- Email: [email protected]
A glimpse of lignicolous marine fungi occurring in coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu (India)
C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480 http://france.elsevier.com/direct/CRASS3/
Ecology / Écologie
A glimpse of lignicolous marine fungi occurring in coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu (India) Gayatri R. Nambiar a , Kalathil Raveendran a , Zhao Changxing b , Cheruth Abdul Jaleel c,∗ a Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Botany, Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, Kerala, India b College of Plant Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Chunyang Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China c Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
Received 19 January 2008; accepted after revision 31 March 2008 Available online 28 April 2008 Presented by Philippe Morat
Abstract In the present investigation, a total of 51 marine fungi were obtained from wood samples collected from four locations of Tamil Nadu (Tuthukudi, Chennai, Kanyakumari and Pichavaram), India. Out of these 51, 28 were ascomycetes, one was basidiomycete and 22 were mitosporic fungi. Maximum fungal diversity was encountered from Tuthukudi, followed by Chennai, Kanyakumari, and the minimum from Pichavaram. Periconia prolifica was the only species common to all the four locations. To cite this article: G.R. Nambiar et al., C. R. Biologies 331 (2008). © 2008 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wood sample; Marine fungi; Decay; White rot; Lignicolous
1. Introduction Woody substrates are considered important sources of carbon and energy in stream ecosystems [1]. Moreover, fungi are known to be the important primary in the degradation of plant materials [2,3]. Marine fungi are one such ecologically, morphologically and physiologically defined group; they are considered intermediaries of energy flow between plant detritus and marine fauna [4]. Marine fungi by soft rot decay (mostly ascomycete) and white rot (Basidiomycete) attack of wood cause more extensive decay of wood in marine * Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Z. Changxing), [email protected] (C.A. Jaleel).
habitat than bacteria [5,6]. Many factors affect the possibility of the presence or absence of the fungi, like salinity, ionic concentration, etc. Marine fungi colonizing in woody substrates are often referred to as lignicolous marine fungi. Woody substrates colonies include driftwood, intertidal wood, fixed intertidal wood and permanently submerged wood or waterlogged wood. Freshly collected wood material support much less sporulating structure than those submerged for longer durations. Fungal structures are usually confined to an outer layer of a few millimetres unless the wood is at an advanced stage of decay [7]. Earlier reports [8–11] described the collection from the eastern coast of India. The present paper deals with the lignicolous marine fungi isolated from four locations at Tamil Nadu.
1631-0691/$ – see front matter © 2008 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.03.008
476
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
Table 1 List of marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India Name of fungi Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer and Mill Aniptodera indica Ananda and Sridhar Aniptodera mangrovei Hyde Bathyascus tropicalis Kohlm. Corollospora angusta Nakagiri and Tokura Corollospora filiformis Nakagiri Corollospora maritima Werdermann Corollospora pulchella Kohlm. Schmidt and Nair Dactylospora haliotrepha (Kohlm. and Kohlm.) Hafellner Dryosphera tropicalis Kohlm. and Volkm. Kohlm. Halorosellina oceanica Whallerym Jones, Hyde and Lasees Lignincola leavis Hohnk Lulworthia grandispora Meyers Lulworthia sp. Savoryella appendiculata Hyde and Jones Savoryella lignicola Jones and Eaton Savoryella paucispora (Cribb and Cribb) Koch. Unidentified asocmycete I Unidentified asocmycete II Unidentified asocmycete III Unidentified asocmycete IV Unidentified asocmycete V Unidentified asocmycete VI Unidentified asocmycete VII Unidentified asocmycete VIII Unidentified asocmycete IX Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. and Volkm. Kohlm. Zopfiella latipes (Lundquist) Malloch and Cain Halocyphina villosa Kohlm. and Kohlm. Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm. Cirrenalia sp. Cladosporium sp. Clavatospora bulbosa (Anast) Nakagiri and Tubaki Cumulospora marina I. Schmidt Curuvularia sp. Dendryphiella salina (Sustherland) Pugh Helminthosporium sp. Periconia prolifica Anastasiou Phoma sp. I Phoma sp. II Phoma sp. III Tetraploa sp. Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers and Moore) Dixon Trichocladium alopallonellum (Meyers and Moore) Kohlm. and Volk Kohlm. Trichocladium sp. Unidentified anamorph I Unidentified anamorph II Unidentified anamorph III Unidentified anamorph IV Zalerion sp. Zalerion varium Anastasiou
