A Late Cretaceous tin metallogenic event in Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province: Constraints from U–Pb, Ar–Ar geochronology at the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, Hunan, China

Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev

A Late Cretaceous tin metallogenic event in Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province: Constraints from U–Pb, Ar–Ar geochronology at the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, Hunan, China Shunda Yuan a,⁎, Jingwen Mao a, Nigel J. Cook b, Xudong Wang c, Xiaofei Liu d, Yabin Yuan d a

MLR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia c School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao Branch, Qinhuangdao 066004, China d State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 6 August 2014 Received in revised form 9 October 2014 Accepted 10 October 2014 Available online 18 October 2014 Keywords: Late Cretaceous Tin metallogenic event Jiepailing Nanling region

a b s t r a c t The Jiepailing deposit, located in southern Hunan Province, China, is a giant Sn–Be–F deposit in the Nanling W–Sn province. The Sn–Be–F mineralization is spatially associated with the Jiepailing granite porphyry. LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of the Jiepailing granite porphyry yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 90.5 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.32), which is interpreted as the emplacement age of the granite porphyry. Hydrothermal muscovite yields a plateau 40Ar/39Ar age of 92.1 ± 0.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.9), which is well consistent with the zircon U–Pb age of the Jiepailing granite porphyry responsible for the Sn–Be–F mineralization, indicating a temporal link between the emplacement of the Jiepailing granite porphyry and the Sn–Be–F mineralization. Our new high precise geochronological data suggest that the Jiepailing giant Sn–Be–F deposit and related granite formed during the early Late Cretaceous (92–90 Ma), which provided convincing evidence for a previously unrecognized metallogenic event related to Late Cretaceous granitic magmatism in Nanling region. The occurrence of the Late Cretaceous Sn metallogenic event identified in southern Hunan Province further highlights the importance of systematic metallogenic studies of the Nanling W–Sn province. Integrated with high precise geochronological data obtained previously, it is suggested that the Nanling region mainly experienced three tectonomagmatic activities and lithospheric thinning events during Mesozoic, which are responsible for three Sn–W metallogenic events to form the world-class Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Since the Mesozoic, eastern China experienced collision of the North and South China blocks, collision between Indosinian and South China blocks (Charvet et al., 1990; Faure and Ishida, 1990; Zhou et al., 2006), and westward subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate (Maruyama et al., 1997). These events contributed to the emplacement of large volumes of granites, and to the formation of numerous, cogenetic deposits of Sn, W, Bi, Mo, Cu, and Pb–Zn–Ag throughout eastern China (Hua and Mao, 1999; Mao et al., 1999). The sequence of discrete magmatic events associated with deposition of economically significant polymetallic mineralization, their corresponding geodynamic settings, and the relationships between large-scale geological events, granite generation and related mineralization, have received considerable attention from many researchers (Chen et al., 2002; Hu and Zhou, 2012; Hu et al., 2012a,b; Hua et al., 2003, 2005a,b; Li and Li, 2007; Mao et al., 2004, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013). ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 6899 9533. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Yuan).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.006 0169-1368/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The W–Sn ore district in southern Hunan Province, located in the western part of the Nanling W–Sn province, is a particularly important expression of large-scale Mesozoic metallogenesis in eastern China. Several dozen world-class and large-sized deposits occur in this area. These include the Shizhuyuan W–Sn–Mo–Bi (Li et al., 1996; Lu et al., 2003; Mao, 1995, 1996a,b), Jinchuantang Sn–Bi (Liu et al., 2012), Hongqiling Sn–W–Pb–Zn (Yuan et al., 2012a), Yejiwei Cu–Sn (Li, 2013), Furong Sn (Mao et al., 2004; Peng et al., 2007; Yuan et al., 2008a, 2011), Xintianling W–Mo (Yuan et al., 2012b), Xianghualing Sn–Pb–Zn (Yuan et al., 2007, 2008b,c), Xianghuapu W–Pb–Zn (Yuan et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2012), Hehuaping Sn– Pb–Zn (Cai et al., 2006), Huangshaping Pb–Zn–Cu–W–Mo (Yao et al., 2007; Yuan et al., 2014), Baiyunxian W, Yaogangxiang W–Mo (Peng et al., 2006) and Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposits (Liu et al., 2006). Although some deposits have been exploited since the 1930s, the ore district in southern Hunan Province is considered to be well endowed in non-ferrous and rare-metals. Available metal reserves have been estimated at 1.7 million tonnes (metric) tungsten, 1.2 million tonnes tin, 441 thousand tonnes bismuth, 152 thousand tonnes molybdenum, 389 thousand tonnes copper,

284

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

2.2 million tonnes lead–zinc, and 4093 tonnes silver (Che et al., 2005; Peng et al., 2006). The ore potential of this area has recently been highlighted by successful exploration campaigns in the Tangshanling, Huangshaping and Baoshan mining areas. Largescale petrogenesis and metallogenesis in this region have attracted great interest from geologists worldwide (C.H. Chen et al., 2008; Li and Li, 2007; Lu et al., 2003). Results of numerous studies on the petrogenesis of granitic rocks, the time-space distribution of these granitic plutons and associated ore deposits, and corresponding geodynamic setting have been published (Chen et al., 2002; Hua et al., 2005b, 2010; Jiang et al., 2008; Mao et al., 2008, 2011, 2013; Zhou et al., 2006). These studies have provided compelling evidence for the relationship between large-scale lithospheric extension in the Mesozoic, generation of granite, and deposition of associated economically significant polymetallic mineralization in the region. Although numerous precise geochronological data have shown that large-scale W–Sn polymetallic mineralization in the Nanling W–Sn province mainly occurred within 160–150 Ma interval (Mao et al., 2007; Peng et al., 2008), new zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os data have identified a Triassic metallogenic event (Cai et al., 2006) in this area; a result consistent with the extensive Triassic mineralization in South China (Feng et al., 2011) and adjacent areas (Mao et al., 2012, 2013; Wang et al., 2010). Some researchers have proposed that the Triassic mineralization in South China formed during late-collisional or post-collisional processes involving the South China Block, the North China Craton, and the Indo-China Block (Hua et al., 2005a; Mao et al., 2008, 2013; Zhou et al., 2006). An important Late Cretaceous metallogenic event has also been recognized in South China, and has been shown to be responsible for several giant deposits, including the world-class Gejiu (Cheng et al., 2012, 2013; Yang et al., 2008) and Dachang (Wang et al., 2004) skarn-type tin deposits surrounding the Youjiang Basin, as well as the large Zijinshan porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au system (Liu and Hua, 2005; Zhang et al., 2003) along the South China continental margin (Mao et al., 2013). Until now, however, Late Cretaceous tin mineralization has not been reported in Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province. The Jiepailing ore deposit, southern Hunan, is a giant Sn–Be–F deposit, containing 69,300 t Sn metal with an average grade of 0.85%, 1027,000 t BeO with an average grade of 0.26%, and 15.4 Mt CaF2 with an average grade of 39.2%. Due to the complicated hydrogeological conditions in the mining area, the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit remains unexploited since its discovery by No. 238 geological team of Hunan Nonferrous Geological Exploration Bureau in 1982. Accordingly, little is known about the mineralization age and ore genesis of the deposit (Liu et al., 2006). In the present contribution, which benefits from an ongoing drilling program, we conducted zircon U–Pb and muscovite Ar–Ar dating of the granite porphyry and associated tin ore samples from Jiepailing. We present new precise geochronological data, which provide evidence for a previously unrecognized metallogenic event in the Nanling W–Sn province. We interpret these data as showing a genetic link between the Jiepailing deposit and Late Cretaceous magmatism.

