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00867 Economic-environmental criteria for sanctioning the substitution of fossil fuel-fed energy systems by renewable energy systems
17
Treatment method of waste plastics 98100881 Komaki, I. and Shiraishi, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,654 (97.2.6541 (Cl. ClOBS7/10), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/81,971, 12 Mar 1996.4 pp. (In Japanese) A treatment method for waste plastics in the manufacture of coke is described. It involves drying a coal charge mixed with waste plastics in an inclined rotary cylindrical drying apparatus or at a temperature lower than melting point of waste plastics to 2-6 wt% water content and loading the coal charge to a coke oven for coking. The deposits on the drying apparatus can be periodically removed by supplying hard particles after stopping operation. Use of waste rubbers in sintering machine for ores 98100882 using coke as fuel Ano, K. et al. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,164,378 [97,164,378] (Cl. B09B3/00), 24 Jun 1997, Appl. 95/32,7,547, 15 Dee 1995, 6 pp. (In Japanese) The paper details the method involving the pulverization of waste rubbers, e.g. tires, to pieces having average particle size < 10 mm then spread on the surface of sintering raw materials filled on a pallet before ignition furnace of the sintering machine to improve ignition in sintering using coke as fuel. Waste plastics treatment apparatus 98100883 Iwamura, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,104,876 [97,104,876] (Cl. ClOJ3100) , 22 Apr 1997, Appl. 951284,405, 6 Ott 1995, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The title apparatus for continuous pyrolysis of waste plastics comprises a pyrolysis apparatus for decomposing the waste plastics into a solid fraction and a gaseous fraction and recovering the solid and gaseous fractions as solid fuel and fuel gas. Weathering losses of solid fuels 98100864 Pastrzednik, S. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, (Verbrennung und Feuerungen), 97-102. (In German) such as moisture, ash content and Based on selected coal properties, heating value, a method was developed to calculate the weathering losses and low-temperature oxidation upon storage, transport, and processing prior to use. Using such coal data, the relative weight losses, the degree of low-temperature oxidation, and the total energy losses could be calculated The weathering conditions strongly influence the low-temperature oxidation. The presence of regular liquid water on the coal accelerates oxidation. The relative ratio of ash content changes to changes in combustibles content is always > 1 and increases with increasing coal ash content. This method is especially suitable for monitoring of high ash coals.
17 ENERGY Supplies,
Policy, Economics,
Forecasts
The cost of power outages in the business and 98100865 public sectors in Israel: revealed preference vs. subjective valuation Beenstock, M. et al. The Energy Journal, 1997, 18, (2) 39-61. To estimate the implied cost of electricity outages in the business and public sectors in Israel, cross-section data on investment in back-up generators and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS). Two-limit tobit models of the demand for back-up are estimated and used to simulate the mitigated and unmitigated cost of power outages. These ‘revealed preference’ estimates of outage costs are then compared with estimates based on the method of subjective evaluation. The demand for energy in Greece: assessing the 98100866 effects of the Community Support Framework 1994-1999 Christodoulakis, N. M. and Kalyvitis, S. C. Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4) 393-416. The demand for energy in Greece in the tradable and non-tradable sectors and for the three main types of energy, namely oil, electricity and solid fuel were estimated. Using the speculated demand functions, forecasts of the demand for energy until the year 2010 were derived by incorporating the system of demand and energy price equations into a fully-fledged annual macro-econometric model. The model was subsequently used to forecast the demand for energy and the shares of various forms under alternative assumptions about the effects of the Community Support Framework (CSF). It is found that the demand for energy will be significantly affected by the presence of externalities in the implementation of CSF that give rise to positive supply-side effects and boost growth. In the absence of supplyside externalities, total energy demand rises by 1.4% above the benchmark non-CSF scenario. With growth-inducing externalities, total demand will increase at year 2010 by 6.0% above baseline.
