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00210 Coliquefaction of coal, tar sand bitumen and plastic interaction among coal, bitumen and plastic
02
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
98lOO208 Coal liquefaction in early stage of NEDOL process 1 t/d PSU Ikeda, K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 113116. (In Japanese) In order to investigate the behaviour of coal liquefaction reaction in early stage before reactors, a coal slurry sample was withdrawn from outlet of the preheater of NEDOL Process 1 t/d Process Supporting Unit (PSU). The main product was still solid residue, while yields of oil, CO + CO* and H20 were low. 98100209 Coal liquefaction tests conducted in the Central Mine Institute Rusin, E. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (7). 244-246. (In Polish) Research concerning coal liquefaction performed since 1967 at the Central Mine Institute is discussed. Particular attention is given to a new concept introduced in 1980: a direct, one-step, autocatalytic hydrogenation of coaloil paste at higher temperature and higher pressure. A 200 ton coal/day hydrogenation plant is discussed. 98100210 Coliquefaction of coal, tar sand bitumen and plastic interaction among coal, bitumen and plastic Yamaguchi, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 69-72. (In Japanese) Co-processing of Tanitharm coal and plastic using I:1 Athabasca tar sand bitumenitetralin mixture as a solvent was carried out with a 500 cc autoclave under direct coal liquefaction conditions. At 430°C with 4 MPa initial pressure of a simulated coke oven gas, observed value of oil yield for coliquefaction of coal with mixed plastic of PP, PS and PE was higher than calculated value, due to the interaction between coal and the mixed plastic.
A comparative overview of coal-water slurry, fuels 98lOO211 produced from waste coal fines for utility-scale co-firing applications Morrison, J. L. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1997,22nd, 131-139. The properties and preparation methods of coal-water slurry fuels produced from waste coal fines for utility-scale co-firing applications are discussed.
Conversion and reforming of fossil resources by 98100212 supercritical fluid Tanaka, H. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1997, 76, (9), 846-852. (In Japanese) Research into fossil resources conversion and reforming with supercritical fluid (SCF) was reviewed and evaluated from an environmental point of view. Conversion and reforming of fossil resources such as coals and oil chains, and heavy oils with SCF, especially with a supercritical water (SCW), would lead to a simpler, environmentally friendly, and promising method of obtaining synthetic liquid fuel from these resources. Attention was particularly given to fossil resources conversion and reforming by using CO/H20 in which the activated hydrogen was probably produced by a water-gas shift reaction and further CO would be directly obtained in SCW by a partial oxidation reaction. A fairly comprehensive illustration of the chemical reaction, focusing on the occurrence of hydrolysis reaction, watergas shift reaction and partial oxidation in SCW medium during the conversion and reforming, was revealed and further study is expected.
98100213 Development of liquefaction process of coal and biomass in supercritical water Nonaka, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 7376. (In Japanese) Liquefaction of a mixture of coal and cellulose was conducted in supercritical water. The residue, liquid and gas yields were compared with the result of separate liquefaction of coal and cellulose. Co-liquefaction did not change the residue yield, but lead to production of compounds with lower molecular weight and thus to a larger gas yield. Effect of intermolecular cohesion and coal lique98100214 faction reactivity of oxygen-methylated coal Sasaki, M. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 283286. (In Japanese) The effect of intermolecular cohesion on the conversion of bituminous coal was evaluated by testing the reactivity of oxygen-methylated and reductively methylated coals via non-catalytic liquefaction in Tetralin at 693 K. The yield of oil fraction from oxygen-methylated and reductively methylated coals were increased by 12 and 22 wt%, respectively, in comparison to the raw coal. The incremental increase in oil fraction corresponded to the acceleration of the hydrogenolysis reaction from preasphaltenes to oil. About half of the contributions to oil yield were made by the effect of hydrogen bonds in bituminous coal on its hydroliquefaction reaction, compared with the others such as van der Whals and charge transfer interactions.
