- Email: [email protected]
02883 Gasification of wood in a pilot scale spouted bed gasifier
03 the triplet-pipe burner between the inner tube and the middle tube. The carrier gas flow containing mainly fine carbonaceous particles is introduced to the burner between the middle tube and the outer tube. 98102882 wastewater
Gasification or water
of carbonaceous
fuels
in a slurry
of
Cummings, D. R. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 05,216 (Cl. ClOJ3/54), 13 Feb 1997, AU Appl. 95/4,517, 1 Aug 1995, 28 pp. A carbonaceous fuel gasification process is described, characterized by use of coal in the form of an aqueous slurry, the water content being at least 55 to 80% by weight, as the starting material. An apparatus for the burning of carbonaceous fuel, for the production of electrical energy is described.
Gasification
98102883
of wood
in a oilot scale seouted
bed
gasifier Janarthanan, A. K. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Cowers., 1997,2,945-959. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Known as the spouted bed gasifier (SBG), a pilot scale biomass gasification unit has been set up to demonstrate and characterize a novel approach to reactor design. The SBG couples indirect radiant heating with a spouted bed reactor configuration. The design of the 0.25 tons/day pilot plant which is an intermediate step in the development of a I+ meter diameter commercial module is presented. Performance results for operation at a feed rate of I kg/h of pine chips are presented for operating temperatures of 500, 600 and 7OO’C. with and without steam addition. Under pyrolysis conditions gas yields of BO-90% were attained and the yield was 40-58% under steam gasification. The mass balance closures averaged 95% for the eight runs reported and heat balance closures averaged 94%. At 700°C reaction temperature, the pyrolysis gas product had a calorific value of 3.6 kcal/g and the steam gasification product had a calorific value of 3.4 kcalig.
Gasification reactivities of biomass 98102884 surised conditions and product gas mixtures
fuels in pres-
Moilanen, A. and Saviharju, K. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Conveu., 1997, 2, 828-837. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. The paper discusses the measuring data required for describing the reactivity of biomass-based fuels for pressurized gasification, like various straws and wood-based feedstock. The measurements were carried out isothermally in a pressurized thermo-balance by determining the gasification rates of char. The main variables were temperature and partial pressures of HZ0 and HZ, and CO: and CO. The reaction rates were determined in binary gas mixtures H20-HZ. and COZ-CO as well as in product gas mixtures H?O-HZ-CO?-CO. The total pressure range was l-30
bar and the temperature range 650-95O’C. The samples were pyrolysed in a thermobalance to produce char samples under gasification conditions by placing the sample in the reactor in the reaction conditions adjusted. In the paper, the characteristic gasification behaviour of the samples in the presence of product gases is discussed. Wood kinetic parameters were determined using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, which takes into account the effect of the product gases on the reaction rate. In the gasification of wood, as well as of other biomasses, the behaviour of catalytically active ash components was found to be more complex during char gasification. 98102885 High-pressure carbon dioxide critical water gasification of biomass
removal
in super-
Matsumura, Y. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Comers., 1997, 2, 864877. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. C. B., Blackie, London, UK. For a biomass gasification process in supercritical water, the utilization of
high-pressure
water to separate
hydrogen
addition of excess water to the product gas mixture under high pressure results in hydrogen with a purity above 90 mol% in the gas phase. Power consumption of water needed to dissolve the carbon dioxide is negligible. Process heat is obtained from the hydrogen dissolved in the water together with carbon dioxide. The process was assessed both experimentally and theoretically. Energy flow analysis conducted on the gasification process with this separation shows the significance of the heat exchanger efficiency.