Guangxi–northern Guangdong Caledonian depression in the west, and the southern Hunan–southern Jiangxi–Guangdong Caledonian uplift in the east (Fig. 1). Quartz-vein type tungsten deposits are predominant in the east of the Nanling W–Sn province, whereas skarn-type W–Sn polymetallic deposits are dominant in the west (Mao et al., 2007). Late Paleozoic sedimentary strata, especially Devonian and Carboniferous carbonate rocks, are widespread in the western part of the Nanling region, with lesser amounts of Upper Triassic to Tertiary sandstone and siltstone (Fig. 1). The tectonic framework of this area is mainly controlled by three fault systems, trending approximately NE, NNE and EW, respectively. Among these, the most important are the NE-trending ChalingLinwu and Zixin-Changchengling faults, which control the spatial distribution of a NE-trending zone of granitic intrusions with relatively low Nd model ages and which host numerous granite-related Sn–W polymetallic deposits (Fig. 1, Yuan et al., 2011). The Mesozoic granites are mostly biotite or two-mica granites, with lesser amounts of granodiorite and granite porphyry. The main mineralization styles in this region are granite-, greisen-, skarn-, cassiterite–sulfide-, and quartz vein-types. All deposits are spatially related to the Mesozoic granitoids (Peng et al., 2006). 3. Deposit geology The Jiepailing ore deposit is located about 32 km west of Yizhang in the south of Hunan Province, 10 km southwest of the 30 Mt Yaogangxian tungsten deposit (Fig. 1). 3.1. Lithology Exposed lithologies consist predominantly of the Lower Carboniferous Shidengzi, Ceshui and Zimenqiao Formations, the Middle to Upper Carboniferous Hutian Group, and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Figs. 2 and 3). The Shidengzi Formation, in the central and southern parts of this area, is up to 430 m thick, and comprises gray-white dolomite, dolomitic limestone, thinlylayered limestone, and bioclastic limestone. The latter is the main host of the Jiepailing mineralization. The Ceshui Formation, in the central–eastern parts of this area is 120 m in thickness, and predominantly composed of gray-white, moderate- to thick-layered fine quartz sandstone, quartz siltstone, arenaceous shale, pebbled sandstones, carbonaceous shale and coal seams. The Zimenqiao Formation, in the eastern part of this area, is composed of neritic facies carbonate rocks with a total thickness of 50 m. It mostly comprises moderate- to thick-layered bioclastic limestone, and grayblack fine dolomite intercalated with dolomite breccia. The Hutian Group, in the western part of this area, is also composed of neritic facies carbonate rocks with a total thickness of 420–450 m. It differs from the carbonate rocks of the Zimenqiao Formation by its pale color. The Cretaceous lacustrine sedimentary rocks lie unconformably on the Carboniferous sequence; these are purplered sandstones, sandy conglomerates, and calcareous–arenaceous shale which are only sporadically exposed in the north part of the area.

2. Regional geological setting 3.2. Structures The mountainous Nanling region is located at the junction of four provinces in southern China: Hunan; Jiangxi; Guangdong; and Guangxi (approximately longitude 110°E–115°E, latitude 24°N– 27°N), and covers a surface area of 170,000 km2 (Chen et al., 2002; Yuan et al., 2011). It comprises five separate mountain ranges: Yuechengling; Dupangling; Mengchuling; Qitianling; and Dayuling (Chen et al., 2002; Yu, 2011). The region is an important W–Sn polymetallic metallogenic province (Hua et al., 2005b, 2007, 2010; Mao et al., 2007), geologically, located in the northwestern part of the Cathaysia block, and comprising the southern Hunan–eastern

The Jiepailing deposit is located within the core of the Jiepailing anticline (Fig. 2), a second-order anticline of the regional, NE-striking Guanyu synclinorium. The Shidengzi Formation limestone occurs in the center of the anticline, with sandstones of the Ceshui Formation forming the eastern and western limbs. More than 10 major faults NNE-, N–S- and NW-striking faults have been mapped in the region. The NNE-striking faults are the largest and acted as the main structural controls for the Jiepailing granite porphyry and the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit (Fig. 2, Liu et al., 2006).

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

285

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of W–Sn–polymetallic ore district in southern Hunan Province, South China, and distribution of mineral deposits in the region (modified after Yuan et al., 2011).

3.3. Igneous rocks

3.4. Alteration and mineralization zoning

The Jiepailing granite porphyry is emplaced within Lower Carboniferous rocks (Fig. 2) and has a surface exposure of approximately 0.12 km2 in the central part of the Jiepailing mining area, near the axis of the Jiepailing anticline. The granite porphyry is gray in color and exhibits a massive, porphyritic texture (Fig. 4). Phenocrysts (~ 30–55%) consist predominantly of K-feldspar and quartz, in a fine-grained groundmass (~ 45–70) of quartz, K-feldspar, and biotite (Fig. 4). Accessory minerals include zircon, apatite, rutile, ilmenite and magnetite. Liu et al. (2006) have shown that the W, Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, F, Be, B, and Li contents of the Jiepailing granite porphyry are significantly higher than their corresponding Clark values, indicating that it possibly provides a major metal source for the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit. Whole rock Rb–Sr dating of the granite porphyry gave an age of 87.9 ± 2.5 Ma (Liu et al., 2006).

The Jiepailing deposit is hosted in the fracture zones within the Jiepailing granite porphyry, dolomite of the Shidengzi Formation, and sandstone of the Ceshui Formation. Field observations and drill core logging show that the hydrothermal alteration is zoned, including greisen, skarn, marble, chloritic, muscovitic, topazic, fluoritic and carbonate alteration. Greisenization mainly occurs in the upper part of the granite porphyry body, contact zone and the fracture zones, and is closely associated with Sn mineralization. Development of skarn and marble is only observed at small scale in the contact zone between the granitic intrusions and carbonate rocks; the latter rock types contain no significant mineralization. Chloritic alteration mainly occurs in or near the fracture zone and is typically associated with Pb–Zn mineralization. Muscovite, topaz, and fluorite are abundant in the contact zone, fracture zone and wall rock, and are closely associated with Sn–Be–F mineralization

286

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, southern Hunan Province (modified from Liu et al., 2006).

(Fig. 4). Carbonization is the latest hydrothermal alteration and contains insignificant mineralization. Drilling shows that the Be- and fluoritebearing orebodies mainly occur above 270 m, and the Sn–Pb–Zn–(Cu) orebodies occur predominantly below 80 m (Fig. 3). Up till now, more than 77 distinct orebodies have been explored in the mining area, including the Be-bearing fluorite–muscovite type F ores, greisen type Sn–Pb–Zn–(Cu), topaz–muscovite–fluorite type Sn ores, and quartzvein type Sn ores. Among these, the No.I orebody is by far the largest, and contains about 90% of the total Sn–Be–F resources in the deposit. This orebody has a strike length of 700 m, an average thickness of 16.5 m, a width of 250 m, and an average grade of 0.83% Sn. Ore minerals include cassiterite, chrysoberyl, pyrite and fluorite, with minor amounts of galena and sphalerite. Gangue minerals are predominately quartz, muscovite, topaz and calcite. 4. Sampling and analytical methods The analyzed samples were collected from drill core (hole zk5/132, Fig. 3). The zircon grains used for U–Pb dating were extracted from granite porphyry (sample JPL-28), and the muscovite and cassiterite used for Ar–Ar dating were extracted from greisen-type tin ore (sample JPL-20), and the muscovite is intergrown with cassiterite. Zircon and muscovite grains were separated using standard magnetic and heavy liquid techniques, and were subsequently handpicked under a binocular microscope to obtain the best quality grains for analysis at the Chengxin Services Ltd., Langfang, China. Representative zircon grains were mounted in epoxy resin, and then polished to expose the grain interiors. Prior to analysis, the zircons were examined in

