- Email: [email protected]
01001 Research and exploration of coal in Greece: a view to the future
07
Solid fuels (derived solid fuels)
vessel was fed at constant pressure, from atmospheric pressure to 20 bar. Reliable results were obtained from a proposed model for pipeline performance prediction at elevated pressures using test data obtained at 5 bars. When based on test data obtained at atmospheric pressure, slightly higher error (lo-15%) was obtained. This was attributed to the use of average velocity and the assumption that atmospheric pressure is constant regardless of the gas pressure in the pipeline. The authors advise checking the model with other solids pipeline configuration combinations for the model’s verification and further development.
Preparation of pneumatically transportable dust-polymer mixtures
98100992
Roping phenomena in pulverized coal conveying
lines Yilmaz, A. and Levy, E. K. Powder Technol., 1998, 95, (l), 43-48. The characteristics of a particle rope in a vertical pipe following a horizontal to vertical elbow were measured using laboratory experiments. These were performed with pulverized coal and air in a 0.154 m diameter pipe, with average velocities of 29 m/s and air-to-solids mass flow rate ratios from 1 to 3. A fibre optic probe was used to detect the transverse variations of particle velocity and concentration at different axial locations downstream of the elbow. Measurements made with an orifice plate at elbow exit show that the flow patterns created by the orifice lead to accelerated rates of axial dispersion of the rope.
Safe handling of biomass fuels in IGCC power
98100994
production When, C. and Rautalin, A. Biomass Energy Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergv Conf., 9th, 1996, 1, 170-175. Edited by Chartier, P., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Experiments were conducted at ambient and elevated pressures to investigate the safety-technical factors related to spontaneous ignition and dust explosions of biomasses. The sensitivity of forest residue and straw to self-ignition and the effect of pressure on the self-ignition temperature were investigated on pressurized dynamic self-ignition equipment. Spontaneous ignition prevention by effective inertization in the pressure ranges of 1 and 25 bar was studied. Dust explosion tests of a forest residue dust were performed at initial pressures between 1 and 18 bar in a standard 1 m2 test facility. The level of inertization required to prevent dust explosions was also determined at different initial pressures. The results show that elevated pressure increases biofuels tendency to spontaneous ignition. The required safe oxygen level is much lower than that of preventing dust explosions. Very high explosion pressures and rates of pressure rise were measured at elevated initial pressures. The required level of inertization to prevent dust explosions is strongly dependent on the initial pressure. Limiting oxygen concentrations of 8 to 14% were measured at pressures of 1-18 bar. The results are unique in the sense that no corresponding data have been reported for biomass fuels previously. Within the framework of the JOULE programme, the work on safety aspects of renewable fuels will continue in a BC project.
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy
Assessing coal in envlronmentslly-sensitive areas, coal data input to Federal rule making
98loo995
Watson, W. D. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 533538. In order to clarify the application of section 522(e) of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), the Office of Surface Mining is revising Federal rules. The act provides protection of certain environmentally sensitive areas by prohibiting surface mining of coal unless certain conditions are met. This potential change of rules could change the amount of 522(e) areas protected from coal-mining operations. Alternative criteria are considered for establishing valid existing rights and addresses the applicability of section 522(e) prohibitions to subsidence from underground mining. To provide background information, the US Geological Survey (USGS) is estimating coal resources in 522(e) areas and analysing economic impacts to the longwall-coal-mining industry under alternate rules. Estimates were made for each 522(e) area of total and private surfaceand underground-mineable tonnages. For Federal 522(e) areas, the potential conflict between coal development and environmental preservation is small.
