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01147 Variations in the stable isotope ratios of specific aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons from coal conversion processes
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels) Simulation of basin subsidence, temperature his99101144 tory, conversion of organic matter and the genesis, migration and accumulation of methane and nitrogen in northwest Germany based on seismic interpretation
Neunzert, G. H. Ber. Forschungszent. Juelich, 1998, (JUEL-3521) 1-173. (In German) A 2D basin modelling study was performed in the north-west German Rotliegend Play Area. The potential for methane and nitrogen generation is discussed.
Sorption irreversibilities and mixture composi99/01145 tional behavior during enhanced coal bed methane recovery processes Chaback, J. J. et al. Proc. Gas Technol. Symp., 1996, 431-438. In the recovery of sorbed methane, enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM) recovery processes rely on the sorption of a stripping or displacing gas. Both the adsorption and desorption of methane and the injected gases are important to the success of the process. Oxygen, which can chemisorb to coal is expected to show different adsorption from desorption behaviour. However, adsorption and desorption isotherms for mixtures of physisorbed gases such as nitrogen and methane appear similar in form to those for oxygen. Moreover, results from a field ECBM recovery project also suggest that in the mixed state physisorbed gases may show different behaviour during desorption than during adsorption. As reservoir simulators typically use a reversible equilibrium sorption model, the presence of hysteresis due could affect the reliability of the simulations. to sorption irreversibilities Constant composition expansion and constant volume depletion sorption results were analysed. This analysis demonstrates that although mixtures of physisorbed ECBM recovery gases become enriched in the more strongly held component during desorption, the process is one of reversible equilibrium sorption and isotherm models effectively capture this adsorptionidesorption equilibrium. Due to this compositional effect, no additional changes to the simulator are needed.
by the present well spacing. A more complete description of this coal-bed reservoir is given by three-dimensional reservoir flow simulation used in combination with 3-D, 3-C seismic and may provide a cost effective alternative in the early development of coal-bed gas fields.
Transport,
Storage
99101149 Energy from combustion of hydrogen. Problems in its production, storage, transportation and utilization
Troshev, T. Priroda] 1997, (l-2), 37-42. (In Bulgarian) About 500 billion m IS the annual world production of hydrogen, 77% of which is obtained from methane, 18% from coal and 4% by means of water electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is transported and utilized in two forms: gaseous (at a pressure of 400 atm) and liquid (at a temperature of -259°C). It finds great application in rocket construction and air transport as a source of energy and nowadays it is being adapted as an automobile transportation fuel. Due to its great energy potential it will probably replace all organic fuels. Mankind can be expected to perform an energy revolution utilizing hydrogen as it is regarded as one of the most environmentallyfriendly fuels and taking into account its practically unlimited supplies. 99io1150 Petroleum technologies. Recent developments and the future. Consequences of the ‘gas chain’ Freund, E. Pet. Tech., 1998, 413, 65-68. (In French) This paper presents a review of the development and trends in production, processing and transport of natural gas. Topics include world production versus demand, prospecting, treatment, transport, pipeline networks, liquefied natural gas, chemical conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels and expected developments in the ‘gas chain’.