transmitted and reflected light as well as by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging to reveal their external and internal structures. The CL images were performed using a JEOL JSM6510 scanning electron microscope at Beijing Zircon Dating Navigation Technology Ltd. U–Pb analyses were conducted using a laser ablation-multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), Beijing. Laser sampling was performed using a New Wave UP 213 laser ablation system, and a Thermo Finnigan Neptune MC-ICP-MS instrument was used to acquire ion-signal intensities. The array of four multi-ion counters and three Faraday cups allowed the simultaneous detection of the ion signals for 202Hg (on ion counter IC5), 204Hg and 204Pb (on IC4), 206Pb (on IC3), 207Pb (on IC2), 208Pb (on Faraday cup L4), 232Th (on cup H2), and 238U (on cup H4). Helium was used as a carrier gas. Argon was used as the make-up gas and mixed with the carrier gas via a T-connector before entering the ICP. Each analysis incorporated a background acquisition lasting approximately 20–30 s (gas blank) followed by data acquisition from the sample lasting 30 s. Off-line raw data selection and integration of background and analytical signals, and time-drift correction and quantitative calibration for U–Pb dating, were performed using ICPMSDataCal (Liu et al., 2008). The zircon GJ-1 (610.0 ± 1.7 Ma; Elhlou et al., 2006) was used as the external standard for U–Pb dating, and was analyzed twice every 5–10 analyses. Time-dependent drifts of U–Th–Pb isotopic ratios were corrected using a linear interpolation (with time) for every 5–10 analyses according to the variations of GJ1 (Liu et al., 2008). Preferred U–Th–Pb isotopic ratios used for GJ1 were taken from Jackson et al. (2004). The uncertainty of the values obtained for the external standard

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

287

Fig. 3. Geological cross-section of No. 132 exploration line from the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit.

GJ-1 was propagated into the sample determinations. Common lead corrections were not necessary for any of the analyzed zircon grains due to the low signal for common 204Pb and the high signal for 206 Pb/204Pb. U, Th, and Pb concentrations were calibrated using zircon M127 (with: U = 923 × 10−6, Th = 439 × 10−6, and Th/U = 0.475; Nasdala et al., 2008). Concordia diagrams and weighted mean calculations were made using Isoplot/Ex version 3.0 (Ludwig, 2003). The reference zircon Plesovice was dated as an unknown sample and yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 337 ± 2 Ma (2σ, n = 12), in good agreement with the recommended 206Pb/238U age of 337.13 ± 0.37 Ma (2σ) (Sláma et al., 2008). Detailed operating conditions for laser ablation system and the MC-ICP-MS instrument, and data reduction are as described by Hou et al. (2009). Muscovite grains for Ar–Ar dating (about 60 mesh) were carefully handpicked under a binocular microscope from the crushed sample to reach purity up to 99.9%, followed by ultrasonic cleaning using ethanol. After cleaning by ultrasonic treatment, the sample was sealed into a quartz bottle for irradiation in a nuclear reactor (Swimming Pool Reactor, Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing). The total time for irradiation is 1444 min, the neutron flux is about 2.60 × 1013 n cm−2S−1, and the integrated neutron flux is 2.25 × 1018 n cm− 2. The monitor used in this work is the internal Fangshan biotite (ZBH-25) standard with an age of 132.7 ± 1.2 Ma and a potassium content of 7.6%, which was also irradiated. The sample and monitors were heated in graphite furnace, and the heating-extraction step for each temperature increment was 30 min, with 30 min for purification. Mass analysis was carried out by multiple collector noble gas mass spectrometry Helix MC, and 20 sets of data were obtained for each peak value. Analysis was performed in the Isotope Laboratory of Institute of Geology, CAGS. The measured isotopic ratios were corrected for mass discrimination, atmospheric Ar component, blanks and irradiation-induced mass

interference. The correction factors of interfering isotopes produced during irradiation were determined by analysis of irradiated pure K2SO4 and CaF2, yielding the following ratios: (36Ar/37Ar0)Ca = 0.0002389; (40K/39Ar)K = 0.004782; (39Ar/37Ar0)Ca = 0.000806. The decay constant used is λ = 5.543 × 10−10 year−1 (Steiger and Jager, 1977). All 37Ar abundances were corrected for radiogenic decay (halflife 35.1 days), and the ISOPLOT program was adopted to calculate plateau age, isochron and inverse isochron diagram (Ludwig, 2003). The uncertainties of the ages are reported at a 95% confidence level (2σ). Operation and data processing procedures were similar to those described by Chen et al. (2006) and Yuan et al. (2010).

5. Results 5.1. Zircon U–Pb age Zircon grains from the granite porphyry sample (JPL-28) have sizes ranging from 50 to 150 μm with aspect ratio between 1:1 and 3:1. They are mostly euhedral in shape, prismatic, colorless, and display oscillatory zoning. Representative CL images of dated zircons are shown in Fig. 5. The in situ zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb isotopic data are presented in Table 1. Zircon Th/U ratios are between 0.90 and 1.22, markedly higher than those of metamorphic zircons (b0.2, Belousova et al., 2002). This evidence, combined with their morphology and internal structure, indicates a magmatic origin (Hoskin and Black, 2000). Eleven spot analyses of the zircons yielded 206Pb/238U ages ranging from 89.7 ± 3.7 Ma to 91.9 ± 1.7 Ma, with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 90.5 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 0.32) (Fig. 6). These ages are interpreted as the crystallization age of the Jiepailing granite porphyry.

288

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Fig. 4. Photographs and photomicrographs of granite and tin ores from the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit. (A) Photograph of greisen tin ore. (B) Photomicrograph of greisen-type tin ore (under reflected plane-polarized light). (C) Photomicrograph of greisen-type tin ore (under plane-polarized light). (D) Photomicrograph of greisen-type tin ore (under crossed polarized light). (E) Photograph of granite porphyry. (F) Photomicrograph of granite porphyry (under crossed polarized light). Abbreviations: Bi (biotite), Cst (cassiterite), Kfs (K-feldspar), Mus (muscovite), Py (pyrite), Qtz (quartz).

5.2. Muscovite Ar–Ar dating 40

Ar–39Ar age determination were carried out on muscovite grains intergrown with cassiterite from the greisen-type ore (separate JPL20). Analytical results are listed in Table 2, and illustrated in Fig. 6, respectively. The apparent ages obtained from the low-temperature section are not considered to have geological significance because of

the low percentage of 39Ark released (Yuan et al., 2007, 2010), which was likely caused by the initial loss of small quantities of Ar from the edges of mineral grains (Hanson et al., 1975). In contrast, the eight continuous steps at temperatures of 980–1280 °C are relatively coincident, and constitute a uniform and remarkably flat 40Ar/39Ar age spectra with 97.6% 39Ark released. These steps yield a well-defined plateau age of 92.1 ± 0.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.9), an isochron age of 91.3 ± 0.9 Ma

Fig. 5. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons separated from the Jiepailing granite porphyry. Also shown is the LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating location.

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

289

Table 1 LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data of the granite porphyry sample (JPL-28) in the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, southern Hunan Province. Spot no.

