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04207 PAH atmospheric contamination from coal combustion
15
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
97lO4203 A new flue gas treatment system based on electron beam process Huovilainen, R. T. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 157-168. The process for NO, and SO, removal from flue gases comprises ammonia injection, treatment in a Venturi scrubber, processing with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solution from the scrubber in a spray dryer, and treatment of the dedusted flue gas in an electron beam apparatus. Online measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydro97lO4204 carbons by fast GCIMS Munchmeyer, W. et al. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (l-4), 299306. Based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry, a novel system has been developed for the on-line assessment of PAHs in combustion processes. The analysis results are obtained on site after minutes. Because of their wide range of volatility, PAHs always occur in a gaseous fraction and a particle adsorbed fraction. A sampling technique for the particulate fraction, based on the dilution method and filter tape sampling, has been constructed. Quick GC runs are possible because of the light-weight construction of the chromatography system. This analysis system was tested on-site at several emission sources. The advantages of this concept are demonstrated by analysis results, which are compared with results from other methods. 97lO4205 Operational experiences and results with the Omega process for primary DENOX application at Volklingen heat-power station, Germany Tigges, K. D. et al. VGB Kraftwerkstech., 1997, 77, (5), 401-406. (In German) With the newly developed Omega procedure for coal dust firing, the fuel distribution for the primary flame is adjusted in such manner that the oxygen content near the burner takes on the lowest possible value. In this way, the formation of NO, is partially suppressed by 45-63%. 97lO4206 Optimal reductions in COz emissions Schultz, P. A. and Kasting, J. F. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (5), 491-500. CO* uptake functions currently used in optimizing climate-economy models, often greatly underestimate both peak atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the time horizon of elevated CO2. As a result, potential global warming damages are also underestimated. Here, a more realistic, but practical, carbon cycle parameterization is developed that can be incorporated within an optimizing climate-economy model framework. This method is utilized in conjunction with the DICE model (Nordlians, 1994) to estimate optimal reductions in CO* emissions. The results are shown to be extremely sensitive to the pure rate of time preference, p. For p = 3%, the model predicts an optimal CO2 emission reduction of 13% by the year 2045, as compared to 11% in the original DICE model. But, for p = O%, the optimal emissions reduction rises to 79% in the year 2045 and to 97% by the year 2200. An argument is presented that energy policy should be guided by the p = 0% results for both economic and ethical reasons. A steady-state analysis performed using the DlCE model supports the argument that large fractional reductions in CO2 emissions should be undertaken. PAH atmospheric contamination from coal 97/04207 combustion Mastral, A. M. et al. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (l-4), 37-44. Analysis was completed on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution between those supported on the particulate matter and those on the gas phase in the emissions from coal combustion. The combustion of a low rank coal was carried out in a fluidized bed combustor at temperature ranging from 700 to 900°C with 20% excess of air and in the presence of sand. The five samples of PAH were successively taken for each temperature from the two cyclones (solid-phase) and from the sampling system (gas-phase) composed of a nylon filter (20 /lm), a teflon filter (0.5 IAm) and an XAD2 resin placed at the exit of the fluidized bed combustor (FBC). DMF was the solvent used for PAH extraction. The PAH analyses were performed by fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) in the synchronous mode. The results indicated that at the exit of the flow stream from the fluidized bed combustor some inter-radical associations or interconversions among PAHs could occur, making variable amounts of individual PAHs trapped in each trap, but with the total of the studied PAH emission being a function of the combustion temperature. Particulate and lead air pollution control in Cairo: 97104208 benefits valuation and cost-effective control strategies Raufer, R. K. Natural Resources Forum, 1997, 21, (3), 209-219. Damaging health effects from air pollution-most notably from inhalation of particulate matter and lead-is a serious problem in many cities in developing countries. A comparative risk assessment conducted in Cairo in 1994 found these two pollutants to be of particular concern, and an analysis of the potential economic benefits associated with controlling these pollutants suggests significant economic damage. Control strategies to reduce ambient pollutant levels are being developed with point source controls on major industrial facilities especially in the secondary lead smelting industry.
