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reheater tubing
06 98103126
Simultaneous frequency and voltage control of wind-dlesei power systems using energy storage
Mufti, M. U. D. et al. Int. 1. Energy Res., 1998, 22, (3), 221-235. A new scheme is given for simultaneously smoothing out the voltage and frequency fluctuations in a hybrid wind-diesel system using a super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit. The SMES unit located at induction generators’ terminal bus, uses local measurements for exchanging real and reactive powers simultaneously in four quadrants. Complete model of the hybrid wind-diesel-SMES system is developed and is used for eigenvalue analysis and design of controllers. Computer simulation results illustrate the positive impact of the SMES unit on the quality of the supply and furthermore some modifications of the controller design are proposed.
Others, including Economics
Development,
Greenhouse-gas emissions from Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs: the example of Brazil’s Tucurui Dam as compared to fossil fuel alternatives
98/03127
Fearnside, P. M. Environ. Conserv., 1997, 24, (I), 64-75. Carbon dioxide and methane are emitted by hydro-electric dams in tropical forest areas. The calculation method of these emissions and their impacts and the method of their comparison with global warming contributions of alternative energy sources such as fossil fuels, can lead to sharp differences in conclusions on the relative advantages of these options. The example of Brazil’s Tucurui Dam is examined to clarify these differences. The present paper extends an earlier analysis to 100 years and explores the differences between these and comparable fossil fuel emissions.
Technology assessment of alternative fuels by COz 96lO3126 emission reduction in passenger cars
Matsumoto, S. et al. Shigen to Kunkyo, 1997, 6, (6), 447-453. (In Japanese) With the aim of CO? emissions mitigation, alternative fuel vehicles were investigated. Fuel economics of several alternative cars were compared, and integrated COZ emission from fuel mining to consumption in Japan were calculated. The alternative fuel vehicles investigated were methanol, compressed natural gas, electric and hydrogen fuelled. A combined approach discharged the least amount of CO1 when compared to individual alternative fuel vehicles studied here. In the combined approach, methanol and electricity coming from a coal-fired power plant were used. Methanol was produced from COZ collected from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant and hydrogen originated from a non-carbon natural energy source. The methanol-fuelled vehicle emitted 28.4 kg-CO1 per 100 km driven. The CO2 emission per 100 km driven was reduced to 15.0 kg by the combination of the methanol and electric vehicles.
Twenty-five years of safe exploitation of the hydro96103129 power plant ‘iron gates I’ on the Danube river CLrdu, M. et al. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1998, 39, (8), 749-755. Romania’s most important hydropower plant, Iron Gates I, on the Danube River, is equipped with six hydropower Units of 175 MW. The necessary matters for rehabilitation, refurbishment and upgrading of these units after 25 years of operation are considered.
96103130
Use of sewage sludge energy in Swarzewo
Ostojski, A. Gax, Woda Tech. Sanit., 1997, 71, (lo), 370-373. (In Polish) After dewatering to moisture content 60 wt%, wastewater treatment sludge is mixed with fine coal (1:l) and used as fuel to fire a hot-water boiler at a sewage treatment plant in Swarzewo, Poland.
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler Operation/Design
Application of CFD modeiiing for the pre-optimiza96io3131 tion of boiler layout in the frame of the Vado Ligure W4coal over Coal Reburn Demonstration Project Richter, S. er al. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, 353-358. Evaluation of a large variety of boiler configurations and component designs were undertaken by several modelling groups. The optimization of over fire air system is discussed and kinetic data from a drop tube furnace was used to model char burnout.
98/03132
Steam raising (boiler operation/design)
Boiler fuel containing low-sulfur vegetable oil
Sigaud, J. B. and Van den Neste, C. Fr. Demande FR 2,750,141 (Cl. ClOLl/OO), 26 Dee 1997, Appl. 96/7,641, 19 Jun 1996, 13 pp. (In French) A vegetable oil 10-60 wt%, a hydrocarbon fraction with boiling point 140300°C and ~0.05% sulfur and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction containing ~0.05% sulfur and having a distillation range between that of the other two fractions, comprise the boiler fuel. It is not necessary to modify boilers for combustion of the mixed fuel.