Chennai
Kanya kumari
Tuthu kudi
*
* *
Pichavaram
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
*
* * * * * * * *
* * * * *
* * *
* *
* * * * * * *
* * * *
* *
* * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * *
*
FO
RA
2.38 2.38 3.57 3.57 1.19 3.57 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 3.57 1.19 1.19 3.57 1.19 2.38 3.57 2.38 2.38 1.19 1.19 3.57 5.92 2.38 1.19 3.57 7.14 2.38 7.14 4.76 7.14 2.38 14.29 2.95 4.76 5.95 2.38 20.23 3.57 3.57 3.57 5.95 4.76 4.76 5.95 3.57 1.19 3.57 2.38 3.57 3.57
1.16 1.16 1.74 1.74 0.58 1.74 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.74 0.58 0.58 1.74 0.58 1.16 1.74 1.16 1.16 0.58 0.58 1.74 2.91 1.16 0.58 1.74 3.49 1.16 3.49 2.33 3.49 1.16 6.98 2.91 2.33 2.91 1.16 9.88 1.74 1.74 1.74 2.91 2.33 2.33 2.91 1.74 0.58 1.74 1.16 1.74 1.74
% frequency of occurrence (FO) = (number of isolates of a particular species/total number of wood samples collected) × 100. % relative abundance (RA) = (number of isolates of a particular species obtained/total number of fungal isolates obtained from all the locations) × 100.
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
477
Fig. 1. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
2. Materials and methods
3. Results and discussion
Wood materials were collected from the beaches of Chennai, Tuthukudi, Kanyakumari, and from a mangrove forest of Pichavaram. A total of 84 wood substrates were collected. Uniformity in the size of the wood materials was maintained to a certain extent by picking the samples within the size range of 3–10 cm × 0.5–1.5 cm. The collected wood samples were washed thoroughly and placed in sterile polythene bags. After preliminary screening for marine fungi, the wood samples were incubated in sterile polythene bags in the laboratory at room temperature. Periodical examinations of wood material were carried out for six months and fungi thus isolated were registered (Table 1, Figs. 1–3).
Many factors affect the possibility of the presence or absence of fungi, like salinity, ionic concentration, etc.; so, these reasons might have controlled the abundance of fungi in our study area also. A total of 51 marine fungi were encountered during the course of present study. They include 28 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 22 mitosporic fungi. The maximum fungal diversity was observed from Tuthukudi (27), followed by Chennai (25), Kanyakumari (23) and minimum from Pichavaram (11). Periconia prolifica was the only species common to the four localities. Seven species were obtained from only one place without any redundancy. The more ascomycetes were obtained from
478
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
Fig. 2. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
Chennai (15) and the more Mitosporic fungi were isolated from Tuthukudi. Halocyphina villosa was the only Basidiomycete encountered during the present study, and was obtained only from Pichavaram. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance, Periconia prolifica emerged as the most dominant, followed by Clavatospora bulbosa. Among Ascomycetes, Verruculina enalia emerged as the dominant one. Only 11 species had percent frequency of occurrence above five, and five species had a percent relative abundance above three. As
Corollospora angusta, Lignincola sp., Lulworthia grandispora, Savoryella appendiculata, unidentified ascomycete IV, unidentified ascomycete VIII and unidentified anamorph II were represented by a single isolate each, their percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance being minimum (1.19 and 0.58, respectively). In a word, our results echo Schmit and Shearer’s [12] right hypotheses that microfungal communities are more similar between locations in the same ocean basin as compared to locations in different ocean basins, and that trees that are more closely
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
479
Fig. 3. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
related phylogenetically share more similar microfungal communities than those less closely related. Based on our analyses, we concluded that microfungal communities are more similar within a single ocean basin than between ocean basins. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Principal and Management of Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, for providing facilities. One of the authors G.R.N. is grateful to K.S.C.S.T.E. for financial support.