The study of composition of novel high tempera99101146 ture catalysts for oxidative conversion of methane
Anshits, A. G. et al. Catal. Today, 1998, 42, (3), 197-203. The ash products of lignite and coal combustion (glass-crystal microspheres with the content of crystal phase of 86-90 wt% and glass phase of 10-14 wt%) were tested as the catalysts in deep oxidation and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) - two reactions of the oxidative conversion of methane. These products may display a good performance in either deep oxidation and OCM depending on reaction conditions, such as temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The basis of glass phase was calcium aluminosilicates. The crystal phase consists of the complex solid solution with spine1 structures based on magnetite (FeFezOd) with magnesium and manganese spinels (MgFepOd, MnFe201) and small concentration of hematite FezOs. The active components which are responsible for the reaction proceeding over both routes were examined. 99101147
Variations
aromatic and aliphatic processes
in the stable isotope ratios of specific hydrocarbons from coal conversion
McRae, C. et al. Analyst, 1998, 123, (7), 1519-1523. ‘“C/“C isotope ratios were determined for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a function of coal rank and process conditions in order to establish the scope for applying gas chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry (6’sC GC-IRMS) to molecular recognition problems in coal utilization. Six coals ranging from a lignite to a low volatile bituminous coal were subjected to chloroform extraction, fixed-bed pyrolysis under hydrogen pressure and fluidized-bed pyrolysis. No significant variations in the stable isotope ratios of n-alkanes were evident as a function of either rank or conversion regime. In contrast, the isotope ratios of PAHs show large variations with those for hydropyrolysis (-23 to -25Oh) being similar to the bulk values of the initial coals and being isotopically heavier (less negative) than their fluidized-bed pyrolysis counterparts by 2-3960. However, the PAHs from fluidized-bed pyrolysis, which resemble closely those obtained from high temperature coal carbonization, are still heavier (by 2-3%) than those from diesel particulates and coal gasification and combustion residues. This provides a firm basis for the source apportionment of airborne PAHs in the proximity of coking plants.
Verification of modern three-dimensional seismic 99101 i 48 through reservoir simulation, Cedar Hill field, San Juan Co., New Mexico, U.S.A.
Benson, R. D. et al. Proc. Gas Technol. Symp., 1996, 483-491. A reservoir characterization was needed for Cedar Hill field, a naturallyfractured coal-bed gas reservoir due to integration of geological, geophysical and petroleum engineering disciplines. Therefore, a 3-D multicomponent seismic survey was collected over a portion of Cedar Hill field. The seismic survey was successful in defining detailed structural features in addition to identifying zones of high fracture permeability within the reservoir. Improved reservoir exploration and exploitation can be achieved by incorporating the results from the seismic interpretation with the detailed vertical mapping of the reservoir into a simulation model. Reservoir simulation techniques verify faults and areas of increased reservoir pressure in the study area. These areas of higher pressure indicate blocks of the reservoir which are not currently adequately drained
119 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy 99/01151 Profitability and taxation in the UKCS oil and gas industry: analysing the distribution of rewards between company and country
Rutledge, I. and Wright, P. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (lo), 795-812. Against the background of record levels of UK hydrocarbon production and a government review of the UKCS tax regime, this paper provides evidence that the government’s share of UKCS profits is very low by historical and international standards and demonstrates that the current tax regime is extremely weak. The justification for the latter is then challenged by assessing the relative profitability of UKCS companies, using data from UK national accounts and from Form 10-K and Form 20-F company reports and analysing both accounting profits and forecast discounted cash flow. This shows that companies operating on the UKCS enjoy substantially higher profitability relative to both other UK companies and other oil and gas provinces elsewhere in the world. Further evidence of the weakness of the UK regime is provided by a comparison with the Norwegian oil and gas tax regime. The paper therefore makes a strong case for the reform of the UKCS tax regime.
Derived Gaseous Fuels 99101152 Apparatus for manufacture of raw gas for dimethyl ether synthesis Inoue, N. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,459 [98 195,459] (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,048, 30 Dee 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) Raw gas for di-Me ether synthesis can be manufactured with the use of the following apparatus. It comprises a coal gasifier for coal slurry combustion with oxygen gas supplied, a shift reaction zone for conversion of CO in the coal gasification gas into CO2 and hydrogen with steam supplied and a COz/ sulfur removal zone for removing COz and sulfur from the reaction gas obtained from the shift reaction zone.
99101153
Bioreactor scale-up for water-gas shift reaction
Najafpour, G. D. et al. Int. J. Eng., 1996, 9, (3), 121-129. The optimum operating conditions for hydrogen production from synthesis gas by biological water-gas shift reaction using the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum have been established. To this end, a scale-up study has been performed with three different size reactors. Optimum medium composition and operating conditions previously determined in a bench scale 1.25 I continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were used for this study with geometrically similar 2.5, 5.0 and 14.0 I CSTR. The hydrogen production rate cell concentration and carbon monoxide (CO) conversion were monitored. The light energy supply was linearly
Neunzert, G. H. Ber. Forschungszent. Juelich, 1998, (JUEL-3521) 1-173. (In German) A 2D basin modelling study was performed in the north-west German Rotliegend Play Area. The potential for methane and nitrogen generation is discussed.