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
Economic-environmental criteria for sanctioning 98100867 the substitution of fossil fuel-fed energy systems by renewable energy systems Hernandez, F. Energy Convers. Manage., 1997, 38, (14). 1509-1513 The paper presents a thermo-economic optimization and a cost-benefit balance to sanction the substitution of fossil fuel-fed energy systems (FFES) by systems directly maintained by renewable sources (RSES). A multiparameter thermodynamic function inside the thermodynamic frame determines the thermo-economic optimization. The cost-benefit balance will sanction the substitution of FFES by RSES. To make this possible, the initial investment surplus in favour of RSES must be compensated in a reasonable period of time with the savings of fuel and environmental damages accumulated during that period. 98100868 Energy pricing under uncertain supply Serra, P. J. Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (2) 2099223. A new pricing system, based on the Chilean tariff regulations, to deal an uncertain energy supply, is introduced. It consists of a basic rate for unit actually consumed and a compensation that the utilities pay customers for each unit of energy that they voluntarily reduce below normal consumption during an energy shortage. Within the framework model that portrays the stylized facts of the Chilean electric system, assumes risk-neutral agents, this paper shows the equivalency of the pricing system with both contingent pricing and priority pricing.
with each their their of a and new
98100869 Evaluating energy efficiency investments: accounting for risk in the discounting process Thompson, P. B. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (12) 989-996. The debate over the existence and nature of the so-called efficiency gap features prominently in literature concerning the economics of energy conservation. A frequent subject of debate is whether consumers apply a reasonable discount rate when evaluating the future benefits of energy efficiency measures. A key aspect of the discounting debate is the manner in which consumer attitudes toward risk are accounted for when discounting. This paper suggests that an appropriate approach to incorporating risk into the evaluation of energy efficiency projects would yield higher net benefits to such projects than standard evaluation techniques. It is argued that analysing the purchase of fuel-saving capital as though it were a standard investment in a physical asset obscures an important feature of the decision. Rather than deciding whether or not to invest in an asset with an uncertain future benefit stream, the consumer is actually choosing between two future cost streams, each of which is uncertain. This seemingly minor change in perspective has important implications for how the risk associated with fuelsaving capital should be brought into the discounting process. An example based on lighting technologies is used to illustrate the principles discussed. 98100870 Fairness measures and importance weights for allocating quotas to OPEC member countries Alsalem, A. S. et al. The Energy Journal, 1997, 18, (2). l-21. For each OPEC member country, this study considers what we call the ‘degree of optimality’ of quota assignments based on certain proposed ‘fairness’ factors. The authors claim these factors should ideally be based on energy and economic conditions that ought to be taken into consideration when production quotas are assigned. Thus, in this study, importance weights based on proven reserves, available productive capacity, GDP per capita and domestic investment needs are first obtained for allocating fair quotas to each member country in the period 1982-1990. Then a degree of fairness optimality index is computed for each member country and is applied to measure the performance of these countries during the quota system period. OPEC appears to give greater importance to the energy factors, proved reserves and productive capacity, although domestic investment needs seem to play a significant role in determining the direction of quota assignments. Statistical tests reveal that all the weights are consistent over time. The member countries whose ideal quotas are based on low GDP per capita have higher degrees of optimality than those whose ideal quotas are based on proven reserves or available productive capacity. The computed importance weights and optimality measures can be used both by OPEC and energy analysts interested in OPEC behaviour. 98100871 Financial analysis of cooking energy options for India Gupta. S. and Ravindranath, N. H. Energy Conven. &VU, 1997, 38, (18). 1869-1876. Using data from a field study and real costs and prices, the paper attempts a financial analysis of cooking energy options for India. Fuelwood, kerosene, biogas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity are the fuel options under consideration. Traditional and efficient devices and different discount rates are used in the analysis. Financial analysis for rural areas shows that the efficient Astra-stove using wood has the lowest cost and biogas is the most expensive option. Subsidized kerosene is cheaper than wood in the traditional stove. The options are ranked according to cost as follows: fuelwood, kerosene, LPG, biogas, going from low to high. In the urban situation, the kerosene subsidy distorts the energy ladder: kerosene is the low cost fuel option, and fuelwood in the traditional stove is among the most expensive. The existing subsidies on kerosene, LPG and electricity seem to benefit middle and high income groups, particularly in urban areas. Low income households in urban and rural areas are forced to use fuelwood in traditional stoves. which is both low quality and high cost. The efficiency of the device is shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cost of using
