- Email: [email protected]
04965 Process and tube for injecting grained coal into blast furnaces
11
Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)
Effects of iron and sulfur on the air and CO2 97104954 reactivity of cokes Eidet, T. et al. Ligkf Met., 1997, 51 l-517. The effects of inorganic impurities on the reactivity of cokes used in carbon anodes in the aluminium industry are investigated. It was hoped that it would also he possible to avoid the uncertainties that are introduced by the often complex background impurity content in anode cokes. An aromatic distillate fraction from the production of coal tar pitch was used as coke precursor, and cokes with controlled amounts of impurities were produced in a laboratory coker. Iron was added to the coke precursor as iron(III)acetylacetonate, and sulfur as dibenzothiophene. These organic substances dissolve in the precursor. The effects of iron and sulfur on the reactivities of cokes were measured in air at 500°C and in CO? at 960°C. Surface studies (SEM, EDX) showed the topography of the surface, what iron phases were present and indicated the impact of iron and sulfur on the reaction. Energy studies of different cogeneration systems 97lQ4955 for black liquor gasification Nashiilm, A.-S. and Westetmark, M. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997.38, (1517), 1655-1663. A chemical recovery system with high availability and good reliability is desired for the pulp and paper mill, and it must produce sufficient process heat for the heat-demanding processes. An attractive future alternative or a complement to the conventional Tomlinson recovery boilers in the pulp industry is black liquor gasification, offering several advantages from both a chemical recovery and energy point of view. The gasification process produces a combustible gas which can be used for steam and power generation in many ways. Studies have shown that the power output from a heat and power cycle integrated with black liquor gasification could achieve higher energy efficiency than current heat recovery technology. The aim is to keep the gasification capacity constant during the year, but the fuel consumption for the gas turbine increases at low ambient temperatures. The seasonal variation will cause the gas turbine to operate at partial load and, consequently, there will be a decrease in the gas turbine efficiency. An alternative combined cycle with high power efficiency is given by a hybrid plant in which the gas turbine is fired with natural gas while the fuel gas from the pressurized gasifier is used as a supplementary fuel for the Rankine cycle. A major advantage is the use of a high purity fuel gas in the gas turbine. The system also allows for variations in pulp capacity which is difficult in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). This study compares the effect of using an IGCC system and a hybrid combined plant instead of a conventional recovery system. The results indicate a potential to double the power output if the conventional system is replaced by an IGCC system. 97lO4956 Energy-environment implications of cement manufacturing in India: a scenario analysis Das, A. and Kandpal, T. C. hf. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (4), 299-308. This paper focuses on an attempt made to estimate COz emissions from the Indian cement industry. The impact of variations in product mixes and technology on COz emissions have also been analysed on the basis of four different scenarios, 97104957 Experimental study on optimizing operation of smelting reduction Fang, J. and Chen, M. Gangfie, 1997, 32, (2), 14-18. (In Chinese) Iron ore reduction in fluidized bed and shaft furnaces were simulated to study the effect of reduction conditions on gas utilization ratio and essential gas requirements. The coal quantity required for smelting under different pte-reduction parameters is discussed. Optimum conditions of reduction of smelting with minimum energy consumption are considered. Industrial energy utilisation in Karnataka and 97104958 potential savings Ramachandra, T.?. and Subramanian, D. K. Energy Comers. Mgmf, 1997, 38. (6). ~ “. 563-599. Industttal production is not possible without energy. Due to the abundance of low-cost energy in the past, the rate of social progress among industrial societies has not been limited by energy availability. Energy cost has not been significant when compared with no energy use. However, mechanization of agriculture, increased use of electrical appliances in the domestic sector and rapid industrialization to meet the demand of exponentially growing population have resulted in an energy crisis. The problem has been made worse with raised fossil fuel prices and the environmental factors playing the dominant role in implementation of large scale projects, such as hydro, thermal and nuclear. In this context, an integrated energy plan for a country seems essential for ecologically sound development of a region. 97104959 Mathematical modelling for coke bed preheating of aluminum reduction cell Mohammed, S. A. et al. Lighf Mef., 1997, 457-461. For the determination of optimum design parameters in an existing resistance elements and preheating method, a finite element model was built to simulate the preheating process. The effects of starting current, coke bed thickness, rate of current increase and total preheating time were investigated. Modifications are required to the practical technique if it is to reach satisfactory conditions.