96lo3133 Combustion experiences of flash pyrolysis fuel in intermediate size boilers Gust, S. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Cowers., 1997, 1, 481-488. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Using simple pressure atomization equipment commonly used with light fuel oils in intermediate size boilers, combustion of flash pyrolysis liquid was studied. With a modified combustion system, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides could be reduced to acceptable levels. Particulate emissions, however, were ~2 times higher than those from light fuel oil. High particulate emissions originated from high solids content (0.5-0.7 wt%) and poor atomization caused by high viscosity of the samples. The changes to the combustion system/conditions compared to light fuel oil included: use of acid resistant progressive cavity pump, higher oil preheat temperature and higher oil pressure, refractory section between burner and boiler warmed up to at least 800°C. In addition, it was necessary fo store the pyrolysis liquid samples under inert conditions and to rinse nozzles with solvent after shutdown to prevent coking. The paper discusses the technical and economic aspects of the light fuel oil replacement.
Distribution of PAH generated in domestic solid 96103134 fuel boilers ICCS ‘97, Kubica, K. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings Volume 3), 1735-1738. An investigation was carried out into the influence of combustion conditions and fuel quality on the release of organic pollutants. Flue gas from domestic furnaces and two types of boilers using three types of coal, smokeless fuel and coke, was analysed. The highest release of organic matter, phenoles, BTX, and PAHs was observed during the combustion of coal in the furnace. The lowest release occurred on coal combustion in a continuous fuel-feeding boiler. The lowest degasification release occurred in the case of coal combustion in the boiler, in which coal degasification products passed through a glow layer. PAH release from various coals in the same furnace boiler is different caused by chemical structure of coals and its behaviour during gasification. Ash from coal combustion in small furnaces contains a considerable amount of PAH.
Effect of coal chlorine on the fireside corrosion of 96103135 boiler furnace wail and superheater/reheater tubing James, P. J. and Pinder, L. W. Mater. High Temp., 1997, 14, (3). 187-196. Boiler tube failures have been identified by the EPRI as the principal cause of world-wide loss of power plant availability. A significant proportion of the failures in the furnace wall and pendant/platen superheater and reheater stages are the result of excessive metal loss by fireside corrosion. Despite fundamental differences in the corrosion mechanisms active on furnace walls and superheater/reheater stages, much of the worsening fireside corrosion problems experienced in both sections in UK plants in the 1960s and 1970s was attributed to fuel chemistry, in particular the coal chlorine content. The more recent history of fireside corrosion in CEGB and PowerGen Stations is extracted from a literature survey undertaken as the inaugural exercise in a jointly sponsored EPRIi PowerGen project into the role of combustion parameters and fuel chemical on fireside corrosion. The current view of the impact of coal chlorine on the wastage mechanisms concerned in each boiler stage is also detailed.
Experimental and numerical modeiiing of the vortex 96103136 furnace aerodynamics Keyno, A. W. et al. Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys., 1996, 6, (l), 47-62. In the development of ecologically sound solid fuel boiler units for heatpower stations, modelling of the furnace processes is a vital problem. The experimental and numerical modelling of aerodynamics of a vortex furnace which is a promising design for effective coal combustion with reduced emissions is carried out in the isothermal statement. The hot-wire measurements are performed at the vortex furnace model using thermoanemometer with the straight-wire and slanted-wire probes. The numerical simulation is based on 3-D Reynolds equations with (k-)-model of turbulence solved with the SIMPLEC algorithm. The application of Buleer method of incomplete factorization accelerated with conjugate residuals method proves to be highly efficient for the solution of the discretized pressure correction equation of Poisson type. The comparison of numerical and experimental results has shown their qualitative and some quantitative agreement, and also the trend of improvement of numerical results with the reduction of the false diffusion due to the grid refinement.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996 269
Simultaneous frequency and voltage control of wind-dlesei power systems using energy storage
Mufti, M. U. D. et al. Int. 1. Energy Res., 1998, 22, (3), 221-235. A new scheme is given for simultaneously smoothing out the voltage and frequency fluctuations in a hybrid wind-diesel system using a super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit. The SMES unit located at induction generators’ terminal bus, uses local measurements for exchanging real and reactive powers simultaneously in four quadrants. Complete model of the hybrid wind-diesel-SMES system is developed and is used for eigenvalue analysis and design of controllers. Computer simulation results illustrate the positive impact of the SMES unit on the quality of the supply and furthermore some modifications of the controller design are proposed.