92
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998
industry of
Ukraine Sklyar, M. G. and Starovoit, A. G. K0k.s Khim. 1997, (1) 2-9. (In Russian) Coal reserves and production, the current status and prospects for the coking industry, and prospects for coal gasification in Ukraine are discussed. 98loo997 Experience of coal-mining industry in Germany Petrunin, 0. Y. and Budyaev, V. P. Ugol’, 1997, (1) 61-65. (In Russian)
coal
Schmoele, P. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19541,673 (Cl. ClOL5/40), 29 Aug 1996, DE Appl. 4,440,463, 14 Nov 1994, 6 pp. (In German) The process comprises drying and milling a carbonaceous material to produce a powder and milling a polymer waste to produce a powder. The carbonaceous powder and polymer powder are mixed at a ratio of (599):(1-95). The resulting powder mixture is used as a reducing agent and/or energy carrier for metallurgical furnaces and non-metallurgical furnaces. The mixture is then fed through lances or to burners.
98100993
Development of the coal-processing
98loo998
98lOO998
Improvement of efficiency in the mining, processing and use of brown coals
Kolokolov, 0. V. Llgol’ Llkr., 1996, (9). 10-16. (In Russian) The manufacture of fuel gases, liquid engine fuels, chemicals, and surface gasification, and gas-fuelled power generation discussed.
underground engines are
Novel technological trends in the use of brown
98loo999
coals Salyaev, I. V. Ugol’ Vkr., 1996, (9), 2. (In Russian) During a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Coal Industry (22-23 May 1996), development of brown coal industry in the Ukraine was discussed. 98lo1ooo Prospects for Omani Coal Al-Ismaily, H. A. and Probert, D. Applied Energy, 1997, 58, (2-3), 131160. Discovered at Al-Kamil in south-eastern Oman, a coalfield has in excess of 120 x lo6 tonnes of coal in situ. The coal is classified as highly-volatile bituminous type-A, with an average calorific value of 27.5 GJ per tonne. Unfortunately, it has on average -5% by weight sulphur content and an ash content of -14% by weight, so it is probably better suited for use as a fuel for electricity generation. However, such coal-fired generation., at present, would incur a higher cost than using indigenous natural gas, but would nevertheless provide an opportunity for diversification away from the existing over-dependence on natural gas and crude oil.
98/01001 Research and exploration of coal in Greece: a view to the future Koukouzas, C. et al. Energy Sources, 1997, 19, (4) 335-347. As the only energy source found in large quantities in Greece, the future of coal was examined with respect to future electricity needs. Lignite is overwhelmingly the dominant fuel type; there are 6 x 10’ tons of proven reserves, of which 3.85 x lo9 tons are mineable. Assuming an annual increase of 3% in electricity demands over the next 30 years, 83,320 GW h will be required by the year 2024. If -70% of these needs is to be satisfied by coal, a total of 2384 million tons must be mined. For coal to fulfil its role, it is essential that further exploration continue unimpeded, new and improved mining methods must be applied, beneficiation methods must be implemented immediately in order to use deposits where calorific values are marginal and underground mining must be initiated. Finally, it is important to promote co-processing of lignites encountered in tmmerous small deposits, with organic wastes, such as agricultural by-products.
Derived Solid Fuels 98/01002 Briqueting of Afsin-Elbistan lignite of Turkey using different waste materials Guerbuez Beker, U. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (l/2), 137-144. Low grade Afsin-Elbistan lignites could be utilized by briquetting technology. For this reason, lignite samples from the Afsin-Elbistan area were briquetted both with and without binder materials. The effects of moisture content of lignite samples on the briquette strength were examined without binder materials at four different briquetting pressures of 400, 550, 700 and 800 MPa. This yielded products with low water resistance. The optimum moisture content and briquetting pressure were found to be 15% and 550 MPa, respectively and paper mill waste, sunflower shell, sawdust and brewery waste were then used as binder materials at different ratios. Sawdust and paper mill waste gave the best quality briquettes, with high strength and calorific value.
98/01003
Co-coking of coal with pitches and waste plastics
Collin, G. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2/3), 179-183. Gases, pyrolysis oils, and high-melting pitches were produced by liquidphase co-thermolysis of waste plastics with coal-tar pitch at temperatures up to 400°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of these pitches showed that they were thermally stable up to the plastic temperature range of coals. The reaction pitches could thus be used as reactive additives for weak-coking coals to improve their coking properties.
