- Email: [email protected]
A prototype of an integrated pedestrian facilities design system using interactive high-level computer graphics
Book Reviews
344
The results of this study suggested that the importance of the factors which reflect the shipper’s perspective account for the greatest amount of vessel size variation observed in the U.S. Dry Bulk Trades Data Base. However, as the relative importance of the largest (in terms of weight) consignment in a voyage declines the importance of the factors which reflect the shipper’s perspective declines, while the importance of factors reflecting the shipowner’s point of view increases sharply. The results of the present study indirectly support the Jansson and Shneerson hypothesis that under certain conditions diseconomies of vessel size exist; as vessel size increases, time in port tends to increase. Also, the results suggest that factors proposed by Kendall under certain conditions are significant determinants of vessel size. However, consideration of both points of view was required to satisfactorily explain the size of vessels observed in the U.S. bulk trades.
Optimization model for the concept of specialized container port for developing countries. Baitelmal, Salem M., Ph.D. University of Washington. 1987. Chairperson: Ron-
ald E. Nece Advances in maritime transportation may strongly affect general patterns of commercial interaction. In this study the effects of the container system innovation upon trade flow routes and port activities are examined with respect to revenue rich developing countries. The benefit from concentration of container trade in specialized centers (i.e. center ports) has been considered for those countries’ technical. economic, and institutional conditions. A conceptual three phase model has been introduced to characterize the dynamic method of developing a central port. Even though the present model reaches the same results previously proposed for developed countries, the time frame and number of evolutionary steps, through consideration of developing countries’ institutional structure, makes it special for those countries. This study next presents an optimization model for developing the general dimensions of such a specialized container center in which the major container trade for the country of the region will be accommodated. Five subsystems form the model, which include the incoming trade flow to feeder service to serve other ports in the country or the region as well as distribution center services. By using linear programming the total system costs (i.e. construction, operation, and equipment) can be minimized and all of the decision variables (number of ships, size of ships, number and efficiency of container handling systems, etc.) will be optimized. A steady inflow, and full ownership and control are assumed, and numerical application of the model are conducted on hypothetical cases with varying values for the inflow capacity (Q TEUs/year) of the center according to a detailed cost factors development for all components of the overall port system. The results indicate that cost per TEU served decreases by increasing the inflow capacity of the center, and this is in agreement with previous findings.
PASSENGER
TERMINALS
A framework
terminals. Berkeley,
for quality of service evaluation at airport Miiller, Carlos, Ph.D. University of California, 1987. 213~~. Chairman: Carlos F. Daganzo
Order Number DA8814004 The main objective of this research is the development of a passenger quality perception evaluation framework. This
framework allows improvement in quality of service as perceived by passengers at the airport terminal to be determined in association with different alternative actions (e.g. operating strategies. facilities expansion). This quality improvement as perceived by passengers is also evaluated in terms of its perceived value in dollars. The framework considers passenger discrete quality perception data already available to some extent for some airports (e.g. San Francisco Airport) or that can be easily obtained by means of a survey. and specific quantitative performance data obtainable by observation. The existing or potentially obtainable quality data are discrete in nature. They represent passengers’ categorization of their subjective perceptions of the quality of the service offered to them at the terminal and terminal facilities in accordance with a discrete scale. These data represent the best information about passengers’ perception of the terminal available to arport managers. This information has been largely ignored or misused up to now mainly because it is only qualitative and cannot be directly used in quantitative analysis. This research brings this information into perspective and can promote its use in the airport terminal management decision process. The framework establishes a background theory of the quality perception process by passengers at airport terminals. This background theory provides the support required to enable the transformation of the qualitative discrete passenger information into a quantitative continuum quality scale. This transformed information is used to model passenger quality perception as a process that is caused by quantitative service performance indicators (e.g. waiting time, crowding). This framework allows the estimation of benefits as perceived by passengers associated with alternative improvement actions to be given in perceived dollars. The passenger quality perception evaluation framework is tested using information collected at the San Francisco Airport.
