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01091 Manufacture of hydrocarbon oil from waste plastics
02
99101084 Hydrogenation process for production of methanol from carbon dioxide and synthesis gas with the use of inert C7-12 heat-transfer agents Nemphos, S. P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 30,525 (Cl. CO7C27/10), 16 Jul 1998, US Appl. 782,128, 13 Jan 1997; 19 pp. By the hydrogenation reaction of CO, Hz and CO2, methanol is prepared in a distillation column reactor in the presence of an inert C,-,z component which boils and condenses around the catalyst (e.g. copper and zinc oxides on alumina) and reactants at the reaction temperature within the catalyst bed, thus increasing the process yield. The product methanol, along with the inert component, is then taken overhead. The inert component is recycled back to the distillation column reactor and the methanol is removed via phase separation.
Influence of particle grain size on the yield and composition of products from the pyrolysis of oil shales
99101085
An-mad, N. and Williams, P. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis.,1998,46, (l), 3149. In relation to particle grain size oil shales from two regions of Pakistan have been pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor. Five size ranges were investigated, ~0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-1.7, 1.7-2.8 and 6.0-10 mm. The pyrolysis system consisted of a 200 cm’ stainless steel fixed bed reactor externally electric heated. To remove the pyrolysis products from the reactor and to minimize secondary reactions the samples were heated to 520°C at 10 K min-’ and the oil shale sample was continuously purged with nitrogen. The gases were analysed for their content of CO, CO2, Hz, CHI and other hydrocarbons up to Cd. The derived pyrolysis oil was condensed in a series of cold traps and the total oil yield determined. In addition, on a thermogravimetric analyser, experiments were carried out using the three smallest particle grain sizes under identical heating conditions to the fixed bed reactor. Increasing the particle size up to the largest size used of 10 mm resulted in an increase in oil yield. The total gaseous yield was decreased, reflecting a decrease in concentration for Hz, CO, CO2 and the majority of the hydrocarbon gases. To determine the elemental composition and surface area and influence on the compositional changes in oil and gaseous yield with particle size range, the raw oil shale samples of various particle size ranges were analysed.
Iron sulfate/sulfur-catalyzed liquefaction of Wandoan coal using syngas-water as a hydrogen source
99/01088
Hata, K.-a. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1998, 56, (3), 291-304. Synthesis gas-water plus two other sources of hydrogen were used to investigate water-soluble iron sulfate/sulfur-catalysed coal liquefaction of Wandoan (Australian subbituminous) coal. The coal liquefaction with iron sulfate/sulfur as a catalyst precursor using synthesis gas-water or CO-water mixtures afforded higher coal conversions and oil yields than those using pressurized hydrogen gas. To achieve high coal conversion pre-treatment at relatively low temperature (200°C) was necessary. In the two-staged liquefaction (400°C for 60 min and 425°C for 60 min), the use of synthesis gas-water as a hydrogen source afforded a higher coal conversion of 90.1% with a higher high oil yield of 46.2% than those using pure hydrogen and almost comparable to those using CO-water. Thus indicating the presence of synergistic effects of two hydrogen sources. The contribution of COwater was predominant at the early stage of the reaction, however at the latter stage H2 gas significantly took effect. the formation of pyrrhotite, a possible active species, covered with a small amount of sulfate species was revealed by the X-ray diffraction and X-ray spectrography study.
99iOlO87
Liquid phase methanol process demonstration
Heydorn, E. C. et al. Ind. Catal. News, 1998, (5), 8-13. Using synthesis gas from coal gasification, a slurry bubble column reactor, using powdered catalysts dispersed in inert mineral oil, formed the heart of a liquid-phase methanol synthesis plant. The process is characterized by a higher synthesis gas conversion per pass and capability of conversion of CO-rich (>SO%CO) synthesis gas, compared with conventional gas-phase reactors. The reactor is equipped with an internal tubular heat exchanger for heat exchange of hot slurry liquid with water to better carry away the reaction heat. Within the Tennessee Eastman petrochemical complex, the MeOH product is used as a chemical feedstock in the demonstration plant. In order to add flexibility during peak generation periods, the product can also be incorporated into an integrated coal gasification-combined cycle power generation unit.
Manufacture of dimethyl ether from carbon monoxide and hydrogen while recycling methanol and water Ono, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,529 [98 182,529] (Cl.
99lO1088
CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 961348,093,26 Dee 1996,4 pp. (In Japanese) Dimethyl ether is manufactured with high carbon yield by (1) treating material gases containing CO and H with catalysts in a reactor, (2) separating MeOH and Hz0 from the reaction mixtures and (3) recycling the MeOH and Hz0 to the reactor.