Solid fuels (derived solid fuels)
vessel was fed at constant pressure, from atmospheric pressure to 20 bar. Reliable results were obtained from a proposed model for pipeline performance prediction at elevated pressures using test data obtained at 5 bars. When based on test data obtained at atmospheric pressure, slightly higher error (lo-15%) was obtained. This was attributed to the use of average velocity and the assumption that atmospheric pressure is constant regardless of the gas pressure in the pipeline. The authors advise checking the model with other solids pipeline configuration combinations for the model’s verification and further development.
Preparation of pneumatically transportable dust-polymer mixtures
98100992
Roping phenomena in pulverized coal conveying
lines Yilmaz, A. and Levy, E. K. Powder Technol., 1998, 95, (l), 43-48. The characteristics of a particle rope in a vertical pipe following a horizontal to vertical elbow were measured using laboratory experiments. These were performed with pulverized coal and air in a 0.154 m diameter pipe, with average velocities of 29 m/s and air-to-solids mass flow rate ratios from 1 to 3. A fibre optic probe was used to detect the transverse variations of particle velocity and concentration at different axial locations downstream of the elbow. Measurements made with an orifice plate at elbow exit show that the flow patterns created by the orifice lead to accelerated rates of axial dispersion of the rope.
Safe handling of biomass fuels in IGCC power
98100994
production When, C. and Rautalin, A. Biomass Energy Environ., Proc. Eur. Bioenergv Conf., 9th, 1996, 1, 170-175. Edited by Chartier, P., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Experiments were conducted at ambient and elevated pressures to investigate the safety-technical factors related to spontaneous ignition and dust explosions of biomasses. The sensitivity of forest residue and straw to self-ignition and the effect of pressure on the self-ignition temperature were investigated on pressurized dynamic self-ignition equipment. Spontaneous ignition prevention by effective inertization in the pressure ranges of 1 and 25 bar was studied. Dust explosion tests of a forest residue dust were performed at initial pressures between 1 and 18 bar in a standard 1 m2 test facility. The level of inertization required to prevent dust explosions was also determined at different initial pressures. The results show that elevated pressure increases biofuels tendency to spontaneous ignition. The required safe oxygen level is much lower than that of preventing dust explosions. Very high explosion pressures and rates of pressure rise were measured at elevated initial pressures. The required level of inertization to prevent dust explosions is strongly dependent on the initial pressure. Limiting oxygen concentrations of 8 to 14% were measured at pressures of 1-18 bar. The results are unique in the sense that no corresponding data have been reported for biomass fuels previously. Within the framework of the JOULE programme, the work on safety aspects of renewable fuels will continue in a BC project.
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy
Assessing coal in envlronmentslly-sensitive areas, coal data input to Federal rule making
98loo995
Watson, W. D. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 533538. In order to clarify the application of section 522(e) of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA), the Office of Surface Mining is revising Federal rules. The act provides protection of certain environmentally sensitive areas by prohibiting surface mining of coal unless certain conditions are met. This potential change of rules could change the amount of 522(e) areas protected from coal-mining operations. Alternative criteria are considered for establishing valid existing rights and addresses the applicability of section 522(e) prohibitions to subsidence from underground mining. To provide background information, the US Geological Survey (USGS) is estimating coal resources in 522(e) areas and analysing economic impacts to the longwall-coal-mining industry under alternate rules. Estimates were made for each 522(e) area of total and private surfaceand underground-mineable tonnages. For Federal 522(e) areas, the potential conflict between coal development and environmental preservation is small.