A prototype of an integrated pedestrian facilities design system using interactive high-level computer graphics. Ishimaru, John Masashi, Ph.D. Universiry of Washington,
1987. 301~~. Chairperson:
Dale E. Calkins Order Number DA8802253
Transportation interface facilities are a critical element of the modern transportation system. The transit stationiterminal is a key element linking available transportation modes with the community which it serves. The design of such facilities takes on a special significance in the overall framework of transportation systems design, a significance that has generally been underemphasized in the design process. There remains a relative paucity of useful objective techniques for the analysis of the critical link provided by the interface facility to bridge the gap between the transportation system and the transportation consumer. A prototype of an integrated pedestrian facilities design system has been developed. This prototype integrated design system is structured for preliminary geometry analyses of potential transportation pedestrian facility layouts, and specifically addresses tasks involving preliminary space allocation of a potential design. The analytic core of this integrated design system prototype seeks to more realistically model pedestrian behavior and design performance. through the use of a stochastic computer model of pedestrian movement. The prototype system enhances the utility of this computer model with an insulating shell, featuring a high-performance. highly interactive computer graphics computing environment. This research focuses on the unification of computer simulation techniques with an interactive user interface based upon computer graphics, computer animation. and advanced workstation capabili-
Book Reviews ties. to form an integrated whole which enhances the pedestrian facility design process.
Towards a policy for establishing multimodal passenger terminals in Canada. Bell. David William Rov. Ph.D. Car-
leton Universir): (Canada), 1988. The goal of this research is to develop a methodology aimed at establishing a multimodal passenger terminal policy in Canada. The research also had as specific objectives the development of an information base on multimodal passenger terminals in Canada, the development of an analytical technique for use in transportation planning, the provision of guidelines for developing multimodal passenger terminals in Canada, the identification of future research opportunities and the creation of a greater awareness of multimodal passenger terminals. In order to set the research in context, historic and forecast intercity passenger transportation activity was examined. The research then outlines multimodal passenger terminal activity in Canada and abroad to establish the potential for multimodal passenger terminal development in Canada. To determine the extent of policy activity in multimodal passenger terminals world wide, a literature review is presented covering aspects of transportation policy and analytical techniques. It concludes there is very little literature or existing policies on multimodal passenger terminals. The data-collection phase of the research involved two questionnaires. The first was an open-ended questionnaire to several countries including Sweden, France, the Netherlands. Germany, Japan, the United States and Great Britain. The results of this questionnaire were then used as input into the development of a closed-ended Canadian questionnaire. These results were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques. A simple. easily understood analytic approach was developed using paired comparisons of factor scores and the development of an importance index. Once the results were achieved. two additional analytical techniques-delphi method and case study-were used to validate the results. The results of the analysis indicate that the critical factors in the development of a multimodal passenger terminal in Canada in order of priority are: (i) Integration of various modes of transportation; (ii) Promotion of public transportation; (iii) Cost of terminal; (iv) Government cooperation; (v) Operating factors; (vi) Heritage Building preservation; (vii) Environmental concerns; (viii) Urban development; (ix) Reduction of local traffic congestion. A policy statement using the critical factors is presented and an implementation approach is suggested with guidelines. The actual application of the factors on a Canadian example is also presented.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION A comparison of coordinated transportation systems and independent transportation systems via integer linear programming models. Baker, Hope MacMillan, Ph.D. University of South Carolina, 1987. 270~~.