Th (ppm)

U (ppm)

Th/U

207

Pb/206Pb

JPL-28-9 JPL-28-10 JPL-28-11 JPL-28-12 JPL-28-21 JPL-28-22 JPL-28-24 JPL-28-27 JPL-28-28 JPL-28-29 JPL-28-30

154 389 595 312 638 301 531 300 164 174 200

157 364 545 279 524 304 558 335 152 179 183

0.98 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.22 0.99 0.95 0.90 1.08 0.97 1.09

0.0488 0.0503 0.0496 0.0495 0.0535 0.0490 0.0489 0.0522 0.0493 0.0529 0.0522

1σ

207

Pb/235U

0.0009 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0019 0.0007 0.0004 0.0011 0.0023 0.0010 0.0015

0.0944 0.0992 0.0963 0.0969 0.1024 0.0953 0.0944 0.1011 0.0941 0.1047 0.1019

1σ

206

0.0023 0.0015 0.0018 0.0019 0.0039 0.0017 0.0014 0.0022 0.0068 0.0008 0.0029

0.0140 0.0143 0.0141 0.0142 0.0140 0.0141 0.0140 0.0141 0.0138 0.0144 0.0142

(MSWD = 0.9) at an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 310.9 ± 6.3, and an inverse isochron age of 91.3 ± 0.9 Ma (MSWD = 2.1) at an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 311.1 ± 7.9. (See Fig. 7.) 6. Discussion 6.1. Timing of granite porphyry emplacement and Sn–Be–F mineralization Previous studies have demonstrated that 40Ar–39Ar dating of hydrothermal K-bearing minerals can be used to reliably date hydrothermal ore deposits (e.g., Selby et al., 2002; Yuan et al., 2010). In the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, the muscovites are typically intergrown with cassiterite (Fig. 3), fluorite and chrysoberyl, and the 40Ar–39Ar dating on muscovite shows excellent agreement between the plateau age, the isochron age and the inverse isochron age, within the applicable analytical uncertainty. Moreover, the isochron and inverse isochron treatments of the data indicate that initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios are well consistent with Nier's value (295.5 ± 5, Nier, 1950) within error uncertainty, suggesting the absence of excess argon. Therefore, the plateau age (92.1 ± 0.7 Ma) is believed as a better estimate of the crystallization age of the muscovite, and also represents the age of the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit. It is also coincident with the zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb age (90.5 ± 0.9 Ma) for the Jiepailing granite porphyry, indicating that the Jiepailing Sn–F– Be deposit is temporally, spatially, and almost certainly genetically associated with the emplacement of the Jiepailing granite porphyry. Integrating the zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb and muscovite 40Ar–39Ar ages, we can conclude that the emplacement of the granite porphyry and associated Sn–Be–F mineralization in the Jiepailing mining area occurred during the Late Cretaceous. 6.2. Regional metallogenic implications Previous studies have revealed that the extensive Mesozoic mineral deposits of East China are the products of multiple pulses of igneous activity and mineralization. Each pulse is characterized by different metal associations, spatial distributions and distinct geodynamic setting

Pb/238U

1σ

207

Pb/206Pb age/Ma

0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0005 0.0003 0.0002

200 209 176 172 350 150 139 295 161 324 295

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

42 24 31 28 47 36 20 44 107 43 69

207

Pb/235U age/Ma

91.6 96.0 93.4 93.9 99.0 92.4 91.5 97.8 91.3 101.1 98.5

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

2.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 3.6 1.5 1.3 2.1 6.3 0.7 2.7

206

Pb/238U age/Ma

89.8 91.7 90.3 90.9 89.7 90.4 89.7 90.1 88.2 91.9 90.6

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

1.3 1.1 1.5 1.4 3.7 1.4 1.2 1.7 3.2 1.7 1.2

(Mao et al., 2011, 2013). Among those, the W–Sn and rare metal deposits are mainly distributed in South China, constituting the largest W–Sn metallogenic province in the world. Integrating the geochronological data with regional geological data and field observations, Mao et al. (2013) proposed that the Mesozoic W–Sn and rare metal deposits in South China can be divided into three distinct episodes. These are: Late Triassic W–Sn–Nb–Ta mineralization (230–210 Ma); Late Jurassic polymetallic W–Sn mineralization (160–150 Ma); and the Cretaceous polymetallic Sn–W mineralization (134–80 Ma). The Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province is an important EWtrending Mesozoic granitic magmatic belt in South China, characterized by voluminous granitic rocks, and endowed with numerous W–Sn polymetallic deposits. For a long time, the Mesozoic W–Sn and rare metal deposits in Nanling region were considered as the products of a single mineralization event collectively called “Yanshanian mineralization”. In the past decade, a large number of precise geochronological data, including SHRIMP and LA-(MC)-ICP-MS U–Pb on zircon, molybdenite Re–Os, cassiterite U–Pb, and 40Ar–39Ar on K-bearing minerals, show that the W–Sn-polymetallic mineralizations and related granitic magmatism in Nanling region mainly occurred within a much narrower age range of 160–150 Ma (Hu et al., 2012b; Li et al., 1996; Liu et al., 2012; Mao et al., 2004; Peng et al., 2006, 2007; Yuan et al., 2007, 2008b, 2011, 2012a,b). This event is currently regarded as one of the most important mineralization events in East China (Hua et al., 2010; Mao et al., 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013; Peng et al., 2008). Combined with the previous studies on the geochemical characteristics of granites (Chen and Jahn, 1998; Gilder et al., 1996; Li and Li, 2007), the mafic enclaves in ore-bearing granite (K.D. Zhao et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014), and noble gas isotopes (Hu et al., 2012a; Li et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2011), Mao et al. (2007, 2008) and Wang et al. (2014) suggested that the largescale W–Sn mineralization event at 160–150 Ma formed under the geodynamic setting of slab window or slab break-off. However, more and more additional Late Triassic rare metal and W– Mo deposits in the Nanling area have been identified in recent years. In the western part of the Nanling area, Yang et al. (2009) obtained a muscovite 40Ar–39Ar age of 214.1 ± 1.9 Ma from the Limu granite-related

Table 2 40 Ar–39Ar data for muscovite from sample JPL-20 of the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit, southern Hunan Province. T (°C)

(40Ar/39Ar)m

Ar/39Ar)m

(36

(37Ar/39Ar)m

JPL-20, sample weight = 28.82 mg, J = 0.001471 800 221.6865 0.6838 0.0000 900 89.5234 0.2008 0.0000 980 48.8516 0.0436 0.0000 1020 40.4441 0.0162 0.0042 1060 38.6721 0.0107 0.0000 1100 37.2550 0.0063 0.0000 1130 37.8299 0.0079 0.0000 1160 39.5103 0.0130 0.0000 1210 40.5137 0.0192 0.0000 1280 51.2447 0.0510 0.0000 1400 44.5028 0.0244 0.0000

(38Ar/39Ar)m

40

0.1481 0.0534 0.0217 0.0168 0.0154 0.0146 0.0146 0.0162 0.0172 0.0231 0.0139

8.86 33.72 73.61 88.16 91.79 95.00 93.84 90.30 85.99 70.59 83.82

Ar (%)

40

Ar⁎/39Ar

19.6322 30.1888 35.9619 35.6570 35.4986 35.3938 35.5013 35.6763 34.8378 36.1736 37.3003

Ar (×10−14 mol)

39

39

0.01 0.10 1.57 0.88 3.98 9.83 1.34 0.82 0.63 0.59 0.33

0.06 0.57 8.39 12.77 32.58 81.57 88.25 92.33 95.45 98.37 100.00

Ar (Cum.) (%)

Apparent age (±1σ)/Ma 51 78.4 92.99 92.2 91.82 91.56 91.83 92.27 90.2 93.5 96.4

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

25 5.0 0.93 1.0 0.90 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.1 1.1 1.4

290

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Fig. 6. LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb Concordia diagram curves for the granite porphyry in the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit.