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97lO4209 Phase II: the age of high velocity scrubbing Lani, B. W. and Babu, M. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 145-155. Coal-fired generating facilities are compelled to effect substantial reduction of SO2 emissions under the Clean Air Act Amendments. This offers incentives to exceed targets by accumulation of excess emission allowances. Although considered costly, wet scrubbing was the leading post-combustion technology to achieve these reductions in Phase I. However, the emergence of other SOZ control methods including the broad acceptance of low sulfur coal has prompted investigations into reducing the capital and operating costs of scrubbing for those facilities evaluating this option for Phase II compliance. One method to reduce the costs associated with scrubbing is to increase the scrubber gas velocity as demonstrated at the Northern Indiana Public Service Company’s Bailly Station or at Ohio Edison Company’s Niles Generation Station. Scrubbers designed for higher velocities will have a smaller cross sectional area and may also permit a reduction in the number of required operating scrubbers. The Dravo Lime Company, in cooperation with the Ohio Coal Development Office and Cinergy Corporation, has conducted evaluations of high gas velocity scrubbing in magnesium-enhanced lime FGD processes in a 4.5 MW pilot plant. These studies have shown a significant decrease in the quantity of liquor required to scrub the same volume of gas as the scrubber velocity increases. This paper will discuss operating conditions for 98% SO2 removal at gas velocities of IO to 25 ft/s in both vertical and horizontal scrubbers, potential cost impact, and comparisons between magnesium-enhanced lime and limestone FGD systems. 97lO4210 Potential options to reduce GHG emissions in Venezuela Pereira, N. et al. Applied Energy, 1997, 56, (314). 265-2X6. Technologies and practices that could contribute to both climate change mitigation and national development efforts in Venezuela are investigated. The mitigation analysis concentrates on options to reduce COz emissions generated from the energy sector and land-use change. From the mitigation options analysed for the energy sector it was determined that the most effective are those in the transportation sector both in terms of contribution to emissions reduction and costs Regarding the options for industry, efficiency improvements of natural gas boilers, which presents close to zero cost, is more effective in reducing emissions than boiler conversion. Increase in hydropower generation is the alternative with the highest total cost but it is very effective in emissions reduction. From the mitigation options analysed for land-use change, the forest sector has a considerable potential for reducing CO? emissions through sustainable forest practices. Maintenance of existing biomass in natural forests should be the first priority of forest measures to reduce the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere. An analysis of the barriers to mitigation options implementation shows that in the energy sector, low energy prices represent the main barrier to any mitigation programme. Another important limitation to mitigation strategies implementation is the lack of institutional capacity and legal instruments for developing the mitigation measures. Land tenure, rural poverty, political interests, and weak implementation of land-use planning instruments and environmental laws are considered to be the key limitations to any effort dealing with forest conservation. 97104211 Procedure and apparatus for dust removal from fuel gas exiting gasification reactor Meurer, F.-J. Ger. Offen DE 19,536,920 (Cl. ClOJ3/84), 10 Apr 1997, Appl. 19,536,920, 4 Ott 1995, 6 pp. (In German) The apparatus comprises a cyclone placed in an intermediate storage tank and surrounded by a solid fuel which is continuously fed into the reactor. The product gas exiting the reactor is passed through the cyclone and through the solid feed in the storage tank. Dust and tar entrained by the fuel gas are separated and deposited on the solid fuel surface. Simultaneously, the solid fuel is dried and preheated and the product gas is cooled prior to passing through a rotary filter. The gas-purification system connected to a gasification reactor is especially suitable for gasification of wood, coffee roasting residues, waste paper, and wastewater treatment sludge. 97104212 Project Tocoen. Fate of selected organic compounds in the environment. Part 27. Main sources, emission factors and input of PAHs in Czech Republic Holoubek, 1. Po[ycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (I-4). 151-157. PAH sources in the Czech Republic and the values of emission factors and annual emissions are the focus of this work. Major sources of PAWS were identified as residential heating and coal fired stations in the Czech Republic. The total annual emission of 16 PAHs suggested by US EPA was assessed at 700 to 735 tons per year. 97104213 Properties and applications of polyaluminum ferric chloride Gao, B. et al. Huanjing Gongcheng, 1995, 13, (6), 12-16. (In Chinese) The paper reports the decolouring results of polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) for treating wastewater containing reactive and dispersed dyes and the purification results of PAFC for field treatment of industrial wastewaters. The treatment of wastewater with PAFC yielded a good decolouring result. PAFC gave good water purification effects for the industrial wastewaters from a petrochemical plant, a steel mill, and a coal mining process. PAFC is a new type of coagulant with high efficiency and stability.