Recupero,
Hydrogen generator, for fuel cells
V. et al.
J. Power Sources,
production by means of fuel cells and assess the potential benefits of the CSPOM for different categories of fuel cells by a balance of plant analysis, and a techno-economic evaluation. 98lO2887 IISc-DASAG biomass gasifiers: development, technology, experience and economics Shara, H. N. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Comers., 1997. 2, 10581072. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Developed by the R&D team at the Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory, CGPL, of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, the open top gasifier technology successfully ran irrigation pumping sets, replacing diesel oil by producer gas. Subsequently, the technology was further developed for power generation, also with promising results. A laboratory-industry co-operation between IISc and DASAG, established to engineer the technology to rigorous power plant standards before commercializing it, has progressed into a successful South-North technological partnership being supported by the Swiss and the Indian governments. The paper describes the gasifier and presents details of its performance both in the laboratory and in the field, including experience of a plant running in an Indian village, results of tests carried out jointly by Indo-Swiss teams in Bangalore and the results of the initial operation of a plant in Chatel-St-Denis, Switzerland. Details of a commercial 80 kW, cogeneration plant supplying electricity and process heat for drying to a hand-made paper factory have also been presented. Commercialization steps and the concept of Independent Rural Power Producers IRPPs for setting up decentralized power stations in villages are detailed. The paper presents data on the coast of power generation in biomass based IRPPs and compares the economics of electricity supplied from such decentralized plants with those of coal based electricity supplied by the Indian power grid. 98lO2888 Integrated system for coal gasification combined with power generation Abe, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,316,462 [97,316,462] (Cl. ClOJ3/ 46). 9 Dee 1997, Appl. 961131,943. 27 May 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The system comprises means for feeding aqueous slurry of coal powder and MeOH into a coal gasification reactor to produce fuel gases. means for catalytic synthesis of MeOH by utilizing a portion of fuel gases and means for purifying and combusting the remaining portion of fuel gases in a gas turbine for power generation. 98102889 Long-term testing of zinc regenerable sorbents for HPS retention at high temperature [in coal gasification] Ibarra, J. V. et al. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1759-l 762. Including zinc ferrites (ZF), zinc titanates (ZT) and ZFs, mixed oxides modified with CuO (ZFC) or TiO? (ZFT) were prepared as cylindrical extrudates by calcination at 950°C. These ceramic materials were sulfidized at 600°C with a gas composed of 0.5% H2S, 15% HZO, 10% H2 and N? and the regeneration at 760°C was carried out with a gas composed of 3% 02, 30% Hz0 and Nz. In cyclic sulfidationiregeneration tests, ZF and ZFC sorbents showed a decreasing sulfur loading as function of the cycle number and this decrease was also observed in the breakthrough time of ZF sorbent in a fixed bed reactor. Cr,ush strength did not decrease in the cyclic test because there was no Sod---formation and no degradation of the sorbent. The loss of activity and the increase in crush strength was attributed to sintering of the sorbents.
from carbon dioxide is described.
Based on the higher solubility of carbon dioxide than hydrogen in water, the
98102886 of methane
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
via catalytic
partial
1998, 71, (I/2),
208-214.
oxidation
The most acknowledged hydrogen generation process for fuel cells is based upon the steam reforming of methane or natural gas. A process based on partial oxidation of methane could be a valid alternative, since the process is mildly exothermic and therefore not energy intensive. Consequently, great interest is expected from conversion of methane into syngas, if an autothermal, low energy intensive, compact and reliable process could be developed. The activities of the CNR Institute of Transformation and Storage of Energy (CNR-TAE) on theoretical and experimental studies for a compact hydrogen generator, via catalytic selective partial oxidation of methane, integrated with second generation fuel cells (EC-JOU2 contract). In particular, the project focuses the attention on methane partial oxidation via heterogeneous selective catalysts, in order to demonstrate the basic catalytic selective partial oxidation of methane (CSPOM) technology in a subscale prototype, equivalent to a nominal output of 5 kW,. It also aims to develop the CSPOM technology for its application in electric energy
98lO2890 Manufacture of fuel gas by gasification and thermal decomposition of solid gasification residue Brandl, A. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19.622.152 (Cl. ClOJ3/57), 4 Dee 1997, Appl. 19,622,152, 1 Jun 1996, 10 pp. (In German) A carbonaceous charge is gasified using air, 02, or oxygen-enriched air to produce a primary crude gas and a gasification residue. The residue is then charged together with an oxidation agent and an additive into a molten metal bath to produce a secondary crude gas, ceramic slag, and alloyed metal melt. Then, the secondary crude gas is mixed with the primary crude gas after dust removal. Methane and/or steam can be optionally charged to the bath zone to endothermically produce CO and H, and control temperature of the molten metal bath. The slag produced-is suitable for cement manufacture.