Sorption irreversibilities and mixture composi99/01145 tional behavior during enhanced coal bed methane recovery processes Chaback, J. J. et al. Proc. Gas Technol. Symp., 1996, 431-438. In the recovery of sorbed methane, enhanced coal-bed methane (ECBM) recovery processes rely on the sorption of a stripping or displacing gas. Both the adsorption and desorption of methane and the injected gases are important to the success of the process. Oxygen, which can chemisorb to coal is expected to show different adsorption from desorption behaviour. However, adsorption and desorption isotherms for mixtures of physisorbed gases such as nitrogen and methane appear similar in form to those for oxygen. Moreover, results from a field ECBM recovery project also suggest that in the mixed state physisorbed gases may show different behaviour during desorption than during adsorption. As reservoir simulators typically use a reversible equilibrium sorption model, the presence of hysteresis due could affect the reliability of the simulations. to sorption irreversibilities Constant composition expansion and constant volume depletion sorption results were analysed. This analysis demonstrates that although mixtures of physisorbed ECBM recovery gases become enriched in the more strongly held component during desorption, the process is one of reversible equilibrium sorption and isotherm models effectively capture this adsorptionidesorption equilibrium. Due to this compositional effect, no additional changes to the simulator are needed.
by the present well spacing. A more complete description of this coal-bed reservoir is given by three-dimensional reservoir flow simulation used in combination with 3-D, 3-C seismic and may provide a cost effective alternative in the early development of coal-bed gas fields.
Transport,
Storage
99101149 Energy from combustion of hydrogen. Problems in its production, storage, transportation and utilization
Troshev, T. Priroda] 1997, (l-2), 37-42. (In Bulgarian) About 500 billion m IS the annual world production of hydrogen, 77% of which is obtained from methane, 18% from coal and 4% by means of water electrolysis. Hydrogen produced is transported and utilized in two forms: gaseous (at a pressure of 400 atm) and liquid (at a temperature of -259°C). It finds great application in rocket construction and air transport as a source of energy and nowadays it is being adapted as an automobile transportation fuel. Due to its great energy potential it will probably replace all organic fuels. Mankind can be expected to perform an energy revolution utilizing hydrogen as it is regarded as one of the most environmentallyfriendly fuels and taking into account its practically unlimited supplies. 99io1150 Petroleum technologies. Recent developments and the future. Consequences of the ‘gas chain’ Freund, E. Pet. Tech., 1998, 413, 65-68. (In French) This paper presents a review of the development and trends in production, processing and transport of natural gas. Topics include world production versus demand, prospecting, treatment, transport, pipeline networks, liquefied natural gas, chemical conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels and expected developments in the ‘gas chain’.
The study of composition of novel high tempera99101146 ture catalysts for oxidative conversion of methane
Anshits, A. G. et al. Catal. Today, 1998, 42, (3), 197-203. The ash products of lignite and coal combustion (glass-crystal microspheres with the content of crystal phase of 86-90 wt% and glass phase of 10-14 wt%) were tested as the catalysts in deep oxidation and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) - two reactions of the oxidative conversion of methane. These products may display a good performance in either deep oxidation and OCM depending on reaction conditions, such as temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The basis of glass phase was calcium aluminosilicates. The crystal phase consists of the complex solid solution with spine1 structures based on magnetite (FeFezOd) with magnesium and manganese spinels (MgFepOd, MnFe201) and small concentration of hematite FezOs. The active components which are responsible for the reaction proceeding over both routes were examined. 99101147
Variations
aromatic and aliphatic processes
in the stable isotope ratios of specific hydrocarbons from coal conversion
McRae, C. et al. Analyst, 1998, 123, (7), 1519-1523. ‘“C/“C isotope ratios were determined for n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a function of coal rank and process conditions in order to establish the scope for applying gas chromatographyisotope ratio mass spectrometry (6’sC GC-IRMS) to molecular recognition problems in coal utilization. Six coals ranging from a lignite to a low volatile bituminous coal were subjected to chloroform extraction, fixed-bed pyrolysis under hydrogen pressure and fluidized-bed pyrolysis. No significant variations in the stable isotope ratios of n-alkanes were evident as a function of either rank or conversion regime. In contrast, the isotope ratios of PAHs show large variations with those for hydropyrolysis (-23 to -25Oh) being similar to the bulk values of the initial coals and being isotopically heavier (less negative) than their fluidized-bed pyrolysis counterparts by 2-3960. However, the PAHs from fluidized-bed pyrolysis, which resemble closely those obtained from high temperature coal carbonization, are still heavier (by 2-3%) than those from diesel particulates and coal gasification and combustion residues. This provides a firm basis for the source apportionment of airborne PAHs in the proximity of coking plants.