Others, including Economics
Development,
Greenhouse-gas emissions from Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs: the example of Brazil’s Tucurui Dam as compared to fossil fuel alternatives
98/03127
Fearnside, P. M. Environ. Conserv., 1997, 24, (I), 64-75. Carbon dioxide and methane are emitted by hydro-electric dams in tropical forest areas. The calculation method of these emissions and their impacts and the method of their comparison with global warming contributions of alternative energy sources such as fossil fuels, can lead to sharp differences in conclusions on the relative advantages of these options. The example of Brazil’s Tucurui Dam is examined to clarify these differences. The present paper extends an earlier analysis to 100 years and explores the differences between these and comparable fossil fuel emissions.
Technology assessment of alternative fuels by COz 96lO3126 emission reduction in passenger cars
Matsumoto, S. et al. Shigen to Kunkyo, 1997, 6, (6), 447-453. (In Japanese) With the aim of CO? emissions mitigation, alternative fuel vehicles were investigated. Fuel economics of several alternative cars were compared, and integrated COZ emission from fuel mining to consumption in Japan were calculated. The alternative fuel vehicles investigated were methanol, compressed natural gas, electric and hydrogen fuelled. A combined approach discharged the least amount of CO1 when compared to individual alternative fuel vehicles studied here. In the combined approach, methanol and electricity coming from a coal-fired power plant were used. Methanol was produced from COZ collected from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant and hydrogen originated from a non-carbon natural energy source. The methanol-fuelled vehicle emitted 28.4 kg-CO1 per 100 km driven. The CO2 emission per 100 km driven was reduced to 15.0 kg by the combination of the methanol and electric vehicles.
Twenty-five years of safe exploitation of the hydro96103129 power plant ‘iron gates I’ on the Danube river CLrdu, M. et al. Energy Comers. Mgmt, 1998, 39, (8), 749-755. Romania’s most important hydropower plant, Iron Gates I, on the Danube River, is equipped with six hydropower Units of 175 MW. The necessary matters for rehabilitation, refurbishment and upgrading of these units after 25 years of operation are considered.
96103130
Use of sewage sludge energy in Swarzewo
Ostojski, A. Gax, Woda Tech. Sanit., 1997, 71, (lo), 370-373. (In Polish) After dewatering to moisture content 60 wt%, wastewater treatment sludge is mixed with fine coal (1:l) and used as fuel to fire a hot-water boiler at a sewage treatment plant in Swarzewo, Poland.
08
STEAM RAISING Boiler Operation/Design
Application of CFD modeiiing for the pre-optimiza96io3131 tion of boiler layout in the frame of the Vado Ligure W4coal over Coal Reburn Demonstration Project Richter, S. er al. VDI-Ber., 1997, 1313, 353-358. Evaluation of a large variety of boiler configurations and component designs were undertaken by several modelling groups. The optimization of over fire air system is discussed and kinetic data from a drop tube furnace was used to model char burnout.
98/03132
Steam raising (boiler operation/design)
Boiler fuel containing low-sulfur vegetable oil
Sigaud, J. B. and Van den Neste, C. Fr. Demande FR 2,750,141 (Cl. ClOLl/OO), 26 Dee 1997, Appl. 96/7,641, 19 Jun 1996, 13 pp. (In French) A vegetable oil 10-60 wt%, a hydrocarbon fraction with boiling point 140300°C and ~0.05% sulfur and optionally a hydrocarbon fraction containing ~0.05% sulfur and having a distillation range between that of the other two fractions, comprise the boiler fuel. It is not necessary to modify boilers for combustion of the mixed fuel.