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
71
Treatment method of waste plastics 98100881 Komaki, I. and Shiraishi, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,654 (97.2.6541 (Cl. ClOBS7/10), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/81,971, 12 Mar 1996.4 pp. (In Japanese) A treatment method for waste plastics in the manufacture of coke is described. It involves drying a coal charge mixed with waste plastics in an inclined rotary cylindrical drying apparatus or at a temperature lower than melting point of waste plastics to 2-6 wt% water content and loading the coal charge to a coke oven for coking. The deposits on the drying apparatus can be periodically removed by supplying hard particles after stopping operation. Use of waste rubbers in sintering machine for ores 98100882 using coke as fuel Ano, K. et al. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,164,378 [97,164,378] (Cl. B09B3/00), 24 Jun 1997, Appl. 95/32,7,547, 15 Dee 1995, 6 pp. (In Japanese) The paper details the method involving the pulverization of waste rubbers, e.g. tires, to pieces having average particle size < 10 mm then spread on the surface of sintering raw materials filled on a pallet before ignition furnace of the sintering machine to improve ignition in sintering using coke as fuel. Waste plastics treatment apparatus 98100883 Iwamura, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,104,876 [97,104,876] (Cl. ClOJ3100) , 22 Apr 1997, Appl. 951284,405, 6 Ott 1995, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The title apparatus for continuous pyrolysis of waste plastics comprises a pyrolysis apparatus for decomposing the waste plastics into a solid fraction and a gaseous fraction and recovering the solid and gaseous fractions as solid fuel and fuel gas. Weathering losses of solid fuels 98100864 Pastrzednik, S. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, (Verbrennung und Feuerungen), 97-102. (In German) such as moisture, ash content and Based on selected coal properties, heating value, a method was developed to calculate the weathering losses and low-temperature oxidation upon storage, transport, and processing prior to use. Using such coal data, the relative weight losses, the degree of low-temperature oxidation, and the total energy losses could be calculated The weathering conditions strongly influence the low-temperature oxidation. The presence of regular liquid water on the coal accelerates oxidation. The relative ratio of ash content changes to changes in combustibles content is always > 1 and increases with increasing coal ash content. This method is especially suitable for monitoring of high ash coals.
17 ENERGY Supplies,
Policy, Economics,
Forecasts
The cost of power outages in the business and 98100865 public sectors in Israel: revealed preference vs. subjective valuation Beenstock, M. et al. The Energy Journal, 1997, 18, (2) 39-61. To estimate the implied cost of electricity outages in the business and public sectors in Israel, cross-section data on investment in back-up generators and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS). Two-limit tobit models of the demand for back-up are estimated and used to simulate the mitigated and unmitigated cost of power outages. These ‘revealed preference’ estimates of outage costs are then compared with estimates based on the method of subjective evaluation. The demand for energy in Greece: assessing the 98100866 effects of the Community Support Framework 1994-1999 Christodoulakis, N. M. and Kalyvitis, S. C. Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (4) 393-416. The demand for energy in Greece in the tradable and non-tradable sectors and for the three main types of energy, namely oil, electricity and solid fuel were estimated. Using the speculated demand functions, forecasts of the demand for energy until the year 2010 were derived by incorporating the system of demand and energy price equations into a fully-fledged annual macro-econometric model. The model was subsequently used to forecast the demand for energy and the shares of various forms under alternative assumptions about the effects of the Community Support Framework (CSF). It is found that the demand for energy will be significantly affected by the presence of externalities in the implementation of CSF that give rise to positive supply-side effects and boost growth. In the absence of supplyside externalities, total energy demand rises by 1.4% above the benchmark non-CSF scenario. With growth-inducing externalities, total demand will increase at year 2010 by 6.0% above baseline.