Verification of modern three-dimensional seismic 99101 i 48 through reservoir simulation, Cedar Hill field, San Juan Co., New Mexico, U.S.A.
Benson, R. D. et al. Proc. Gas Technol. Symp., 1996, 483-491. A reservoir characterization was needed for Cedar Hill field, a naturallyfractured coal-bed gas reservoir due to integration of geological, geophysical and petroleum engineering disciplines. Therefore, a 3-D multicomponent seismic survey was collected over a portion of Cedar Hill field. The seismic survey was successful in defining detailed structural features in addition to identifying zones of high fracture permeability within the reservoir. Improved reservoir exploration and exploitation can be achieved by incorporating the results from the seismic interpretation with the detailed vertical mapping of the reservoir into a simulation model. Reservoir simulation techniques verify faults and areas of increased reservoir pressure in the study area. These areas of higher pressure indicate blocks of the reservoir which are not currently adequately drained
119 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1999
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy 99/01151 Profitability and taxation in the UKCS oil and gas industry: analysing the distribution of rewards between company and country
Rutledge, I. and Wright, P. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (lo), 795-812. Against the background of record levels of UK hydrocarbon production and a government review of the UKCS tax regime, this paper provides evidence that the government’s share of UKCS profits is very low by historical and international standards and demonstrates that the current tax regime is extremely weak. The justification for the latter is then challenged by assessing the relative profitability of UKCS companies, using data from UK national accounts and from Form 10-K and Form 20-F company reports and analysing both accounting profits and forecast discounted cash flow. This shows that companies operating on the UKCS enjoy substantially higher profitability relative to both other UK companies and other oil and gas provinces elsewhere in the world. Further evidence of the weakness of the UK regime is provided by a comparison with the Norwegian oil and gas tax regime. The paper therefore makes a strong case for the reform of the UKCS tax regime.
Derived Gaseous Fuels 99101152 Apparatus for manufacture of raw gas for dimethyl ether synthesis Inoue, N. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 195,459 [98 195,459] (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 28 Jul 1998, Appl. 96/358,048, 30 Dee 1996, 4 pp. (In Japanese) Raw gas for di-Me ether synthesis can be manufactured with the use of the following apparatus. It comprises a coal gasifier for coal slurry combustion with oxygen gas supplied, a shift reaction zone for conversion of CO in the coal gasification gas into CO2 and hydrogen with steam supplied and a COz/ sulfur removal zone for removing COz and sulfur from the reaction gas obtained from the shift reaction zone.
99101153
Bioreactor scale-up for water-gas shift reaction
Najafpour, G. D. et al. Int. J. Eng., 1996, 9, (3), 121-129. The optimum operating conditions for hydrogen production from synthesis gas by biological water-gas shift reaction using the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum have been established. To this end, a scale-up study has been performed with three different size reactors. Optimum medium composition and operating conditions previously determined in a bench scale 1.25 I continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were used for this study with geometrically similar 2.5, 5.0 and 14.0 I CSTR. The hydrogen production rate cell concentration and carbon monoxide (CO) conversion were monitored. The light energy supply was linearly