Nb–Ta–W–Sn deposit. Zou et al. (2009), Wu et al. (2012) and Li et al. (2012) reported molybdenite Re–Os ages from the Liguifu, Yuntoujie, and Gaoling skarn W–Mo deposits of 211.9 ± 6.4 Ma, 226.2 ± 4.1 Ma to 219.3 ± 4.0 Ma, and 227.3 ± 3.4 to 213.6 ± 5.6 Ma, respectively. Cai et al. (2006) obtained a molybdenite Re–Os age for the Hehuaping Sn deposit of 224 ± 1.9 Ma. In the eastern part of the Nanling region, Liu et al. (2008) reported a muscovite Ar–Ar age for the Exiangtang quartz vein-type Sn–W deposit of 231.4 ± 2.4 Ma. All those Triassic Sn–W deposits in Nanling region are temporally coincident with the other Triassic Sn–W deposits in South China (e.g. the Nanyangtian W deposit and the Xinzhai Sn deposit with age of about 209 Ma (Feng et al., 2011)). Generally, the Triassic W–Sn–Nb–Ta deposits in South China including those of the Nanling area are scattered throughout the entire region of South China. It is widely accepted that South China was in a post-collisional geodynamic setting during the Late Triassic (Wang et al., 2007, 2010; Zhou et al., 2006). Based on previous studies of regional tectonic–magmatic evolution processes and the characteristics of the granitic rocks related to Triassic W–Sn–Nb–Tb mineralization, Mao et al. (2013) suggested that the Late Triassic peraluminous granites and associated W–Sn–Nb–Tb mineralization formed during postcollisional processes involving the South China Block, the North China Craton, and the Indo-China Block. In this contribution, our new high precise geochronological data suggest that the Jiepailing giant Sn–Be–F deposit and related granite formed during the Late Cretaceous (92–90 Ma). This represents

convincing evidence for a previously unrecognized metallogenic event related to Late Cretaceous granitic magmatism in Nanling W–Sn province. Compared with the geochronological data from other deposits in South China, the Late Cretaceous W–Sn mineralization in Nanling region is well coincident with those of the Late Cretaceous Sn metallogenic belt along the margin of the Youjiang Basin, e.g. the world-class Gejiu tin (82–85 Ma, Yang et al., 2008) and Dachang tin (95 Ma, Wang et al., 2004), which represented an important Late Cretaceous W–Sn metallogenic event in South China. In addition, there is also a significant number of important Late Cretaceous porphyry Cuepithermal Cu–Au–Ag, and vein-type Pb–Zn deposits in South China. These include the world-class Zijinshan porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au– Ag deposits in western Fujian Province (Liang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2003), the Longtoushan epithermal Au deposit (W.F. Chen et al., 2008) and the Wutong Ag–Pb–Zn deposit (Lecumberri-Sanchez et al., 2014) in eastern Guangxi Province, the Yinyan porphyry Sn deposit (Hu, 1989), the Dajinshan granite-related W deposit (Yu et al., 2012), the Shilu skarn-type Cu–Mo deposit (H.J. Zhao et al., 2012), and the Tiantang vein-type Pb–Zn–Ag deposit (Zheng et al., 2013) in western Guangdong Province. It is widely accepted that large-scale lithospheric extension occurred in South China during the Cretaceous, which was characterized by extensively developing mafic dykes, pull-apart basins, volcanic basins, and metamorphic core complexes (Faure, 1998; Faure et al., 1996; Gilder et al., 1991; Hu et al., 2007; Li, 2000; Wang et al., 2001; Yu et al., 2005). Based on the previous studies of the regional tectonic evolution, and the temporal–spatial distribution of the Late Cretaceous deposits in South China, Mao et al. (2013) suggested that the subduction direction of the Paleo-Pacific plate changes from oblique subduction to parallel with respect to the continental margin at 135–80 Ma. This change induced large-scale lithospheric thinning and the formation of the sinistral strike-slip faults and related pull-apart basins, leading to formation of a wide range of Cretaceous mineral deposits in South China. In the Nanling region, the red-colored Nanxiong faulteddepression basin developed in the east part of the Nanling region, from which intercalated olivine basalt occurred has been dated at 96 ± 1 Ma (Shu et al., 2004). Contemporaneously, the occurrence of Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive magmatism (ca. 100 Ma) in western Guangdong, at the southwestern margin of the Nanling region, occurred at ca. 100 Ma (Geng et al., 2006). Previous studies on the geochemical characteristics of magmatic rocks and the evolution of Cretaceous basin indicate that the Nanling region experienced a strong regional lithospheric extensional event during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (Li et al., 2014; Meng et al., 2012). The emplacement of the Jiepailing granite porphyry and associated Sn–Be–F mineralization therefore occurred under a geodynamic setting of regional lithospheric extension in Nanling region. The giant Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit is the first example of the Late Cretaceous tin deposit in Nanling region, revealing an important Late

Fig. 7. Plateau and isochron 40Ar–39Ar ages of muscovite and cassiterite from the greisen-type ore in the Jiepailing Sn–Be–F deposit.

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Cretaceous W–Sn metallogenic event in the Nanling region, which demonstrated that Cretaceous W–Sn mineralization in South China not only occurred along the continental margin, but also developed in intracontinental setting such as in Nanling region. Integrating our new evidence with high precise geochronological data obtained previously, it is suggested that the Nanling region mainly experienced three distinct tectonomagmatic activities and lithospheric thinning events during the Mesozoic, which are responsible for three Sn–W metallogenic events, which led to form the world-class Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province. 7. Conclusions Through combined muscovite 40Ar–39Ar dating of the Jiepailing giant Sn–Be–F deposit and LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of the related granite porphyry, the following conclusions can be reached. Ar–39Ar dating on muscovite shows that the Jiepailing giant Sn–Be–F deposit formed at 92.1 ± 0.7 Ma, well coincident with the LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb age (90.5 ± 0.9 Ma) for the Jiepailing granite porphyry responsible for the Sn–Be–F mineralization, indicating a temporal link between the emplacement of the Jiepailing granite porphyry and the Sn–Be–F mineralization. (2) Our new high precise geochronological data suggest that the Jiepailing giant Sn–Be–F deposit and related granite formed during the Late Cretaceous (92–90 Ma). This is convincing evidence for a previously unrecognized metallogenic event related to Late Cretaceous granitic magmatism in Nanling W–Sn province. (3) Integrated with high precise geochronological data obtained previously, it is suggested that the Nanling region mainly experienced distinct three tectonomagmatic activities and lithospheric thinning events during Mesozoic. Each event is responsible for a distinct generation of Sn–W deposits. The combination of the three metallogenic events in the same region contributed to the metal endowment Nanling W–Sn metallogenic province. The new data are consistent with mineralization epochs across the whole of southeastern China. (1)

40

Acknowledgments This work was jointly supported by the National Nonprofit Natural Science Foundation of China (K1204), the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2012CB416704), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41173052, 41373047, 40903020). References Belousova, E.A., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Fisher, N., 2002. Igneous zircon: trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 143, 602–622. Cai, M.H., Chen, K.X., Qu, W.J., Liu, G.Q., Fu, J.M., Yin, J.P., 2006. Geological characteristics and Re–Os dating of molybdenites in Hehuaping tin-polymetallic deposit, southern Hunan Province. Mineral Deposits 25, 263–268 (in Chinese with English abstract). Charvet, J., Faure, M., Fabbri, O., Cluzel, D., Lapierre, H., 1990. Accretion and collision during East-Asian margin building: a new insight on the Peri-Pacific orogenies. In: Wiley, T.J., Howell, D.G., Wong, F.L. (Eds.), Terrane Analysis of China and the Pacific Rim. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series 13, pp. 161–190. Che, Q.J., Li, J.D., Wei, S.L., Wu, G.Y., 2005. Discussion on the tectonic background of deposit-concentrated Qianlishan–Qitianling area in Hunan. Geotecton. Metallog. 29, 204–214 (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, J.F., Jahn, B.M., 1998. Crustal evolution of southeastern China: Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Tectonophysics 284, 101–133. Chen, P.R., Hua, R.M., Zhang, B.T., Lu, J.J., Fan, C.F., 2002. Early Yanshanian post-orogenic granitoids in the Nanling region — petrological constraints and geodynamic settings. Sci. China 45, 755–768. Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Jin, G.S., Zhang, Y.Q., Wang, Q.L., 2006. Late Cenozoic episodic uplifting in southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau: evidence from Ar–Ar thermochronology. Acta Petrol. Sin. 22, 867–872 (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, C.H., Lee, C.Y., Shinjo, R., 2008a. Was there Jurassic paleo-Pacific subduction in South China?: constraints from 40Ar/39Ar dating, elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic geochemistry of the Mesozoic basalts. Lithos 106, 83–92.