98lO2891 Manufacture of synthesis gas by partial catalytic oxidation in reactors with and without flow reversal De Groote, A. M. and Froment, G. F. Khim. from-st.. 1997, (5), 358-360. (In Russian) For conditions of complete combustion of methane, partial conversion of methane, conversion of water vapour and coke formation on the catalyst, modelling of partial oxidation of CH,/Og and CHl/air mixtures in adiabatic reactor with fixed bed catalyst was carried out. The effect of the process parameters and feed composition on the coke deposit was studied. Under flow reversal conditions coke deposition on the catalyst was found to be minimal.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1998
267
Gasification or water
of carbonaceous
fuels
in a slurry
of
Cummings, D. R. PCT Int. Appl. WO 97 05,216 (Cl. ClOJ3/54), 13 Feb 1997, AU Appl. 95/4,517, 1 Aug 1995, 28 pp. A carbonaceous fuel gasification process is described, characterized by use of coal in the form of an aqueous slurry, the water content being at least 55 to 80% by weight, as the starting material. An apparatus for the burning of carbonaceous fuel, for the production of electrical energy is described.
Gasification
98102883
of wood
in a oilot scale seouted
bed
gasifier Janarthanan, A. K. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Cowers., 1997,2,945-959. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Known as the spouted bed gasifier (SBG), a pilot scale biomass gasification unit has been set up to demonstrate and characterize a novel approach to reactor design. The SBG couples indirect radiant heating with a spouted bed reactor configuration. The design of the 0.25 tons/day pilot plant which is an intermediate step in the development of a I+ meter diameter commercial module is presented. Performance results for operation at a feed rate of I kg/h of pine chips are presented for operating temperatures of 500, 600 and 7OO’C. with and without steam addition. Under pyrolysis conditions gas yields of BO-90% were attained and the yield was 40-58% under steam gasification. The mass balance closures averaged 95% for the eight runs reported and heat balance closures averaged 94%. At 700°C reaction temperature, the pyrolysis gas product had a calorific value of 3.6 kcal/g and the steam gasification product had a calorific value of 3.4 kcalig.
Gasification reactivities of biomass 98102884 surised conditions and product gas mixtures
fuels in pres-
Moilanen, A. and Saviharju, K. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Conveu., 1997, 2, 828-837. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. The paper discusses the measuring data required for describing the reactivity of biomass-based fuels for pressurized gasification, like various straws and wood-based feedstock. The measurements were carried out isothermally in a pressurized thermo-balance by determining the gasification rates of char. The main variables were temperature and partial pressures of HZ0 and HZ, and CO: and CO. The reaction rates were determined in binary gas mixtures H20-HZ. and COZ-CO as well as in product gas mixtures H?O-HZ-CO?-CO. The total pressure range was l-30
bar and the temperature range 650-95O’C. The samples were pyrolysed in a thermobalance to produce char samples under gasification conditions by placing the sample in the reactor in the reaction conditions adjusted. In the paper, the characteristic gasification behaviour of the samples in the presence of product gases is discussed. Wood kinetic parameters were determined using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, which takes into account the effect of the product gases on the reaction rate. In the gasification of wood, as well as of other biomasses, the behaviour of catalytically active ash components was found to be more complex during char gasification. 98102885 High-pressure carbon dioxide critical water gasification of biomass
removal
in super-
Matsumura, Y. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Comers., 1997, 2, 864877. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. C. B., Blackie, London, UK. For a biomass gasification process in supercritical water, the utilization of
high-pressure
water to separate
hydrogen
addition of excess water to the product gas mixture under high pressure results in hydrogen with a purity above 90 mol% in the gas phase. Power consumption of water needed to dissolve the carbon dioxide is negligible. Process heat is obtained from the hydrogen dissolved in the water together with carbon dioxide. The process was assessed both experimentally and theoretically. Energy flow analysis conducted on the gasification process with this separation shows the significance of the heat exchanger efficiency.