Environment
(pollution, health protection,
safety)
97lO4203 A new flue gas treatment system based on electron beam process Huovilainen, R. T. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 157-168. The process for NO, and SO, removal from flue gases comprises ammonia injection, treatment in a Venturi scrubber, processing with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate solution from the scrubber in a spray dryer, and treatment of the dedusted flue gas in an electron beam apparatus. Online measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydro97lO4204 carbons by fast GCIMS Munchmeyer, W. et al. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (l-4), 299306. Based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry, a novel system has been developed for the on-line assessment of PAHs in combustion processes. The analysis results are obtained on site after minutes. Because of their wide range of volatility, PAHs always occur in a gaseous fraction and a particle adsorbed fraction. A sampling technique for the particulate fraction, based on the dilution method and filter tape sampling, has been constructed. Quick GC runs are possible because of the light-weight construction of the chromatography system. This analysis system was tested on-site at several emission sources. The advantages of this concept are demonstrated by analysis results, which are compared with results from other methods. 97lO4205 Operational experiences and results with the Omega process for primary DENOX application at Volklingen heat-power station, Germany Tigges, K. D. et al. VGB Kraftwerkstech., 1997, 77, (5), 401-406. (In German) With the newly developed Omega procedure for coal dust firing, the fuel distribution for the primary flame is adjusted in such manner that the oxygen content near the burner takes on the lowest possible value. In this way, the formation of NO, is partially suppressed by 45-63%. 97lO4206 Optimal reductions in COz emissions Schultz, P. A. and Kasting, J. F. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (5), 491-500. CO* uptake functions currently used in optimizing climate-economy models, often greatly underestimate both peak atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the time horizon of elevated CO2. As a result, potential global warming damages are also underestimated. Here, a more realistic, but practical, carbon cycle parameterization is developed that can be incorporated within an optimizing climate-economy model framework. This method is utilized in conjunction with the DICE model (Nordlians, 1994) to estimate optimal reductions in CO* emissions. The results are shown to be extremely sensitive to the pure rate of time preference, p. For p = 3%, the model predicts an optimal CO2 emission reduction of 13% by the year 2045, as compared to 11% in the original DICE model. But, for p = O%, the optimal emissions reduction rises to 79% in the year 2045 and to 97% by the year 2200. An argument is presented that energy policy should be guided by the p = 0% results for both economic and ethical reasons. A steady-state analysis performed using the DlCE model supports the argument that large fractional reductions in CO2 emissions should be undertaken. PAH atmospheric contamination from coal 97/04207 combustion Mastral, A. M. et al. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (l-4), 37-44. Analysis was completed on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution between those supported on the particulate matter and those on the gas phase in the emissions from coal combustion. The combustion of a low rank coal was carried out in a fluidized bed combustor at temperature ranging from 700 to 900°C with 20% excess of air and in the presence of sand. The five samples of PAH were successively taken for each temperature from the two cyclones (solid-phase) and from the sampling system (gas-phase) composed of a nylon filter (20 /lm), a teflon filter (0.5 IAm) and an XAD2 resin placed at the exit of the fluidized bed combustor (FBC). DMF was the solvent used for PAH extraction. The PAH analyses were performed by fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) in the synchronous mode. The results indicated that at the exit of the flow stream from the fluidized bed combustor some inter-radical associations or interconversions among PAHs could occur, making variable amounts of individual PAHs trapped in each trap, but with the total of the studied PAH emission being a function of the combustion temperature. Particulate and lead air pollution control in Cairo: 97104208 benefits valuation and cost-effective control strategies Raufer, R. K. Natural Resources Forum, 1997, 21, (3), 209-219. Damaging health effects from air pollution-most notably from inhalation of particulate matter and lead-is a serious problem in many cities in developing countries. A comparative risk assessment conducted in Cairo in 1994 found these two pollutants to be of particular concern, and an analysis of the potential economic benefits associated with controlling these pollutants suggests significant economic damage. Control strategies to reduce ambient pollutant levels are being developed with point source controls on major industrial facilities especially in the secondary lead smelting industry.