291

Chen, F.W., Li, H.Q., Mei, Y.P., 2008b. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb chronology of diagenetic mineralization of the Longtoushan porphyry gold orefield, Gui County Guangxi. Acta Geol. Sin. 82, 921–926 (in Chinese with English abstract). Cheng, Y.B., Mao, J.W., Rusk, B., Yang, Z.X., 2012. Geology and genesis of Kafang Cu–Sn deposit, Gejiu district, SW China. Ore Geol. Rev. 48, 180–196. Cheng, Y.B., Mao, J.W., Chang, Z.S., Pirajno, F., 2013. The origin of the world class tin-polymetallic deposits in the Gejiu district, SW China: constraints from metal zoning characteristics and 40 Ar– 39 Ar geochronology. Ore Geol. Rev. 53, 50–62. Elhlou, S., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2006. Trace element and isotopic composition of GJ-red zircon standard by laser ablation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, A158. Faure, M., 1998. Doming in the southern foreland of the Dabieshan (Yangtze block, China). Terra Nova 18, 307–311. Faure, M., Ishida, K., 1990. The Mid-Upper Jurassic olistostrome of the west Philippines: a distinctive key-maker for the Palawan Block. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 4, 61–67. Faure, M., Sun, Y., Shu, L.S., Sun, Y., 1996. Extensional tectonics within a subduction-type orogen. The case study of the Wugongshan dome (Jiangxi Province, southeastern China). Tectonophysics 263, 77–106. Feng, J.R., Mao, J.W., Pei, R.F., Li, C., 2011. A tentative discussion on Indosinian ore-forming events in Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan: a case study of Xinzhai tin deposit and Nanyangtian tungsten deposit. Mineral Deposits 30, 57–73 (in Chinese with English abstract). Geng, H.Y., Xu, X.S., O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhao, M., Sun, T., 2006. Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive magmatism in western Guangdong and its geological significance. Sci. China 49, 696–713. Gilder, S.A., Keller, G.R., Luo, M., Goodell, P.C., 1991. Timing and spatial distribution of rifting in China. Tectonophysics 197, 225–243. Gilder, S.A., Gill, J., Coe, R.S., Zhao, X.X., Liu, Z.W., Wang, G.X., Yuan, K.R., Liu, W.L., Kuang, G.D., Wu, H.R., 1996. Isotopic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of South China. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 16137–16154. Hanson, G.N., Simmons, K.R., Bence, A.E., 1975. 40Ar/39Ar spectrum ages for biotite, hornblende and muscovite in a contact metamorphic zone. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 1269–1278. Hoskin, P.W.O., Black, L.P., 2000. Metamorphic zircon formation by solid-state recrystallization of protolith igneous zircon. J. Metamorph. Geol. 18, 423–439. Hou, K.J., Li, Y.H., Tian, Y.R., 2009. In situ U–Pb zircon dating using laser ablation-multi ion counting-ICP-MS. Mineral Deposits 28, 481–492 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hu, X.Z., 1989. The origin and petrology of the Yinyan tin-bearing granite porphyry. Geochimica 3, 251–263 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hu, R.Z., Zhou, M.F., 2012. Multiple Mesozoic mineralization events in South China—an introduction to the thematic issue. Mineral. Deposita 47, 579–588. Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W., Peng, J.T., Liu, S., Zhong, H., Zhao, J.H., Jian, G.H., 2007. Some problems concerning relationship between Mesozoic–Cenozoic lithospheric extension and uranium metallogenesis in South China. Mineral Deposits 26, 139–152 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W., Jiang, G.H., Chen, Y.W., Peng, J.T., Qi, Y.Q., Wu, L.Y., Wei, W.F., 2012a. Mantle-derived noble gases in ore-forming fluids of the granite-related Yaogangxian tungsten deposit, southeastern China. Miner. Deposita 47, 623–632. Hu, R.Z., Wei, W.F., Bi, X.W., Peng, J.T., Qi, Y.Q., Wu, L.Y., Chen, Y.W., 2012b. Molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Xihuashan tungsten deposit, central Nanling district, South China. Lithos 150, 111–118. Hua, R.M., Mao, J.W., 1999. A preliminary discussion on the Mesozoic metallogenic explosion in east China. Mineral Deposits 19, 299–308 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hua, R.M., Chen, P.R., Zhang, W.L., Liu, X.D., Lu, J.J., Lin, J.F., Yao, J.M., Qi, H.W., Zhang, Z.S., Gu, S.Y., 2003. Metallogenic systems related to Mesozoic and Cenozoic granitoids in South China. Sci. China 46, 816–829. Hua, R.M., Chen, P.R., Zhang, W.L., Lu, J.J., 2005a. Three large-scale metallogenic events related to the Yanshanian period in southern China. Mineral Deposits 24, 99–107 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hua, R.M., Chen, P.R., Zhang, W.L., Yao, J.M., Lin, J.F., Zhang, Z.S., Gu, S.Y., 2005b. Metallogenesis related to Mesozoic granitoids in the Nanling Range, South China and their geodynamic settings. Acta Geol. Sin. (Engl. Ed.) 79, 810–820. Hua, R.M., Zhang, W.L., Gu, S.Y., Chen, P.R., 2007. Comparison between REE granite and W–Sn granite in the Nanling region, South China, and their mineralizations. Acta Petrol. Sin. 23, 2321–2328 (in Chinese with English abstract). Hua, R.M., Li, G.L., Zhang, W.L., Hu, D.Q., Chen, P.R., Chen, W.F., Wang, X.D., 2010. A tentative discussion on differences between large-scale tungsten and tin mineralization in South China. Mineral Deposits 29, 9–23 (in Chinese with English abstract). Jackson, S.E., Pearson, N.J., Griffin, W.L., Belousova, E.A., 2004. The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to in-situ U– Pb zircon geochronology. Chem. Geol. 211, 47–69. Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, K.D., Jiang, Y.H., Dai, B.Z., 2008. Characteristics and genesis of Mesozoic A-type granites and associated mineral deposits in the southern Hunan and Northern Guangxi Provinces along the Shi-Hang belt, South China. Geol. J. China Univ. 14, 496–509 (in Chinese with English abstract). Lecumberri-Sanchez, P., Romer, R.L., Lüders, V., Bodnar, R.J., 2014. Genetic relationship between silver–lead–zinc mineralization in the Wutong deposit, Guangxi Province and Mesozoic granitic magmatism in the Nanling belt, southeast China. Mineral. Deposita 49, 353–369. Li, X.H., 2000. Cretaceous magmatism and lithospheric extension in Southeast China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 18, 293–305. Li, X.K., 2013. Zircon LA-(MC)-ICP-MS U–Pb dating on the ore-bearing quartz porphyry of the Yejiwei Cu–Sn deposit in Dongpo orefield, Hunan Province. Geol. Rev. 59, 181–182 (in Chinese).