96lo3133 Combustion experiences of flash pyrolysis fuel in intermediate size boilers Gust, S. Dev. Thermochem. Biomass Cowers., 1997, 1, 481-488. Edited by Bridgwater, A. V. and Boocock, D. G. B., Blackie, London, UK. Using simple pressure atomization equipment commonly used with light fuel oils in intermediate size boilers, combustion of flash pyrolysis liquid was studied. With a modified combustion system, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides could be reduced to acceptable levels. Particulate emissions, however, were ~2 times higher than those from light fuel oil. High particulate emissions originated from high solids content (0.5-0.7 wt%) and poor atomization caused by high viscosity of the samples. The changes to the combustion system/conditions compared to light fuel oil included: use of acid resistant progressive cavity pump, higher oil preheat temperature and higher oil pressure, refractory section between burner and boiler warmed up to at least 800°C. In addition, it was necessary fo store the pyrolysis liquid samples under inert conditions and to rinse nozzles with solvent after shutdown to prevent coking. The paper discusses the technical and economic aspects of the light fuel oil replacement.
Distribution of PAH generated in domestic solid 96103134 fuel boilers ICCS ‘97, Kubica, K. DGMK Tagungsher., 1997, 9704, (Proceedings Volume 3), 1735-1738. An investigation was carried out into the influence of combustion conditions and fuel quality on the release of organic pollutants. Flue gas from domestic furnaces and two types of boilers using three types of coal, smokeless fuel and coke, was analysed. The highest release of organic matter, phenoles, BTX, and PAHs was observed during the combustion of coal in the furnace. The lowest release occurred on coal combustion in a continuous fuel-feeding boiler. The lowest degasification release occurred in the case of coal combustion in the boiler, in which coal degasification products passed through a glow layer. PAH release from various coals in the same furnace boiler is different caused by chemical structure of coals and its behaviour during gasification. Ash from coal combustion in small furnaces contains a considerable amount of PAH.
Effect of coal chlorine on the fireside corrosion of 96103135 boiler furnace wail and superheater/reheater tubing James, P. J. and Pinder, L. W. Mater. High Temp., 1997, 14, (3). 187-196. Boiler tube failures have been identified by the EPRI as the principal cause of world-wide loss of power plant availability. A significant proportion of the failures in the furnace wall and pendant/platen superheater and reheater stages are the result of excessive metal loss by fireside corrosion. Despite fundamental differences in the corrosion mechanisms active on furnace walls and superheater/reheater stages, much of the worsening fireside corrosion problems experienced in both sections in UK plants in the 1960s and 1970s was attributed to fuel chemistry, in particular the coal chlorine content. The more recent history of fireside corrosion in CEGB and PowerGen Stations is extracted from a literature survey undertaken as the inaugural exercise in a jointly sponsored EPRIi PowerGen project into the role of combustion parameters and fuel chemical on fireside corrosion. The current view of the impact of coal chlorine on the wastage mechanisms concerned in each boiler stage is also detailed.
Experimental and numerical modeiiing of the vortex 96103136 furnace aerodynamics Keyno, A. W. et al. Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys., 1996, 6, (l), 47-62. In the development of ecologically sound solid fuel boiler units for heatpower stations, modelling of the furnace processes is a vital problem. The experimental and numerical modelling of aerodynamics of a vortex furnace which is a promising design for effective coal combustion with reduced emissions is carried out in the isothermal statement. The hot-wire measurements are performed at the vortex furnace model using thermoanemometer with the straight-wire and slanted-wire probes. The numerical simulation is based on 3-D Reynolds equations with (k-)-model of turbulence solved with the SIMPLEC algorithm. The application of Buleer method of incomplete factorization accelerated with conjugate residuals method proves to be highly efficient for the solution of the discretized pressure correction equation of Poisson type. The comparison of numerical and experimental results has shown their qualitative and some quantitative agreement, and also the trend of improvement of numerical results with the reduction of the false diffusion due to the grid refinement.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 1996 269