18
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 7998
98100215 The effects of liquefaction conditions and coal rank on the chemical structure of oil fraction of coal liauid Ikenaga, N. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3). 1385-1388. Five different rank coals (Yallourn, Wyoming, Tanitoharum. Illinois No. 6, Blind Canyon) were hydroliquefied, to examine the effect of catalyst and reaction conditions on the characteristic structure in hexane-soluble fractions. The molecular weight distributions (MWD) of the oil fractions of all coals except for Illinois No. 6 coal showed bimodal patterns. The reaction conditions did not affect the peak positions of MWD. The amount of the low molecular weight fraction increased with increasing reaction time. The aromaticity of the low molecular weight fractions were higher than those of the high molecular weight fractions in all coals. This evidence suggests two components make up the coal liquids. A high molecular weight oil is rich in paraffinic structure, and was hardly decomposed to a low molecular weight fraction in prolonged runs even with an active catalyst. A low molecular weight fraction was much more abundant in aromatic components, and an increase in the amount of this fraction with increasing reaction time is attributed to the degradation of unreacted coal, asphaltene, and preasphaltene. 98100218 Elucidation of hydrogen mobility in Tetralin under coal liquefaction conditions using a tritium tracer method. Effects of the addition of HPS and Hz0 Kanbe, M. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu. 1996,33,21-24. (In Japanese) An investigation into the mechanism of hydrogen exchange between Tetralin and gaseous hydrogen in the presence of HZS and HZO. H2S enhanced the hydrogen exchange reaction while Hz0 inhibited it and the thermal reaction of Tetralin was not affected significantly by HZS. The hydrogen exchange reaction of Tetralin with tritiated hydrogen in the presence of HzS would proceed not only through a Tetralyl radical, but also through an electrophilic substitution and concerted reaction. 98100217 Highly effective gasoline synthesis from carbon dioxide Inui, T. et al. Energy Cowers. Mancrge. 1997, 38, (Suppl., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal, l996), S385-S390. Investigation by one-pass operation was conducted into the effective catalytic conversion into gasoline using a serially connected flow-type reactor. Rapid COz-reforming of methane into syngas was conducted by a newly-developed Rh-modified Ni-Ce203-Pt catalyst at a low furnacetemperature around 400-500°C. A high methane conversion was achieved by an in-situ heat supply due to catalytic combustion of added ethane or propane which is more combustible with higher combustion heat than methane. The syngas or a CO?-enriched syngas was then converted into methanol on a novel highly active methanol synthesis catalyst, composed of Pd-modified Cu-Zn-Cr-Ga-Al mixed oxides, and the methanol produced was introduced to the successive reactor packed with a metallosilicate catalyst having MFI structure. It was totally converted into gasoline with a high space-time yield and selectivity. 98100218 Hydrogen behavior at coal liquefaction reaction Kawabata, M. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1345-1348. The behaviour of hydrogen in the gas and liquid phase was studied under various coal liquefaction conditions; a reaction mechanism is discussed, Coal liquefaction conditions affect the hydrogen transfer in the gas phase, but in the liquid phase it depends on the hydrogen donorability of the recycled solvent. 9810027 9 Improvement of liquefaction solvent, increase of light oil yield with a reduction in catalyst addition Okuyama, N. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu. 1996, 33, 912. (In Japanese) Using a bench scale unit, the effects of heavy solvent recycling and partial pressure of H$3 with iron/sulfur catalysts on coal liquefaction were investigated. Process operations such as gas recycling and CLB recycling were effective in raising the distillate yield. Applying heavy solvent recycling to the operations, content of lighter fraction in product distillate was increased in maximum distillate yield of Victorian brown coal over than 60% mafc. By using r-FeOOH as a catalyst with excess sulfur to keep suitable partial pressure of H$ in reactors, a 1% reduction in the amount of catalyst addition could be achieved. 98100220 Influence of catalytic activity and reaction conditions on the product distribution in coal liquefaction Hasuo, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33.61-68. (In Japanese) Carbon- and alumina-supported NiMo catalysts were examined to study their catalytic activity for the single and two stage liquefactions of Yalluom coal. Their product oil distribution and influences of solvent and reaction conditions on the liquefaction efficiency were subsequently compared. The NiMo sulfide supported on Ketjen Black (KB) yielded more lighter oil products both in the single and two stage liquefaction than NiMoi alumina catalyst and Fe-based catalyst, reflecting its higher hydrogenation activity for aromatic rings. Non-donor solvents of I-methyl-naphthalene (IMN) and fluoranthene (FL) exhibited contrast behaviours in the liquefaction