292

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293

Li, Z.X., Li, X.H., 2007. Formation of the 1300-km wide intracontinental orogeny and postorogenic magmatic province in Mesozoic South China: a flat-slab subduction model. Geology 35, 179–182. Li, H.Y., Mao, J.W., Sun, Y.L., 1996. Re–Os isotopic chronology of molybdenites in the Shizhuyuan polymetallic tungsten deposit, southern Hunan. Geol. Rev. 42, 261–267 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, Z.L., Hu, R.Z., Yang, J.S., Peng, J.T., Li, X.M., Bi, X.W., 2007. He, Pb and S isotopic constraints on the relationship between the A-type Qitianling granite and the Furong tin deposit, Hunan Province, China. Lithos 197, 161–173. Li, X.F., Feng, Z.H., Xiao, R., Song, C.A., Yang, F., Wang, C.Y., Kang, Z.Q., Mao, W., 2012. Spatial and temporal distributions and the geological setting of the W–Sn–Mo–Nb–Ta deposits at the Northeast Guangxi, South China. Acta Geol. Sin. 86, 1713–1725 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, J.H., Zhang, Y.Q., Dong, S.W., Johnston, S.T., 2014. Cretaceous tectonic evolution of South China: a preliminary synthesis. Earth Sci. Rev. 134, 98–136. Liang, Q.L., Jiang, S.H., Wang, S.H., Li, C., Zeng, F.G., 2012. Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Luoboling porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in the Zijinshan ore field of Fujian Province and its geological significance. Acta Geol. Sin. 86, 1114–1118 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X.D., Hua, R.M., 2005. 40Ar/39Ar dating of adularia from the Bitian gold–silver– copper deposit, Fujian Province. Geol. Rev. 51, 151–155 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, W.H., Li, H.L., Li, Y., Dai, P.G., 2006. Geological, geochemical characteristics of the Jiepailing tin deposit and its genetic type. Min. Resour. Geol. 20, 327–333 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Gao, S., Günther, D., Xu, J., Gao, C.G., Chen, H.H., 2008. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem. Geol. 257, 34–43. Liu, X.F., Yuan, S.D., Wu, S.H., 2012. Re–Os dating of the molybdenite from the Jinchuantang tin–bismuth deposit in Hunan Province and its geological significance. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 39–51 (in Chinese with English abstract). Lu, H.Z., Liu, Y.M., Wang, C.L., Xu, Y.Z., Li, H.Q., 2003. Mineralization and fluid inclusion study of the Shizhuyuan W–Sn–Mi–Mo–F skarn deposit, Hunan Province, China. Econ. Geol. 98, 955–974. Ludwig, K.R., 2003. User's Manual for Isoplot/Ex. Version 3.00: A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, Berkeley, pp. 1–70. Mao, J.W., 1995. Evolution of the Qianlishan granite stock and its relation to the Shizhuyuan polymetallic tungsten deposit. Int. Geol. Rev. 37, 63–80. Mao, J.W., Guy, G., Raimbault, L., Shimazaki, H., 1996a. Manganese skarn in the Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit, Hunan, China. Resour. Geol. 46, 1–11. Mao, J.W., Li, H.Y., Shimazaki, H., Raimbault, L., Guy, B., 1996b. Geology and metallogeny of the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen deposit, Hunan Province, China. Int. Geol. Rev. 38, 1020–1039. Mao, J.W., Hua, R.M., Li, X.B., 1999. A preliminary study of large scale metallogenesis and large clusters of mineral deposits. Mineral Deposits 19, 289–293 (in Chinese with English abstract). Mao, J.W., Li, X.F., Lehmann, B., Chen, W., Lan, X.M., Wei, S.L., 2004. 40Ar–39Ar dating of tin ores and related granite in Furong tin orefield, Hunan Province, and its geodynamic significant. Mineral Deposits 22, 164–175 (in Chinese with English abstract). Mao, J.W., Xie, G.Q., Guo, C.L., 2007. Large-scale tungsten–tin mineralization in the Nanling region, South China: metallogenic ages and corresponding geodynamic processes. Acta Petrol. Sin. 23, 2329–2338 (in Chinese with English abstract). Mao, J.W., Xie, G.Q., Guo, C.L., Yuan, S.D., Cheng, Y.B., Chen, Y.C., 2008. Spatial–temporal distribution of Mesozoic ore deposits in South China and their metallogenic settings. Geol. J. China Univ. 14, 510–526 (in Chinese with English abstract). Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., Cook, N., 2011. Mesozoic metallogeny in East China and corresponding geodynamic settings — an introduction to the special issue. Ore Geol. Rev. 43, 1–7. Mao, J.W., Zhou, Z.H., Feng, C.Y., Wang, Y.T., Zhang, C.Q., Peng, H.J., Yu, M., 2012. A preliminary study of the Triassic large-scale mineralization in China and its geodynamic setting. Geol. China 39, 1437–1471 (in Chinese with English abstract). Mao, J.W., Cheng, Y.B., Chen, M.H., Pirajno, F., 2013. Major types and time-space distribution of Mesozoic ore deposits in South China and their geodynamic settings. Mineral. Deposita 48, 267–294. Maruyama, S., Isozaki, Y., Kimura, G., Terabayashi, M., 1997. Paleogeographic maps of the Japanese Islands: plate tectonic synthesis from 750 Ma to the present. Island Arc 6, 121–142. Meng, L.F., Li, Z.X., Chen, H.L., Li, X.H., Wang, X.C., 2012. Geochronological and geochemical results from Mesozoic basalts in southern South China Block support the flat-slab subduction model. Lithos 132–133, 127–140. Nasdala, L., Hofmeister, W., Norberg, N., Martinson, J.M., Corfu, F., Dörr, W., Kamo, S.L., Kennedy, A.K., Kronz, A., Reiners, P.W., Frei, D., Kosler, J., Wan, Y.S., Götze, J., Häger, T., Kröner, A., Valley, J.W., 2008. Zircon M257: a homogeneous natural reference material for the ion microprobe U–Pb analysis of zircon. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 32, 247–265. Nier, A.O., 1950. A redetermination of the relative abundance of the isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and potassium. Phys. Rev. 77, 789–793. Peng, J.T., Zhou, M.F., Hu, R.Z., Shen, N.P., Yuan, S.D., Bi, X.W., 2006. Precise molybdenite Re–Os and mica Ar–Ar dating of the Mesozoic Yaogangxian tungsten deposit, central Nanling district, South China. Mineral. Deposita 41, 661–669. Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W., 2007. 40Ar–39Ar isotopic dating of tin mineralization in Furong deposit of Hunan Province and its geological significance. Mineral Deposits 26, 237–248 (in Chinese with English abstract). Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., Yuan, S.D., Bi, X.W., Shen, N.P., 2008. The time ranges of granitoid emplacement and related nonferrous metallic mineralization in southern Hunan. Geol. Rev. 54, 617–625 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Selby, D., Creaser, R.A., Hart, C.J., Rombach, C.S., Thompson, J.F.H., Smith, M.T., Bakke, A.A., Goldfarb, R.J., 2002. Absolution timing of sulfide and gold mineralization: a comparison of Re–Os molybdenite and Ar–Ar mica methods from the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska. Geology 30, 791–794. Shu, L.S., Deng, P., Wang, B., Tan, Z.Z., Yu, X.Q., Sun, Y., 2004. Lithology, kinematics and geochronology related to Late Mesozoic basin-mountain evolution in the Nanxiong–Zhuguang area, South China. Sci. China 47, 673–688. Sláma, J., Košler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., Horstwood, M.S.A., Morris, G.A., Nasdala, L., Norbery, N., Schaltegger, U., Schoene, B., Tubrett, M.N., Whitehouse, M.J., 2008. Plešovice zircon — a new natural reference material for U– Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem. Geol. 249, 1–35. Steiger, R.H., Jager, E., 1977. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmo-chronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 36, 359–362. Wang, D.Z., Shu, L.S., Faure, M., Sheng, W.Z., 2001. Mesozoic magmatism and granitic dome in the Wugongshan Massif, Jiangxi Province and their genetic relationship to the tectonic events in southeast China. Tectonophysics 339, 259–277. Wang, D.H., Chen, Y.C., Chen, W., Sang, H.Q., Li, H.Q., Lu, Y.F., Chen, K.L., Lin, Z.M., 2004. Dating the Dachang giant tin-polymetallic deposit in Nandan, Guangxi. Acta Geol. Sin. 78, 132–139 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Y.J., Fan, W.M., Sun, M., Liang, X.Q., Zhang, Y.H., Peng, T.P., 2007. Geochronological, geochemical and geothermal constraints on petrogenesis of the Indosinian peraluminous granites in the South China Block: a case study in the Hunan Province. Lithos 96, 475–502. Wang, Y.J., Zhang, A.M., Fan, W.M., Peng, T.P., Zhang, F.F., Zhang, Y.H., Bi, X.W., 2010. Petrogenesis of late Triassic post-collisional basaltic rocks of the Lancangjiang tectonic zone, southwest China, and tectonic implications for the evolution of the eastern Paleotethys: geochronological and geochemical constraints. Lithos 120, 529–546. Wang, Z.Q., Chen, B., Ma, X.H., 2014. Petrogenesis of the Late Mesozoic Guposhan composite plutons from the Nanling Range, South China: implications for W–Sn mineralization. Am. J. Sci. 314, 235–277. Wu, L.Y., Hu, R.Z., Peng, J.T., Bi, X.W., Jiang, G.H., Chen, H.W., Wang, Q.Y., Liu, Y.Y., 2011. He and Ar isotopic compositions and genetic implications for the giant Shizhuyuan W– Sn–Bi–Mo deposit, Hunan Province, South China. Int. Geol. Rev. 53, 677–690. Wu, J., Liang, H.Y., Huang, W.T., Wang, C.L., Sun, W.D., Sun, Y.L., Li, J., Mo, J.H., Wang, X.Z., 2012. Indosinian isotope ages of plutons and deposits in southwestern Miaoershan– Yuechengling, northeastern Guangxi and implications on Indosinian mineralization in South China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 57, 1024–1035 (in Chinese). Yang, Z.X., Mao, J.W., Chen, M.H., Tong, X., Wu, J.D., Cheng, Y.B., Zhao, H.J., 2008. Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Kafangskarn copper (tin) deposit in the Gejiu tin polymetallic ore district and its geological significance. Acta Petrol. Sin. 24, 1937–1944 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, F., Li, X.F., Feng, Z.H., Bai, Y.P., 2009. 40Ar/39Ar dating of muscovite from greisenized granite and geological significance in Limu tin deposit. J. Guilin Univ. Technol. 29, 21–24 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yao, J.M., Hua, R.M., Qu, W.J., Qi, H.W., Lin, J.F., Du, A.D., 2007. Re–Os isotopic dating of molybdenite from the Huangshaping Pb–Zn–W–Mo deposit and its significance. Sci. China 37, 471–477 (in Chinese). Yu, C.W., 2011. The characteristic target-pattern regional ore zonality of the Nanling region, China (I). Geosci. Front. 2, 147–156. Yu, X.Q., Shu, L.S., Yan, T.Z., Zu, F.P., 2005. Prototype and sedimentation of red basins along the Ganhang tectonic belt. Acta Sedimentol. Sin. 23, 12–20 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yu, Z.F., Mao, J.W., Zhao, H.J., Chen, M.H., Luo, D.L., Guo, M., 2012. Geological characteristics and ages of granites and related mineralization in the Dajinshan tungsten−tin polymetallic deposit, western Guangdong Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 3967–3979 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Shen, N.P., Hu, R.Z., Dai, T.M., 2007. 40Ar−39Ar isotopic dating of the Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic orefield in southern Hunan, China and its geological implications. Acta Geol. Sin. 81, 278–286. Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W., Qi, L., Li, Z.L., Li, X.M., Shuang, Y., 2008a. Characteristics of rare-earth elements (REE), strontium and neodymium isotopes in hydrothermal fluorites from the Bailashui tin deposit in the Furong ore field, southern Hunan Province, China. Chin. J. Geochem. 27, 342–350. Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., Li, H.M., Shen, N.P., Zhang, D.L., 2008b. A precise U–Pb age on cassiterite from the Xianghualing tin-polymetallic deposit (Hunan, South China). Mineral. Deposita 43, 375–382. Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Li, X.Q., Peng, Q.L., Fu, Y.Z., Shen, N.P., Zhang, D.L., 2008c. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope geochemistry of calcites from the Xianghualing tinpolymetallic deposit, Hunan Province. Act Geol. Sin. 82, 1152–1530 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yuan, S.D., Hou, K.J., Liu, M., 2010. Timing of mineralization and geodynamic framework of iron-oxide-apatite deposits in Ningwu Cretaceous basin in the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, China: constraints from Ar–Ar dating on phlogopites. Acta Petrol. Sin. 26, 797–808 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Hao, S., Li, H.M., Geng, J.Z., Zhang, D.L., 2011. In situ LA-MC-ICP-MS and ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology of cassiterite in the giant Furong tin deposit, Hunan Province, South China: new constraints on the timing of tin-polymetallic mineralization. Ore Geol. Rev. 43, 235–242. Yuan, S.D., Liu, X.F., Wang, X.D., Wu, S.H., Yuan, Y.B., Li, X.K., Wang, T.Z., 2012a. Geological characteristics and 40Ar–39Ar geochronology of the Hongqiling tin deposit in southern Hunan Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 3787–3797 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yuan, S.D., Zhang, D.L., Shuang, Y., Du, A.D., Qu, W.J., 2012b. Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Xintianling giant tungsten–molybdenum deposit in southern Hunan Province, China and its geological implications. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 27–38 (in Chinese with English abstract).