References [1] M.E. Harmon, J.F. Franklin, F.J. Swanson, O. Sallins, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, N.H. Anderson, S.P. Cline, N.G. Aumen, J.R. Sedell, G.W. Lienkaemper, K. Cromack, K.W. Cummins, Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems, Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 (1986) 133–302. [2] E.B.G. Jones, Aquatic fungi: Fresh water and marine, in: C.H. Dickeison (Ed.), C.J.E. Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Pugh Academic Press, London, 1974, p. 2. [3] N.K. Kaushik, H.B.N. Hynes, Fate of the dead leaves that fall in streams, Archiv. Hydrobiol. 68 (1977) 465–515. [4] G.L. Maira, K.R. Sridhar, Fungal diversity on mangrove woody litter Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae), Indian J. Mar. Sci. 35 (2006) 318–325.
480
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
[5] J. Kohlmeyer, E. Kohlmeyer, Marine Myclolgy: The Higher Fungi, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1979. [6] J. Kohlmeyer, Tropical Marine fungi, Mar. Ecol. 5 (1984) 329– 378. [7] B.D. Borse, K.N. Borse, New reports of marine ascomycetes from Orissa, India, Geobios 28 (2001) 62–64. [8] T. Venkatesan, R. Natarajan, Intertidal mycoflora of Pichavaram mangroves near Porbo Novo – The mangroves, Proc. Natl Symp. Biol. Util. Cons. Mangroves 1 (1985) 163–169. [9] D.R. Ravikumar, B.P.R. Vittal, A new sp. of Bathyascus from
Indian Mangroves, Mycol. Res. 95 (1991) 370–384. [10] Biodiversity of manglicolous fungi on selected plants in the Godavari and Krishna deltas, East coast of India. Fungal Diversity 115–130 [11] B.D. Borse, N.S. Powar, K.N. Borse, Marine fungi from Sunderbans (India) – II. The genus Arenariomyces (Halosphaeriaceae), J. Basic. Appl. Mycol. 1 (2002) 12–15. [12] J.P. Schmit, C.A. Shearer, Geographic and host distribution of lignicolous mangrove microfungi, Bot. Mar. 47 (2004) 496– 500.
Ecology / Écologie
A glimpse of lignicolous marine fungi occurring in coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu (India) Gayatri R. Nambiar a , Kalathil Raveendran a , Zhao Changxing b , Cheruth Abdul Jaleel c,∗ a Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Botany, Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, Kerala, India b College of Plant Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Chunyang Road, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China c Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
Received 19 January 2008; accepted after revision 31 March 2008 Available online 28 April 2008 Presented by Philippe Morat
Abstract In the present investigation, a total of 51 marine fungi were obtained from wood samples collected from four locations of Tamil Nadu (Tuthukudi, Chennai, Kanyakumari and Pichavaram), India. Out of these 51, 28 were ascomycetes, one was basidiomycete and 22 were mitosporic fungi. Maximum fungal diversity was encountered from Tuthukudi, followed by Chennai, Kanyakumari, and the minimum from Pichavaram. Periconia prolifica was the only species common to all the four locations. To cite this article: G.R. Nambiar et al., C. R. Biologies 331 (2008). © 2008 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Keywords: Wood sample; Marine fungi; Decay; White rot; Lignicolous
1. Introduction Woody substrates are considered important sources of carbon and energy in stream ecosystems [1]. Moreover, fungi are known to be the important primary in the degradation of plant materials [2,3]. Marine fungi are one such ecologically, morphologically and physiologically defined group; they are considered intermediaries of energy flow between plant detritus and marine fauna [4]. Marine fungi by soft rot decay (mostly ascomycete) and white rot (Basidiomycete) attack of wood cause more extensive decay of wood in marine * Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Z. Changxing), [email protected] (C.A. Jaleel).
habitat than bacteria [5,6]. Many factors affect the possibility of the presence or absence of the fungi, like salinity, ionic concentration, etc. Marine fungi colonizing in woody substrates are often referred to as lignicolous marine fungi. Woody substrates colonies include driftwood, intertidal wood, fixed intertidal wood and permanently submerged wood or waterlogged wood. Freshly collected wood material support much less sporulating structure than those submerged for longer durations. Fungal structures are usually confined to an outer layer of a few millimetres unless the wood is at an advanced stage of decay [7]. Earlier reports [8–11] described the collection from the eastern coast of India. The present paper deals with the lignicolous marine fungi isolated from four locations at Tamil Nadu.