430
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
Method and plant for direct iron ore reduction 97104960 Gauthier, P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 28,284 (Cl. C21B13/00), 7 Aug 1997, FR Appl. 9611,219, 1 Feb 1996, 22 pp. (In French) During >l step of a steelmaking process, O? generated in an air separation unit is consumed. The resulting gas is at least partially decarbonized and used in Fe ore reduction. The partial decarbonation step cyclically includes a CO? sorption step by using a sorption agent and a regeneration step in which the agent is regenerated in a reactor. N2 generated in the air separation unit is fed into the reactor during regeneration of the sorbent. The method is useful in combined coal gasification/direct Fe ore reduction processes. 97104961 Method for manufacture of blow injection raw materials for coke-packed type molten-bath smelting furnace Hasegawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09.194,919 [97.194,919] (Cl. C2lBll/OO), 29 Jul 1997, Appl. 96i7.755, 19 Jan 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) A slurry of Fe series material is mixed with a sludge of carbonaceous material and spray dried. 97104962 Method for melting coal ash in manufacture of molten iron Fukushima, T. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,184,004 [97,184.004] (Cl. C21Bll/OO), 15 Jul 1997, Appl. 951353,647. 28 Dee 1995. 7 pp. (In Japanese) Molten iron and slag is transferred into a converter type furnace, adding iron ore, coal ash, fluxing agent, and carbonaceous material (as fuel) to the furnace. Simultaneously, oxygen is blown into the furnace. smelting and melting the coal ash, and discharging molten iron and slag. The carbon content of the manufactured hot iron is preferably maintained at >2c/r. 97104963 Petroleum pitch, a real alternative to coal tar pitch as binder material for anode production Acuna, C. ef al. Lighf Met. (Warrendale, PA), 1997, 549-554. Commercial scale production of petroleum pitch, developed for aluminium anodes as a real alternative to coal tar pitch is described. Using a highly aromatic refinery stream and well-designed process conditions, it is possihle to produce the right chemical composition needed for a high quality binder material for anodes. Through a Dynamic Process Optimization study. the paste formulation and parameters were adjusted to produce full size anodes with 100% petroleum pitch. The performance of baked anodes were similar to coal tar pitch anodes, but contains a lower content of carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). The paper presents comparative green and baked anode properties, PAH emissions and storage stability test for molten pitch. 97104964 Power system applications of high temperature superconductors Gatlick, W. G. Cryogenics, 1997, 37, (lo), 649-652. Potential applications for high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) in the field of power engineering are reviewed. Over the past decade, material scientists, chemists and physicists have had the freedom to find, explore and characterize the properties of new HTS materials. Largely due to government and industry partnerships, only a few years after the discovery of HTS, electrical power applications based on HTS are now being designed and tested. These applications offer many benefits to the resident electrical system: increased energy efficiency, smaller equipment, reduced emissions, increased stability and reliability, deferred expansion and flexible transmission and distribution. Lower electricity costs, improved environmental quality and mote competitive products for a global market are the common aims. For HTS to become a commercial success, the development of materials technologies is necessary but not sufficient on its own. The development of ability to design and manufacture products that use the materials is also fundamental to a viable and successful industrial base. 97104965 Process and tube for injecting grained coal into blast furnaces Sawa, Y. and Ishiwatari, N. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,256,012 [97,256,012] (Cl. C21B5/00), 30 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/65,793, 22 Mar 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) In this process, an injection tube is inserted into a tuyere of a blast furnace and grained coal injected with a carrier gas through the tube into a hot wind which is blown into a blast furnace. The flow rate of the carrier gas is set lower than that of the hot wind, and the flow rate of the hot wind is increased locally at the tip of the tube, generating turbulence at the boundary between the carrier gas and the hot wind. Alternatively or additionally, the outer diameter of the tube is enlarged locally at the tip, The combustion rate of the grained coal improves with this process and tube. 97104966 Pulverized Coal injection into blast furnace at Tianjin Works Li, C. et al. Gangtie., 1996, 31, (12), 13-16. (In Chinese) In 1988, pulverized coal injection has been introduced at Tianjin Iron Works. The coal injection rate was increased from I6 kg/ton to 100 kg/ton and the coke consumption was decreased from 574 kg/ton to 464 kg/ton. The blast furnace smelting indexes were enhanced and operation was improved.
Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)
Effects of iron and sulfur on the air and CO2 97104954 reactivity of cokes Eidet, T. et al. Ligkf Met., 1997, 51 l-517. The effects of inorganic impurities on the reactivity of cokes used in carbon anodes in the aluminium industry are investigated. It was hoped that it would also he possible to avoid the uncertainties that are introduced by the often complex background impurity content in anode cokes. An aromatic distillate fraction from the production of coal tar pitch was used as coke precursor, and cokes with controlled amounts of impurities were produced in a laboratory coker. Iron was added to the coke precursor as iron(III)acetylacetonate, and sulfur as dibenzothiophene. These organic substances dissolve in the precursor. The effects of iron and sulfur on the reactivities of cokes were measured in air at 500°C and in CO? at 960°C. Surface studies (SEM, EDX) showed the topography of the surface, what iron phases were present and indicated the impact of iron and sulfur on the reaction. Energy studies of different cogeneration systems 97lQ4955 for black liquor gasification Nashiilm, A.-S. and Westetmark, M. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1997.38, (1517), 1655-1663. A chemical recovery system with high availability and good reliability is desired for the pulp and paper mill, and it must produce sufficient process heat for the heat-demanding processes. An attractive future alternative or a complement to the conventional Tomlinson recovery boilers in the pulp industry is black liquor gasification, offering several advantages from both a chemical recovery and energy point of view. The gasification process produces a combustible gas which can be used for steam and power generation in many ways. Studies have shown that the power output from a heat and power cycle integrated with black liquor gasification could achieve higher energy efficiency than current heat recovery technology. The aim is to keep the gasification capacity constant during the year, but the fuel consumption for the gas turbine increases at low ambient temperatures. The seasonal variation will cause the gas turbine to operate at partial load and, consequently, there will be a decrease in the gas turbine efficiency. An alternative combined cycle with high power efficiency is given by a hybrid plant in which the gas turbine is fired with natural gas while the fuel gas from the pressurized gasifier is used as a supplementary fuel for the Rankine cycle. A major advantage is the use of a high purity fuel gas in the gas turbine. The system also allows for variations in pulp capacity which is difficult in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). This study compares the effect of using an IGCC system and a hybrid combined plant instead of a conventional recovery system. The results indicate a potential to double the power output if the conventional system is replaced by an IGCC system. 97lO4956 Energy-environment implications of cement manufacturing in India: a scenario analysis Das, A. and Kandpal, T. C. hf. J. Energy Res., 1997, 21, (4), 299-308. This paper focuses on an attempt made to estimate COz emissions from the Indian cement industry. The impact of variations in product mixes and technology on COz emissions have also been analysed on the basis of four different scenarios, 97104957 Experimental study on optimizing operation of smelting reduction Fang, J. and Chen, M. Gangfie, 1997, 32, (2), 14-18. (In Chinese) Iron ore reduction in fluidized bed and shaft furnaces were simulated to study the effect of reduction conditions on gas utilization ratio and essential gas requirements. The coal quantity required for smelting under different pte-reduction parameters is discussed. Optimum conditions of reduction of smelting with minimum energy consumption are considered. Industrial energy utilisation in Karnataka and 97104958 potential savings Ramachandra, T.?. and Subramanian, D. K. Energy Comers. Mgmf, 1997, 38. (6). ~ “. 563-599. Industttal production is not possible without energy. Due to the abundance of low-cost energy in the past, the rate of social progress among industrial societies has not been limited by energy availability. Energy cost has not been significant when compared with no energy use. However, mechanization of agriculture, increased use of electrical appliances in the domestic sector and rapid industrialization to meet the demand of exponentially growing population have resulted in an energy crisis. The problem has been made worse with raised fossil fuel prices and the environmental factors playing the dominant role in implementation of large scale projects, such as hydro, thermal and nuclear. In this context, an integrated energy plan for a country seems essential for ecologically sound development of a region. 97104959 Mathematical modelling for coke bed preheating of aluminum reduction cell Mohammed, S. A. et al. Lighf Mef., 1997, 457-461. For the determination of optimum design parameters in an existing resistance elements and preheating method, a finite element model was built to simulate the preheating process. The effects of starting current, coke bed thickness, rate of current increase and total preheating time were investigated. Modifications are required to the practical technique if it is to reach satisfactory conditions.