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
99lO1089 Manufacture of dlmethyl ether from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with recycling of unreacted gases Ogawa, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,534 [98 182,534] (Cl. CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/350,022, 27 Dee 1996; 9 pp. (In Japanese) While recycling unreacted gases containing CO and hydrogen in the manufacture of Me20 by catalytic reaction of CO- and H-containing gases, the recycled gases are treated with steam for control of molecular ratio of hydrogen and CO by shift reaction. The hydrogen/CO ratio is closely controlled for constant feeding of the material gases.
Manufacture of dimethyl ether from coal seam methane with effective use of carbon source by recycling carbon dioxide and unreacted synthesis gases
99lO1090
Mizuguchi, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,532 [98 182,532] (Cl. CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/349,202, 27 Dee 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) In the process of manufacturing Me20 by the catalytic reaction of synthesis gases (containing CO and H obtained by reforming gases containing hydrocarbons in a reformer), CO2 is recovered as the by-product. This is then mixed with coal seam CH4, optionally mixed with oxygen or air and fed to the reformer to form synthesis gases. The unreacted gases from the Me20 manufacturing process are recovered and fed to the reformer as the heat source.
99lO1091
Manufacture of hydrocarbon oil from waste plastics
Tachibana, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,452 [98 195,452] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,293, 27 Dee 1996,5 pp. (In Japanese) Light oil vapour is used to heat waste plastics so that they can be melted and pyrolysed to separate heavy oil and light oil. The light oil is then recycled for heating of the waste. Waste plastics can be rapidly treated at low cost.
99101092 Manufacture of methanol from synthesis gas with reduced generation of wastewater Kobayashi, K. and Nagai, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 204,008 [98 204,008] (Cl. CO7C31/04), 4 Aug 1998, Appl. 97/8,243, 21 Jan 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Methanol is manufactured in this process through the following steps: (a) treatment of hydrocarbons with steam to produce synthesis gas, which contains principally hydrogen, CO and CO2, (b) treatment of the synthesis gas with methanol synthesis catalysts and (c) distillation of the resulting crude liquid methanol to separate the purified methanol from the wastewater. Both the generation of wastewater and use of boiler water are reduced via this method.
Meltin and pyrolysis of waste plastic, tanks for the process and manuBacture of oil from waste plastic
99101093
Tachibana, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,451 [98 195,451] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,292, 27 Dee 1996, 15 pp. (In Japanese) In this method waste plastic is melted with removal of HCI and then pyrolysed in a single tank. The structure of the tank and manufacture of light, medium light and heavy oil from waste plastic are declared. Additionally, the pyrolytic manufacture of oil from polyolefins containing PVC, PET and/or ABS is described.
99101094 Mesh weight window method and its application in study of coal slurry system Jiang, H. and Wang, R. He Dianzixue Yu Tame Jishu, 1998, 18, (3), 201204. (In Chinese) The basic principle of weight window method and its realization in a new Monte Carlo program McMesh/v 1.0 is presented in this paper. Partial results calculated using this new programme to study coal slurry system are given.
99101095 Methanol production from biomass and natural gas as transportation fuel Borgwardt, R. H. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37, (9), 3760-3767. The author examined two production processes for methanol and each are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative fuel for road transport. These requirements are: (1) it is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor fuel annually consumed in the US, (2) it minimizes emissions of criteria pollutants, (3) it reduces greenhouse gas emissions from production and use, (4) it is cost-competitive with petroleum fuel and (5) it is compatible with the emerging vehicle technologies, especially fuel cell technology. The methanol yield, production cost and reduction potential of the overall fuel-cycle CO2 emissions were evaluated and a comparison made with reformulated gasoline. It is possible to meet the live requirements more effectively with a process utilizing natural gas and biomass as co-feedstocks than individual processes separately using these feedstocks. When taking into account end-use efficiencies, the cost per vehicle mile travelled would total less than that of the gasoline currently used. CO2 emissions from the vehicle fleet would be reduced 66% by the methanol used in fuel cell vehicles and 8-368 in flexible-fuel or dedicated-methanol vehicles during the transition period. Methanol produced from natural gas and biomass, together in one process and used in fuel cell vehicles would leverage petroleum displacement by a factor of about five and achieve twice the overall COz emission reduction obtainable from the use of biomass alone.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
113
99101084 Hydrogenation process for production of methanol from carbon dioxide and synthesis gas with the use of inert C7-12 heat-transfer agents Nemphos, S. P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98 30,525 (Cl. CO7C27/10), 16 Jul 1998, US Appl. 782,128, 13 Jan 1997; 19 pp. By the hydrogenation reaction of CO, Hz and CO2, methanol is prepared in a distillation column reactor in the presence of an inert C,-,z component which boils and condenses around the catalyst (e.g. copper and zinc oxides on alumina) and reactants at the reaction temperature within the catalyst bed, thus increasing the process yield. The product methanol, along with the inert component, is then taken overhead. The inert component is recycled back to the distillation column reactor and the methanol is removed via phase separation.