1631-0691/$ – see front matter © 2008 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.03.008
476
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
Table 1 List of marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India Name of fungi Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer and Mill Aniptodera indica Ananda and Sridhar Aniptodera mangrovei Hyde Bathyascus tropicalis Kohlm. Corollospora angusta Nakagiri and Tokura Corollospora filiformis Nakagiri Corollospora maritima Werdermann Corollospora pulchella Kohlm. Schmidt and Nair Dactylospora haliotrepha (Kohlm. and Kohlm.) Hafellner Dryosphera tropicalis Kohlm. and Volkm. Kohlm. Halorosellina oceanica Whallerym Jones, Hyde and Lasees Lignincola leavis Hohnk Lulworthia grandispora Meyers Lulworthia sp. Savoryella appendiculata Hyde and Jones Savoryella lignicola Jones and Eaton Savoryella paucispora (Cribb and Cribb) Koch. Unidentified asocmycete I Unidentified asocmycete II Unidentified asocmycete III Unidentified asocmycete IV Unidentified asocmycete V Unidentified asocmycete VI Unidentified asocmycete VII Unidentified asocmycete VIII Unidentified asocmycete IX Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. and Volkm. Kohlm. Zopfiella latipes (Lundquist) Malloch and Cain Halocyphina villosa Kohlm. and Kohlm. Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm. Cirrenalia sp. Cladosporium sp. Clavatospora bulbosa (Anast) Nakagiri and Tubaki Cumulospora marina I. Schmidt Curuvularia sp. Dendryphiella salina (Sustherland) Pugh Helminthosporium sp. Periconia prolifica Anastasiou Phoma sp. I Phoma sp. II Phoma sp. III Tetraploa sp. Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers and Moore) Dixon Trichocladium alopallonellum (Meyers and Moore) Kohlm. and Volk Kohlm. Trichocladium sp. Unidentified anamorph I Unidentified anamorph II Unidentified anamorph III Unidentified anamorph IV Zalerion sp. Zalerion varium Anastasiou
Chennai
Kanya kumari
Tuthu kudi
*
* *
Pichavaram
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
*
* * * * * * * *
* * * * *
* * *
* *
* * * * * * *
* * * *
* *
* * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * *
* * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * *
*
FO
RA
2.38 2.38 3.57 3.57 1.19 3.57 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 3.57 1.19 1.19 3.57 1.19 2.38 3.57 2.38 2.38 1.19 1.19 3.57 5.92 2.38 1.19 3.57 7.14 2.38 7.14 4.76 7.14 2.38 14.29 2.95 4.76 5.95 2.38 20.23 3.57 3.57 3.57 5.95 4.76 4.76 5.95 3.57 1.19 3.57 2.38 3.57 3.57
1.16 1.16 1.74 1.74 0.58 1.74 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.74 0.58 0.58 1.74 0.58 1.16 1.74 1.16 1.16 0.58 0.58 1.74 2.91 1.16 0.58 1.74 3.49 1.16 3.49 2.33 3.49 1.16 6.98 2.91 2.33 2.91 1.16 9.88 1.74 1.74 1.74 2.91 2.33 2.33 2.91 1.74 0.58 1.74 1.16 1.74 1.74
% frequency of occurrence (FO) = (number of isolates of a particular species/total number of wood samples collected) × 100. % relative abundance (RA) = (number of isolates of a particular species obtained/total number of fungal isolates obtained from all the locations) × 100.
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
477
Fig. 1. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
2. Materials and methods
3. Results and discussion
Wood materials were collected from the beaches of Chennai, Tuthukudi, Kanyakumari, and from a mangrove forest of Pichavaram. A total of 84 wood substrates were collected. Uniformity in the size of the wood materials was maintained to a certain extent by picking the samples within the size range of 3–10 cm × 0.5–1.5 cm. The collected wood samples were washed thoroughly and placed in sterile polythene bags. After preliminary screening for marine fungi, the wood samples were incubated in sterile polythene bags in the laboratory at room temperature. Periodical examinations of wood material were carried out for six months and fungi thus isolated were registered (Table 1, Figs. 1–3).