Recupero,
Hydrogen generator, for fuel cells
V. et al.
J. Power Sources,
production by means of fuel cells and assess the potential benefits of the CSPOM for different categories of fuel cells by a balance of plant analysis, and a techno-economic evaluation. 98lO2887 IISc-DASAG biomass gasifiers: development, technology, experience and economics Shara, H. N. et al. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Comers., 1997. 2, 10581072. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Developed by the R&D team at the Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory, CGPL, of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, the open top gasifier technology successfully ran irrigation pumping sets, replacing diesel oil by producer gas. Subsequently, the technology was further developed for power generation, also with promising results. A laboratory-industry co-operation between IISc and DASAG, established to engineer the technology to rigorous power plant standards before commercializing it, has progressed into a successful South-North technological partnership being supported by the Swiss and the Indian governments. The paper describes the gasifier and presents details of its performance both in the laboratory and in the field, including experience of a plant running in an Indian village, results of tests carried out jointly by Indo-Swiss teams in Bangalore and the results of the initial operation of a plant in Chatel-St-Denis, Switzerland. Details of a commercial 80 kW, cogeneration plant supplying electricity and process heat for drying to a hand-made paper factory have also been presented. Commercialization steps and the concept of Independent Rural Power Producers IRPPs for setting up decentralized power stations in villages are detailed. The paper presents data on the coast of power generation in biomass based IRPPs and compares the economics of electricity supplied from such decentralized plants with those of coal based electricity supplied by the Indian power grid. 98lO2888 Integrated system for coal gasification combined with power generation Abe, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,316,462 [97,316,462] (Cl. ClOJ3/ 46). 9 Dee 1997, Appl. 961131,943. 27 May 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) The system comprises means for feeding aqueous slurry of coal powder and MeOH into a coal gasification reactor to produce fuel gases. means for catalytic synthesis of MeOH by utilizing a portion of fuel gases and means for purifying and combusting the remaining portion of fuel gases in a gas turbine for power generation. 98102889 Long-term testing of zinc regenerable sorbents for HPS retention at high temperature [in coal gasification] Ibarra, J. V. et al. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3), 1759-l 762. Including zinc ferrites (ZF), zinc titanates (ZT) and ZFs, mixed oxides modified with CuO (ZFC) or TiO? (ZFT) were prepared as cylindrical extrudates by calcination at 950°C. These ceramic materials were sulfidized at 600°C with a gas composed of 0.5% H2S, 15% HZO, 10% H2 and N? and the regeneration at 760°C was carried out with a gas composed of 3% 02, 30% Hz0 and Nz. In cyclic sulfidationiregeneration tests, ZF and ZFC sorbents showed a decreasing sulfur loading as function of the cycle number and this decrease was also observed in the breakthrough time of ZF sorbent in a fixed bed reactor. Cr,ush strength did not decrease in the cyclic test because there was no Sod---formation and no degradation of the sorbent. The loss of activity and the increase in crush strength was attributed to sintering of the sorbents.
from carbon dioxide is described.
Based on the higher solubility of carbon dioxide than hydrogen in water, the
98102886 of methane
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
via catalytic
partial
1998, 71, (I/2),
208-214.
oxidation
The most acknowledged hydrogen generation process for fuel cells is based upon the steam reforming of methane or natural gas. A process based on partial oxidation of methane could be a valid alternative, since the process is mildly exothermic and therefore not energy intensive. Consequently, great interest is expected from conversion of methane into syngas, if an autothermal, low energy intensive, compact and reliable process could be developed. The activities of the CNR Institute of Transformation and Storage of Energy (CNR-TAE) on theoretical and experimental studies for a compact hydrogen generator, via catalytic selective partial oxidation of methane, integrated with second generation fuel cells (EC-JOU2 contract). In particular, the project focuses the attention on methane partial oxidation via heterogeneous selective catalysts, in order to demonstrate the basic catalytic selective partial oxidation of methane (CSPOM) technology in a subscale prototype, equivalent to a nominal output of 5 kW,. It also aims to develop the CSPOM technology for its application in electric energy
98lO2890 Manufacture of fuel gas by gasification and thermal decomposition of solid gasification residue Brandl, A. et al. Ger. Offen. DE 19.622.152 (Cl. ClOJ3/57), 4 Dee 1997, Appl. 19,622,152, 1 Jun 1996, 10 pp. (In German) A carbonaceous charge is gasified using air, 02, or oxygen-enriched air to produce a primary crude gas and a gasification residue. The residue is then charged together with an oxidation agent and an additive into a molten metal bath to produce a secondary crude gas, ceramic slag, and alloyed metal melt. Then, the secondary crude gas is mixed with the primary crude gas after dust removal. Methane and/or steam can be optionally charged to the bath zone to endothermically produce CO and H, and control temperature of the molten metal bath. The slag produced-is suitable for cement manufacture.
98lO2891 Manufacture of synthesis gas by partial catalytic oxidation in reactors with and without flow reversal De Groote, A. M. and Froment, G. F. Khim. from-st.. 1997, (5), 358-360. (In Russian) For conditions of complete combustion of methane, partial conversion of methane, conversion of water vapour and coke formation on the catalyst, modelling of partial oxidation of CH,/Og and CHl/air mixtures in adiabatic reactor with fixed bed catalyst was carried out. The effect of the process parameters and feed composition on the coke deposit was studied. Under flow reversal conditions coke deposition on the catalyst was found to be minimal.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1998
267