Influence of particle grain size on the yield and composition of products from the pyrolysis of oil shales
99101085
An-mad, N. and Williams, P. T. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis.,1998,46, (l), 3149. In relation to particle grain size oil shales from two regions of Pakistan have been pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor. Five size ranges were investigated, ~0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-1.7, 1.7-2.8 and 6.0-10 mm. The pyrolysis system consisted of a 200 cm’ stainless steel fixed bed reactor externally electric heated. To remove the pyrolysis products from the reactor and to minimize secondary reactions the samples were heated to 520°C at 10 K min-’ and the oil shale sample was continuously purged with nitrogen. The gases were analysed for their content of CO, CO2, Hz, CHI and other hydrocarbons up to Cd. The derived pyrolysis oil was condensed in a series of cold traps and the total oil yield determined. In addition, on a thermogravimetric analyser, experiments were carried out using the three smallest particle grain sizes under identical heating conditions to the fixed bed reactor. Increasing the particle size up to the largest size used of 10 mm resulted in an increase in oil yield. The total gaseous yield was decreased, reflecting a decrease in concentration for Hz, CO, CO2 and the majority of the hydrocarbon gases. To determine the elemental composition and surface area and influence on the compositional changes in oil and gaseous yield with particle size range, the raw oil shale samples of various particle size ranges were analysed.
Iron sulfate/sulfur-catalyzed liquefaction of Wandoan coal using syngas-water as a hydrogen source
99/01088
Hata, K.-a. et al. Fuel Process. Technol., 1998, 56, (3), 291-304. Synthesis gas-water plus two other sources of hydrogen were used to investigate water-soluble iron sulfate/sulfur-catalysed coal liquefaction of Wandoan (Australian subbituminous) coal. The coal liquefaction with iron sulfate/sulfur as a catalyst precursor using synthesis gas-water or CO-water mixtures afforded higher coal conversions and oil yields than those using pressurized hydrogen gas. To achieve high coal conversion pre-treatment at relatively low temperature (200°C) was necessary. In the two-staged liquefaction (400°C for 60 min and 425°C for 60 min), the use of synthesis gas-water as a hydrogen source afforded a higher coal conversion of 90.1% with a higher high oil yield of 46.2% than those using pure hydrogen and almost comparable to those using CO-water. Thus indicating the presence of synergistic effects of two hydrogen sources. The contribution of COwater was predominant at the early stage of the reaction, however at the latter stage H2 gas significantly took effect. the formation of pyrrhotite, a possible active species, covered with a small amount of sulfate species was revealed by the X-ray diffraction and X-ray spectrography study.
99iOlO87
Liquid phase methanol process demonstration
Heydorn, E. C. et al. Ind. Catal. News, 1998, (5), 8-13. Using synthesis gas from coal gasification, a slurry bubble column reactor, using powdered catalysts dispersed in inert mineral oil, formed the heart of a liquid-phase methanol synthesis plant. The process is characterized by a higher synthesis gas conversion per pass and capability of conversion of CO-rich (>SO%CO) synthesis gas, compared with conventional gas-phase reactors. The reactor is equipped with an internal tubular heat exchanger for heat exchange of hot slurry liquid with water to better carry away the reaction heat. Within the Tennessee Eastman petrochemical complex, the MeOH product is used as a chemical feedstock in the demonstration plant. In order to add flexibility during peak generation periods, the product can also be incorporated into an integrated coal gasification-combined cycle power generation unit.
Manufacture of dimethyl ether from carbon monoxide and hydrogen while recycling methanol and water Ono, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,529 [98 182,529] (Cl.
99lO1088
CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 961348,093,26 Dee 1996,4 pp. (In Japanese) Dimethyl ether is manufactured with high carbon yield by (1) treating material gases containing CO and H with catalysts in a reactor, (2) separating MeOH and Hz0 from the reaction mixtures and (3) recycling the MeOH and Hz0 to the reactor.
Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels)
99lO1089 Manufacture of dlmethyl ether from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with recycling of unreacted gases Ogawa, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,534 [98 182,534] (Cl. CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/350,022, 27 Dee 1996; 9 pp. (In Japanese) While recycling unreacted gases containing CO and hydrogen in the manufacture of Me20 by catalytic reaction of CO- and H-containing gases, the recycled gases are treated with steam for control of molecular ratio of hydrogen and CO by shift reaction. The hydrogen/CO ratio is closely controlled for constant feeding of the material gases.
Manufacture of dimethyl ether from coal seam methane with effective use of carbon source by recycling carbon dioxide and unreacted synthesis gases
99lO1090
Mizuguchi, M. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 182,532 [98 182,532] (Cl. CO7C43/04), 7 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/349,202, 27 Dee 1996, 7 pp. (In Japanese) In the process of manufacturing Me20 by the catalytic reaction of synthesis gases (containing CO and H obtained by reforming gases containing hydrocarbons in a reformer), CO2 is recovered as the by-product. This is then mixed with coal seam CH4, optionally mixed with oxygen or air and fed to the reformer to form synthesis gases. The unreacted gases from the Me20 manufacturing process are recovered and fed to the reformer as the heat source.
99lO1091
Manufacture of hydrocarbon oil from waste plastics
Tachibana, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,452 [98 195,452] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,293, 27 Dee 1996,5 pp. (In Japanese) Light oil vapour is used to heat waste plastics so that they can be melted and pyrolysed to separate heavy oil and light oil. The light oil is then recycled for heating of the waste. Waste plastics can be rapidly treated at low cost.
99101092 Manufacture of methanol from synthesis gas with reduced generation of wastewater Kobayashi, K. and Nagai, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 204,008 [98 204,008] (Cl. CO7C31/04), 4 Aug 1998, Appl. 97/8,243, 21 Jan 1997, 7 pp. (In Japanese) Methanol is manufactured in this process through the following steps: (a) treatment of hydrocarbons with steam to produce synthesis gas, which contains principally hydrogen, CO and CO2, (b) treatment of the synthesis gas with methanol synthesis catalysts and (c) distillation of the resulting crude liquid methanol to separate the purified methanol from the wastewater. Both the generation of wastewater and use of boiler water are reduced via this method.
Meltin and pyrolysis of waste plastic, tanks for the process and manuBacture of oil from waste plastic
99101093
Tachibana, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,451 [98 195,451] (Cl. ClOGl/lO), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,292, 27 Dee 1996, 15 pp. (In Japanese) In this method waste plastic is melted with removal of HCI and then pyrolysed in a single tank. The structure of the tank and manufacture of light, medium light and heavy oil from waste plastic are declared. Additionally, the pyrolytic manufacture of oil from polyolefins containing PVC, PET and/or ABS is described.
99101094 Mesh weight window method and its application in study of coal slurry system Jiang, H. and Wang, R. He Dianzixue Yu Tame Jishu, 1998, 18, (3), 201204. (In Chinese) The basic principle of weight window method and its realization in a new Monte Carlo program McMesh/v 1.0 is presented in this paper. Partial results calculated using this new programme to study coal slurry system are given.
99101095 Methanol production from biomass and natural gas as transportation fuel Borgwardt, R. H. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37, (9), 3760-3767. The author examined two production processes for methanol and each are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative fuel for road transport. These requirements are: (1) it is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor fuel annually consumed in the US, (2) it minimizes emissions of criteria pollutants, (3) it reduces greenhouse gas emissions from production and use, (4) it is cost-competitive with petroleum fuel and (5) it is compatible with the emerging vehicle technologies, especially fuel cell technology. The methanol yield, production cost and reduction potential of the overall fuel-cycle CO2 emissions were evaluated and a comparison made with reformulated gasoline. It is possible to meet the live requirements more effectively with a process utilizing natural gas and biomass as co-feedstocks than individual processes separately using these feedstocks. When taking into account end-use efficiencies, the cost per vehicle mile travelled would total less than that of the gasoline currently used. CO2 emissions from the vehicle fleet would be reduced 66% by the methanol used in fuel cell vehicles and 8-368 in flexible-fuel or dedicated-methanol vehicles during the transition period. Methanol produced from natural gas and biomass, together in one process and used in fuel cell vehicles would leverage petroleum displacement by a factor of about five and achieve twice the overall COz emission reduction obtainable from the use of biomass alone.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
113