Energy (supplies, policy, economics,
forecasts)
Economic-environmental criteria for sanctioning 98100867 the substitution of fossil fuel-fed energy systems by renewable energy systems Hernandez, F. Energy Convers. Manage., 1997, 38, (14). 1509-1513 The paper presents a thermo-economic optimization and a cost-benefit balance to sanction the substitution of fossil fuel-fed energy systems (FFES) by systems directly maintained by renewable sources (RSES). A multiparameter thermodynamic function inside the thermodynamic frame determines the thermo-economic optimization. The cost-benefit balance will sanction the substitution of FFES by RSES. To make this possible, the initial investment surplus in favour of RSES must be compensated in a reasonable period of time with the savings of fuel and environmental damages accumulated during that period. 98100868 Energy pricing under uncertain supply Serra, P. J. Energy Economics, 1997, 19, (2) 2099223. A new pricing system, based on the Chilean tariff regulations, to deal an uncertain energy supply, is introduced. It consists of a basic rate for unit actually consumed and a compensation that the utilities pay customers for each unit of energy that they voluntarily reduce below normal consumption during an energy shortage. Within the framework model that portrays the stylized facts of the Chilean electric system, assumes risk-neutral agents, this paper shows the equivalency of the pricing system with both contingent pricing and priority pricing.
with each their their of a and new
98100869 Evaluating energy efficiency investments: accounting for risk in the discounting process Thompson, P. B. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (12) 989-996. The debate over the existence and nature of the so-called efficiency gap features prominently in literature concerning the economics of energy conservation. A frequent subject of debate is whether consumers apply a reasonable discount rate when evaluating the future benefits of energy efficiency measures. A key aspect of the discounting debate is the manner in which consumer attitudes toward risk are accounted for when discounting. This paper suggests that an appropriate approach to incorporating risk into the evaluation of energy efficiency projects would yield higher net benefits to such projects than standard evaluation techniques. It is argued that analysing the purchase of fuel-saving capital as though it were a standard investment in a physical asset obscures an important feature of the decision. Rather than deciding whether or not to invest in an asset with an uncertain future benefit stream, the consumer is actually choosing between two future cost streams, each of which is uncertain. This seemingly minor change in perspective has important implications for how the risk associated with fuelsaving capital should be brought into the discounting process. An example based on lighting technologies is used to illustrate the principles discussed. 98100870 Fairness measures and importance weights for allocating quotas to OPEC member countries Alsalem, A. S. et al. The Energy Journal, 1997, 18, (2). l-21. For each OPEC member country, this study considers what we call the ‘degree of optimality’ of quota assignments based on certain proposed ‘fairness’ factors. The authors claim these factors should ideally be based on energy and economic conditions that ought to be taken into consideration when production quotas are assigned. Thus, in this study, importance weights based on proven reserves, available productive capacity, GDP per capita and domestic investment needs are first obtained for allocating fair quotas to each member country in the period 1982-1990. Then a degree of fairness optimality index is computed for each member country and is applied to measure the performance of these countries during the quota system period. OPEC appears to give greater importance to the energy factors, proved reserves and productive capacity, although domestic investment needs seem to play a significant role in determining the direction of quota assignments. Statistical tests reveal that all the weights are consistent over time. The member countries whose ideal quotas are based on low GDP per capita have higher degrees of optimality than those whose ideal quotas are based on proven reserves or available productive capacity. The computed importance weights and optimality measures can be used both by OPEC and energy analysts interested in OPEC behaviour. 98100871 Financial analysis of cooking energy options for India Gupta. S. and Ravindranath, N. H. Energy Conven. &VU, 1997, 38, (18). 1869-1876. Using data from a field study and real costs and prices, the paper attempts a financial analysis of cooking energy options for India. Fuelwood, kerosene, biogas, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity are the fuel options under consideration. Traditional and efficient devices and different discount rates are used in the analysis. Financial analysis for rural areas shows that the efficient Astra-stove using wood has the lowest cost and biogas is the most expensive option. Subsidized kerosene is cheaper than wood in the traditional stove. The options are ranked according to cost as follows: fuelwood, kerosene, LPG, biogas, going from low to high. In the urban situation, the kerosene subsidy distorts the energy ladder: kerosene is the low cost fuel option, and fuelwood in the traditional stove is among the most expensive. The existing subsidies on kerosene, LPG and electricity seem to benefit middle and high income groups, particularly in urban areas. Low income households in urban and rural areas are forced to use fuelwood in traditional stoves. which is both low quality and high cost. The efficiency of the device is shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cost of using
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 1998
71