Many factors affect the possibility of the presence or absence of fungi, like salinity, ionic concentration, etc.; so, these reasons might have controlled the abundance of fungi in our study area also. A total of 51 marine fungi were encountered during the course of present study. They include 28 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycete and 22 mitosporic fungi. The maximum fungal diversity was observed from Tuthukudi (27), followed by Chennai (25), Kanyakumari (23) and minimum from Pichavaram (11). Periconia prolifica was the only species common to the four localities. Seven species were obtained from only one place without any redundancy. The more ascomycetes were obtained from
478
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
Fig. 2. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
Chennai (15) and the more Mitosporic fungi were isolated from Tuthukudi. Halocyphina villosa was the only Basidiomycete encountered during the present study, and was obtained only from Pichavaram. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance, Periconia prolifica emerged as the most dominant, followed by Clavatospora bulbosa. Among Ascomycetes, Verruculina enalia emerged as the dominant one. Only 11 species had percent frequency of occurrence above five, and five species had a percent relative abundance above three. As
Corollospora angusta, Lignincola sp., Lulworthia grandispora, Savoryella appendiculata, unidentified ascomycete IV, unidentified ascomycete VIII and unidentified anamorph II were represented by a single isolate each, their percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance being minimum (1.19 and 0.58, respectively). In a word, our results echo Schmit and Shearer’s [12] right hypotheses that microfungal communities are more similar between locations in the same ocean basin as compared to locations in different ocean basins, and that trees that are more closely
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
479
Fig. 3. Marine fungi isolated from different coastal water bodies of Tamil Nadu, India.
related phylogenetically share more similar microfungal communities than those less closely related. Based on our analyses, we concluded that microfungal communities are more similar within a single ocean basin than between ocean basins. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to the Principal and Management of Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, for providing facilities. One of the authors G.R.N. is grateful to K.S.C.S.T.E. for financial support.
References [1] M.E. Harmon, J.F. Franklin, F.J. Swanson, O. Sallins, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, N.H. Anderson, S.P. Cline, N.G. Aumen, J.R. Sedell, G.W. Lienkaemper, K. Cromack, K.W. Cummins, Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems, Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 (1986) 133–302. [2] E.B.G. Jones, Aquatic fungi: Fresh water and marine, in: C.H. Dickeison (Ed.), C.J.E. Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Pugh Academic Press, London, 1974, p. 2. [3] N.K. Kaushik, H.B.N. Hynes, Fate of the dead leaves that fall in streams, Archiv. Hydrobiol. 68 (1977) 465–515. [4] G.L. Maira, K.R. Sridhar, Fungal diversity on mangrove woody litter Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae), Indian J. Mar. Sci. 35 (2006) 318–325.
480
G.R. Nambiar et al. / C. R. Biologies 331 (2008) 475–480
[5] J. Kohlmeyer, E. Kohlmeyer, Marine Myclolgy: The Higher Fungi, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1979. [6] J. Kohlmeyer, Tropical Marine fungi, Mar. Ecol. 5 (1984) 329– 378. [7] B.D. Borse, K.N. Borse, New reports of marine ascomycetes from Orissa, India, Geobios 28 (2001) 62–64. [8] T. Venkatesan, R. Natarajan, Intertidal mycoflora of Pichavaram mangroves near Porbo Novo – The mangroves, Proc. Natl Symp. Biol. Util. Cons. Mangroves 1 (1985) 163–169. [9] D.R. Ravikumar, B.P.R. Vittal, A new sp. of Bathyascus from
Indian Mangroves, Mycol. Res. 95 (1991) 370–384. [10] Biodiversity of manglicolous fungi on selected plants in the Godavari and Krishna deltas, East coast of India. Fungal Diversity 115–130 [11] B.D. Borse, N.S. Powar, K.N. Borse, Marine fungi from Sunderbans (India) – II. The genus Arenariomyces (Halosphaeriaceae), J. Basic. Appl. Mycol. 1 (2002) 12–15. [12] J.P. Schmit, C.A. Shearer, Geographic and host distribution of lignicolous mangrove microfungi, Bot. Mar. 47 (2004) 496– 500.