate
Policy, Supplies,
Forecasts
change. Time to re-assess
nuclear
power
Guinness, J. Nucl. Eur. Worldscan, 1998. 18, (5/6), 58-59. The advantages of nuclear energy in comparison to fossil energy are discussed on the background of increasing population, growing economies, increasing energy demand and global warming.