S. Yuan et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 65 (2015) 283–293 Yuan, Y.B., Yuan, S.D., Chen, C.J., Huo, R., 2014. Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of the granitoids in the Huangshaping mining area and their geological significance. Acta Petrol. Sin. 30, 64–78 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, D.Q., Feng, C.Y., Li, D.X., 2003. 40 Ar– 39 Ar dating of adularia from Bitian sericite–adularia type epithermal Ag–Au deposit in Fujian Province and its geological significance. Mineral Deposits 22, 360–365 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, D.L., Peng, J.T., Fu, Y.Z., Peng, G.X., 2012. Rare-earth element geochemistry in Cabearing minerals from the Xianghuapu tungsten deposit, Hunan Province, China. Acta Petrol. Sin. 28, 65–74 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, H.J., Zheng, W., Yu, Z.F., Hu, Y.G., Tian, Y., 2012. Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Shilu Cu(Mo) deposit in western Guangdong Province and its geological implications. Geol. China 39, 1604–1613 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, K.D., Jiang, S.Y., Yang, S.Y., Dai, B.Z., Lu, J.J., 2012. Mineral chemistry, trace elements and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope geochemistry and petrogenesis of Cailing and Furong granites

293

and mafic enclaves from the Qitianling batholith in the Shi-Hang zone, South China. Gondwana Res. 22, 310–324. Zheng, W., Chen, M.H., Xu, L.G., Zhao, H.J., Ling, S.B., Wu, Y., Hu, Y.G., Tian, Y., Wu, X.D., 2013. Rb–Sr isochron age of Tiantang Cu–Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit in Guangdong Province and its geological significance. Mineral Deposits 32, 259–272 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, X.M., Sun, T., Shen, W.Z., Shu, L.S., Niu, Y.L., 2006. Petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks in South China: a response to tectonic evolution. Episodes 29, 21–26. Zou, X.W., Cui, S., Qu, W.J., Bai, Y.S., Chen, X.Q., 2009. Re–Os isotope dating of the Liguifu tungsten–tin polymetallic deposit in Dupangling area, Guangxi. Geol. China 36, 837–844 (in Chinese with English abstract).