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
98lOO208 Coal liquefaction in early stage of NEDOL process 1 t/d PSU Ikeda, K. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 113116. (In Japanese) In order to investigate the behaviour of coal liquefaction reaction in early stage before reactors, a coal slurry sample was withdrawn from outlet of the preheater of NEDOL Process 1 t/d Process Supporting Unit (PSU). The main product was still solid residue, while yields of oil, CO + CO* and H20 were low. 98100209 Coal liquefaction tests conducted in the Central Mine Institute Rusin, E. et al. Karbo-Energochemical-Ekol., 1996, 41, (7). 244-246. (In Polish) Research concerning coal liquefaction performed since 1967 at the Central Mine Institute is discussed. Particular attention is given to a new concept introduced in 1980: a direct, one-step, autocatalytic hydrogenation of coaloil paste at higher temperature and higher pressure. A 200 ton coal/day hydrogenation plant is discussed. 98100210 Coliquefaction of coal, tar sand bitumen and plastic interaction among coal, bitumen and plastic Yamaguchi, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 69-72. (In Japanese) Co-processing of Tanitharm coal and plastic using I:1 Athabasca tar sand bitumenitetralin mixture as a solvent was carried out with a 500 cc autoclave under direct coal liquefaction conditions. At 430°C with 4 MPa initial pressure of a simulated coke oven gas, observed value of oil yield for coliquefaction of coal with mixed plastic of PP, PS and PE was higher than calculated value, due to the interaction between coal and the mixed plastic.
A comparative overview of coal-water slurry, fuels 98lOO211 produced from waste coal fines for utility-scale co-firing applications Morrison, J. L. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Util. Fuel Syst., 1997,22nd, 131-139. The properties and preparation methods of coal-water slurry fuels produced from waste coal fines for utility-scale co-firing applications are discussed.
Conversion and reforming of fossil resources by 98100212 supercritical fluid Tanaka, H. et al. Nippon Enerugi Gakkaishi, 1997, 76, (9), 846-852. (In Japanese) Research into fossil resources conversion and reforming with supercritical fluid (SCF) was reviewed and evaluated from an environmental point of view. Conversion and reforming of fossil resources such as coals and oil chains, and heavy oils with SCF, especially with a supercritical water (SCW), would lead to a simpler, environmentally friendly, and promising method of obtaining synthetic liquid fuel from these resources. Attention was particularly given to fossil resources conversion and reforming by using CO/H20 in which the activated hydrogen was probably produced by a water-gas shift reaction and further CO would be directly obtained in SCW by a partial oxidation reaction. A fairly comprehensive illustration of the chemical reaction, focusing on the occurrence of hydrolysis reaction, watergas shift reaction and partial oxidation in SCW medium during the conversion and reforming, was revealed and further study is expected.
98100213 Development of liquefaction process of coal and biomass in supercritical water Nonaka, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 7376. (In Japanese) Liquefaction of a mixture of coal and cellulose was conducted in supercritical water. The residue, liquid and gas yields were compared with the result of separate liquefaction of coal and cellulose. Co-liquefaction did not change the residue yield, but lead to production of compounds with lower molecular weight and thus to a larger gas yield. Effect of intermolecular cohesion and coal lique98100214 faction reactivity of oxygen-methylated coal Sasaki, M. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33, 283286. (In Japanese) The effect of intermolecular cohesion on the conversion of bituminous coal was evaluated by testing the reactivity of oxygen-methylated and reductively methylated coals via non-catalytic liquefaction in Tetralin at 693 K. The yield of oil fraction from oxygen-methylated and reductively methylated coals were increased by 12 and 22 wt%, respectively, in comparison to the raw coal. The incremental increase in oil fraction corresponded to the acceleration of the hydrogenolysis reaction from preasphaltenes to oil. About half of the contributions to oil yield were made by the effect of hydrogen bonds in bituminous coal on its hydroliquefaction reaction, compared with the others such as van der Whals and charge transfer interactions.