430
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
1997
Method and plant for direct iron ore reduction 97104960 Gauthier, P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 28,284 (Cl. C21B13/00), 7 Aug 1997, FR Appl. 9611,219, 1 Feb 1996, 22 pp. (In French) During >l step of a steelmaking process, O? generated in an air separation unit is consumed. The resulting gas is at least partially decarbonized and used in Fe ore reduction. The partial decarbonation step cyclically includes a CO? sorption step by using a sorption agent and a regeneration step in which the agent is regenerated in a reactor. N2 generated in the air separation unit is fed into the reactor during regeneration of the sorbent. The method is useful in combined coal gasification/direct Fe ore reduction processes. 97104961 Method for manufacture of blow injection raw materials for coke-packed type molten-bath smelting furnace Hasegawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09.194,919 [97.194,919] (Cl. C2lBll/OO), 29 Jul 1997, Appl. 96i7.755, 19 Jan 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) A slurry of Fe series material is mixed with a sludge of carbonaceous material and spray dried. 97104962 Method for melting coal ash in manufacture of molten iron Fukushima, T. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,184,004 [97,184.004] (Cl. C21Bll/OO), 15 Jul 1997, Appl. 951353,647. 28 Dee 1995. 7 pp. (In Japanese) Molten iron and slag is transferred into a converter type furnace, adding iron ore, coal ash, fluxing agent, and carbonaceous material (as fuel) to the furnace. Simultaneously, oxygen is blown into the furnace. smelting and melting the coal ash, and discharging molten iron and slag. The carbon content of the manufactured hot iron is preferably maintained at >2c/r. 97104963 Petroleum pitch, a real alternative to coal tar pitch as binder material for anode production Acuna, C. ef al. Lighf Met. (Warrendale, PA), 1997, 549-554. Commercial scale production of petroleum pitch, developed for aluminium anodes as a real alternative to coal tar pitch is described. Using a highly aromatic refinery stream and well-designed process conditions, it is possihle to produce the right chemical composition needed for a high quality binder material for anodes. Through a Dynamic Process Optimization study. the paste formulation and parameters were adjusted to produce full size anodes with 100% petroleum pitch. The performance of baked anodes were similar to coal tar pitch anodes, but contains a lower content of carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). The paper presents comparative green and baked anode properties, PAH emissions and storage stability test for molten pitch. 97104964 Power system applications of high temperature superconductors Gatlick, W. G. Cryogenics, 1997, 37, (lo), 649-652. Potential applications for high-temperature superconductors (HTSs) in the field of power engineering are reviewed. Over the past decade, material scientists, chemists and physicists have had the freedom to find, explore and characterize the properties of new HTS materials. Largely due to government and industry partnerships, only a few years after the discovery of HTS, electrical power applications based on HTS are now being designed and tested. These applications offer many benefits to the resident electrical system: increased energy efficiency, smaller equipment, reduced emissions, increased stability and reliability, deferred expansion and flexible transmission and distribution. Lower electricity costs, improved environmental quality and mote competitive products for a global market are the common aims. For HTS to become a commercial success, the development of materials technologies is necessary but not sufficient on its own. The development of ability to design and manufacture products that use the materials is also fundamental to a viable and successful industrial base. 97104965 Process and tube for injecting grained coal into blast furnaces Sawa, Y. and Ishiwatari, N. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,256,012 [97,256,012] (Cl. C21B5/00), 30 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/65,793, 22 Mar 1996, 6 pp. (In Japanese) In this process, an injection tube is inserted into a tuyere of a blast furnace and grained coal injected with a carrier gas through the tube into a hot wind which is blown into a blast furnace. The flow rate of the carrier gas is set lower than that of the hot wind, and the flow rate of the hot wind is increased locally at the tip of the tube, generating turbulence at the boundary between the carrier gas and the hot wind. Alternatively or additionally, the outer diameter of the tube is enlarged locally at the tip, The combustion rate of the grained coal improves with this process and tube. 97104966 Pulverized Coal injection into blast furnace at Tianjin Works Li, C. et al. Gangtie., 1996, 31, (12), 13-16. (In Chinese) In 1988, pulverized coal injection has been introduced at Tianjin Iron Works. The coal injection rate was increased from I6 kg/ton to 100 kg/ton and the coke consumption was decreased from 574 kg/ton to 464 kg/ton. The blast furnace smelting indexes were enhanced and operation was improved.