354
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
97lO4209 Phase II: the age of high velocity scrubbing Lani, B. W. and Babu, M. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1996, 21, 145-155. Coal-fired generating facilities are compelled to effect substantial reduction of SO2 emissions under the Clean Air Act Amendments. This offers incentives to exceed targets by accumulation of excess emission allowances. Although considered costly, wet scrubbing was the leading post-combustion technology to achieve these reductions in Phase I. However, the emergence of other SOZ control methods including the broad acceptance of low sulfur coal has prompted investigations into reducing the capital and operating costs of scrubbing for those facilities evaluating this option for Phase II compliance. One method to reduce the costs associated with scrubbing is to increase the scrubber gas velocity as demonstrated at the Northern Indiana Public Service Company’s Bailly Station or at Ohio Edison Company’s Niles Generation Station. Scrubbers designed for higher velocities will have a smaller cross sectional area and may also permit a reduction in the number of required operating scrubbers. The Dravo Lime Company, in cooperation with the Ohio Coal Development Office and Cinergy Corporation, has conducted evaluations of high gas velocity scrubbing in magnesium-enhanced lime FGD processes in a 4.5 MW pilot plant. These studies have shown a significant decrease in the quantity of liquor required to scrub the same volume of gas as the scrubber velocity increases. This paper will discuss operating conditions for 98% SO2 removal at gas velocities of IO to 25 ft/s in both vertical and horizontal scrubbers, potential cost impact, and comparisons between magnesium-enhanced lime and limestone FGD systems. 97lO4210 Potential options to reduce GHG emissions in Venezuela Pereira, N. et al. Applied Energy, 1997, 56, (314). 265-2X6. Technologies and practices that could contribute to both climate change mitigation and national development efforts in Venezuela are investigated. The mitigation analysis concentrates on options to reduce COz emissions generated from the energy sector and land-use change. From the mitigation options analysed for the energy sector it was determined that the most effective are those in the transportation sector both in terms of contribution to emissions reduction and costs Regarding the options for industry, efficiency improvements of natural gas boilers, which presents close to zero cost, is more effective in reducing emissions than boiler conversion. Increase in hydropower generation is the alternative with the highest total cost but it is very effective in emissions reduction. From the mitigation options analysed for land-use change, the forest sector has a considerable potential for reducing CO? emissions through sustainable forest practices. Maintenance of existing biomass in natural forests should be the first priority of forest measures to reduce the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere. An analysis of the barriers to mitigation options implementation shows that in the energy sector, low energy prices represent the main barrier to any mitigation programme. Another important limitation to mitigation strategies implementation is the lack of institutional capacity and legal instruments for developing the mitigation measures. Land tenure, rural poverty, political interests, and weak implementation of land-use planning instruments and environmental laws are considered to be the key limitations to any effort dealing with forest conservation. 97104211 Procedure and apparatus for dust removal from fuel gas exiting gasification reactor Meurer, F.-J. Ger. Offen DE 19,536,920 (Cl. ClOJ3/84), 10 Apr 1997, Appl. 19,536,920, 4 Ott 1995, 6 pp. (In German) The apparatus comprises a cyclone placed in an intermediate storage tank and surrounded by a solid fuel which is continuously fed into the reactor. The product gas exiting the reactor is passed through the cyclone and through the solid feed in the storage tank. Dust and tar entrained by the fuel gas are separated and deposited on the solid fuel surface. Simultaneously, the solid fuel is dried and preheated and the product gas is cooled prior to passing through a rotary filter. The gas-purification system connected to a gasification reactor is especially suitable for gasification of wood, coffee roasting residues, waste paper, and wastewater treatment sludge. 97104212 Project Tocoen. Fate of selected organic compounds in the environment. Part 27. Main sources, emission factors and input of PAHs in Czech Republic Holoubek, 1. Po[ycyclic Aromat. Compd., 1996, 9, (I-4). 151-157. PAH sources in the Czech Republic and the values of emission factors and annual emissions are the focus of this work. Major sources of PAWS were identified as residential heating and coal fired stations in the Czech Republic. The total annual emission of 16 PAHs suggested by US EPA was assessed at 700 to 735 tons per year. 97104213 Properties and applications of polyaluminum ferric chloride Gao, B. et al. Huanjing Gongcheng, 1995, 13, (6), 12-16. (In Chinese) The paper reports the decolouring results of polyaluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) for treating wastewater containing reactive and dispersed dyes and the purification results of PAFC for field treatment of industrial wastewaters. The treatment of wastewater with PAFC yielded a good decolouring result. PAFC gave good water purification effects for the industrial wastewaters from a petrochemical plant, a steel mill, and a coal mining process. PAFC is a new type of coagulant with high efficiency and stability.