18
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 7998
98100215 The effects of liquefaction conditions and coal rank on the chemical structure of oil fraction of coal liauid Ikenaga, N. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3). 1385-1388. Five different rank coals (Yallourn, Wyoming, Tanitoharum. Illinois No. 6, Blind Canyon) were hydroliquefied, to examine the effect of catalyst and reaction conditions on the characteristic structure in hexane-soluble fractions. The molecular weight distributions (MWD) of the oil fractions of all coals except for Illinois No. 6 coal showed bimodal patterns. The reaction conditions did not affect the peak positions of MWD. The amount of the low molecular weight fraction increased with increasing reaction time. The aromaticity of the low molecular weight fractions were higher than those of the high molecular weight fractions in all coals. This evidence suggests two components make up the coal liquids. A high molecular weight oil is rich in paraffinic structure, and was hardly decomposed to a low molecular weight fraction in prolonged runs even with an active catalyst. A low molecular weight fraction was much more abundant in aromatic components, and an increase in the amount of this fraction with increasing reaction time is attributed to the degradation of unreacted coal, asphaltene, and preasphaltene. 98100218 Elucidation of hydrogen mobility in Tetralin under coal liquefaction conditions using a tritium tracer method. Effects of the addition of HPS and Hz0 Kanbe, M. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu. 1996,33,21-24. (In Japanese) An investigation into the mechanism of hydrogen exchange between Tetralin and gaseous hydrogen in the presence of HZS and HZO. H2S enhanced the hydrogen exchange reaction while Hz0 inhibited it and the thermal reaction of Tetralin was not affected significantly by HZS. The hydrogen exchange reaction of Tetralin with tritiated hydrogen in the presence of HzS would proceed not only through a Tetralyl radical, but also through an electrophilic substitution and concerted reaction. 98100217 Highly effective gasoline synthesis from carbon dioxide Inui, T. et al. Energy Cowers. Mancrge. 1997, 38, (Suppl., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal, l996), S385-S390. Investigation by one-pass operation was conducted into the effective catalytic conversion into gasoline using a serially connected flow-type reactor. Rapid COz-reforming of methane into syngas was conducted by a newly-developed Rh-modified Ni-Ce203-Pt catalyst at a low furnacetemperature around 400-500°C. A high methane conversion was achieved by an in-situ heat supply due to catalytic combustion of added ethane or propane which is more combustible with higher combustion heat than methane. The syngas or a CO?-enriched syngas was then converted into methanol on a novel highly active methanol synthesis catalyst, composed of Pd-modified Cu-Zn-Cr-Ga-Al mixed oxides, and the methanol produced was introduced to the successive reactor packed with a metallosilicate catalyst having MFI structure. It was totally converted into gasoline with a high space-time yield and selectivity. 98100218 Hydrogen behavior at coal liquefaction reaction Kawabata, M. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1345-1348. The behaviour of hydrogen in the gas and liquid phase was studied under various coal liquefaction conditions; a reaction mechanism is discussed, Coal liquefaction conditions affect the hydrogen transfer in the gas phase, but in the liquid phase it depends on the hydrogen donorability of the recycled solvent. 9810027 9 Improvement of liquefaction solvent, increase of light oil yield with a reduction in catalyst addition Okuyama, N. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu. 1996, 33, 912. (In Japanese) Using a bench scale unit, the effects of heavy solvent recycling and partial pressure of H$3 with iron/sulfur catalysts on coal liquefaction were investigated. Process operations such as gas recycling and CLB recycling were effective in raising the distillate yield. Applying heavy solvent recycling to the operations, content of lighter fraction in product distillate was increased in maximum distillate yield of Victorian brown coal over than 60% mafc. By using r-FeOOH as a catalyst with excess sulfur to keep suitable partial pressure of H$ in reactors, a 1% reduction in the amount of catalyst addition could be achieved. 98100220 Influence of catalytic activity and reaction conditions on the product distribution in coal liquefaction Hasuo, H. et al. Sekitan Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1996, 33.61-68. (In Japanese) Carbon- and alumina-supported NiMo catalysts were examined to study their catalytic activity for the single and two stage liquefactions of Yalluom coal. Their product oil distribution and influences of solvent and reaction conditions on the liquefaction efficiency were subsequently compared. The NiMo sulfide supported on Ketjen Black (KB) yielded more lighter oil products both in the single and two stage liquefaction than NiMoi alumina catalyst and Fe-based catalyst, reflecting its higher hydrogenation activity for aromatic rings. Non-donor solvents of I-methyl-naphthalene (IMN) and fluoranthene (FL) exhibited contrast behaviours in the liquefaction