92
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998
industry of
Ukraine Sklyar, M. G. and Starovoit, A. G. K0k.s Khim. 1997, (1) 2-9. (In Russian) Coal reserves and production, the current status and prospects for the coking industry, and prospects for coal gasification in Ukraine are discussed. 98loo997 Experience of coal-mining industry in Germany Petrunin, 0. Y. and Budyaev, V. P. Ugol’, 1997, (1) 61-65. (In Russian)
coal
Schmoele, P. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19541,673 (Cl. ClOL5/40), 29 Aug 1996, DE Appl. 4,440,463, 14 Nov 1994, 6 pp. (In German) The process comprises drying and milling a carbonaceous material to produce a powder and milling a polymer waste to produce a powder. The carbonaceous powder and polymer powder are mixed at a ratio of (599):(1-95). The resulting powder mixture is used as a reducing agent and/or energy carrier for metallurgical furnaces and non-metallurgical furnaces. The mixture is then fed through lances or to burners.
98100993
Development of the coal-processing
98loo998
98lOO998
Improvement of efficiency in the mining, processing and use of brown coals
Kolokolov, 0. V. Llgol’ Llkr., 1996, (9). 10-16. (In Russian) The manufacture of fuel gases, liquid engine fuels, chemicals, and surface gasification, and gas-fuelled power generation discussed.
underground engines are
Novel technological trends in the use of brown
98loo999
coals Salyaev, I. V. Ugol’ Vkr., 1996, (9), 2. (In Russian) During a meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Coal Industry (22-23 May 1996), development of brown coal industry in the Ukraine was discussed. 98lo1ooo Prospects for Omani Coal Al-Ismaily, H. A. and Probert, D. Applied Energy, 1997, 58, (2-3), 131160. Discovered at Al-Kamil in south-eastern Oman, a coalfield has in excess of 120 x lo6 tonnes of coal in situ. The coal is classified as highly-volatile bituminous type-A, with an average calorific value of 27.5 GJ per tonne. Unfortunately, it has on average -5% by weight sulphur content and an ash content of -14% by weight, so it is probably better suited for use as a fuel for electricity generation. However, such coal-fired generation., at present, would incur a higher cost than using indigenous natural gas, but would nevertheless provide an opportunity for diversification away from the existing over-dependence on natural gas and crude oil.
98/01001 Research and exploration of coal in Greece: a view to the future Koukouzas, C. et al. Energy Sources, 1997, 19, (4) 335-347. As the only energy source found in large quantities in Greece, the future of coal was examined with respect to future electricity needs. Lignite is overwhelmingly the dominant fuel type; there are 6 x 10’ tons of proven reserves, of which 3.85 x lo9 tons are mineable. Assuming an annual increase of 3% in electricity demands over the next 30 years, 83,320 GW h will be required by the year 2024. If -70% of these needs is to be satisfied by coal, a total of 2384 million tons must be mined. For coal to fulfil its role, it is essential that further exploration continue unimpeded, new and improved mining methods must be applied, beneficiation methods must be implemented immediately in order to use deposits where calorific values are marginal and underground mining must be initiated. Finally, it is important to promote co-processing of lignites encountered in tmmerous small deposits, with organic wastes, such as agricultural by-products.
Derived Solid Fuels 98/01002 Briqueting of Afsin-Elbistan lignite of Turkey using different waste materials Guerbuez Beker, U. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 51, (l/2), 137-144. Low grade Afsin-Elbistan lignites could be utilized by briquetting technology. For this reason, lignite samples from the Afsin-Elbistan area were briquetted both with and without binder materials. The effects of moisture content of lignite samples on the briquette strength were examined without binder materials at four different briquetting pressures of 400, 550, 700 and 800 MPa. This yielded products with low water resistance. The optimum moisture content and briquetting pressure were found to be 15% and 550 MPa, respectively and paper mill waste, sunflower shell, sawdust and brewery waste were then used as binder materials at different ratios. Sawdust and paper mill waste gave the best quality briquettes, with high strength and calorific value.
98/01003
Co-coking of coal with pitches and waste plastics
Collin, G. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1997, 50, (2/3), 179-183. Gases, pyrolysis oils, and high-melting pitches were produced by liquidphase co-thermolysis of waste plastics with coal-tar pitch at temperatures up to 400°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of these pitches showed that they were thermally stable up to the plastic temperature range of coals. The reaction pitches could thus be used as reactive additives for weak-coking coals to improve their coking properties.