Order No. DA8714948 Human service organizations offer numerous programs for such groups as preschool children, handicapped and elderly persons, etc. Because the majority of the clientele from these agencies are unable to operate or to afford an automobile, the effectiveness of the programs offered is dependent upon the availability of transportation for the participants. Currently, most organizations at the local
345
level offer transportation services independently of one another. This practice has resulted in a duplication of services which could be reduced if local agencies that offer similar programs would coordinate their transportation services. Techniques designed for the development of efficient human transportation systems have been the subject of many research papers in the field of Management Science. A major limitation found in the literature is the focus on transportation systems in which the vehicles carry pure loads. Although two coordinated transportation systems have been suggested in previous studies, the methodologies for implementing such systems are not complete. Presented in this study are the two coordinated transportation systems mentioned above: (1) the coordinated transportation system (CTS) with the Santa Clara delivery method and (2) the CTS with exchange depots. The methodology was designed to achieve the following goals: (1) to develop, test. and evaluate integer linear programming (ILP) models for the two coordinated transportation systems, (2) to illustrate the financial benefits gained from implementing either CTS rather than operating independent transportation systems. and (3) to illustrate which CTS is more efficient given the distance between the agencies in the network. The results of this study indicate that for a two agency/ two vehicle system network, either of the two coordinated transportation systems is far more cost efficient than a system of independently operated systems. The expected savings that two agencies could achieve by coordinating their reiources ranges from $8,115.00 to $lb,400.00 depending upon the particular CIS selected. It can also be inferred from this study that the CTS with exchange depots is the more efficient CTS for networks in which the two agencies are located eight miles or more from one another. If the distance between agencies is less than eight miles it is unclear which CTS is more efficient without further examination of the network.
Development of an expert system to assist the interactive graphic transit system design process. Janarthanan, Natarajan, Ph.D. University ofwashingron, 1987.252~~. Chair-
person: Jerry B. Schneider
Order Number DA8802256
Urban public transit has a vital role in the functioning of most urban areas. Transit network design and evaluation are important components of urban transit planning. Because of their complexity. they can be best handled using interactive graphic methods, coupled with ways to evaluate alternative transit network designs with respect to multiple, conflicting criteria. This dissertation research is focused on an investigation of the applicability of a knowledge-based expert system approach to increasing the productivity of the transit network design process. For this research, an interactive knowledge-based expert system (TNOP-ADVISOR) has been developed to assist the development of high performance transit network designs. TNOP-ADVISOR provides advice about how to modify designs so as to obtain improved performance. A network simulation software package (TNOP) provides the capability for modifying and predicting the performance of these designs. The knowledge-based inference engine is capable of generating advice about what operational and system planning design changes are likely to lead to higher performance levels. Operational variables include headways, vehicle types. layover and departure times. System planning variables include route layout changes or adding/ deleting entire routes. The knowledge-base can be applied to any transit network design problem at any stage of the design process and also can give advice irrespective of the demand pattern or base network being examined. A computer-based interactive multicriteria evaluation method
344
The results of this study suggested that the importance of the factors which reflect the shipper’s perspective account for the greatest amount of vessel size variation observed in the U.S. Dry Bulk Trades Data Base. However, as the relative importance of the largest (in terms of weight) consignment in a voyage declines the importance of the factors which reflect the shipper’s perspective declines, while the importance of factors reflecting the shipowner’s point of view increases sharply. The results of the present study indirectly support the Jansson and Shneerson hypothesis that under certain conditions diseconomies of vessel size exist; as vessel size increases, time in port tends to increase. Also, the results suggest that factors proposed by Kendall under certain conditions are significant determinants of vessel size. However, consideration of both points of view was required to satisfactorily explain the size of vessels observed in the U.S. bulk trades.
Optimization model for the concept of specialized container port for developing countries. Baitelmal, Salem M., Ph.D. University of Washington. 1987. Chairperson: Ron-
ald E. Nece Advances in maritime transportation may strongly affect general patterns of commercial interaction. In this study the effects of the container system innovation upon trade flow routes and port activities are examined with respect to revenue rich developing countries. The benefit from concentration of container trade in specialized centers (i.e. center ports) has been considered for those countries’ technical. economic, and institutional conditions. A conceptual three phase model has been introduced to characterize the dynamic method of developing a central port. Even though the present model reaches the same results previously proposed for developed countries, the time frame and number of evolutionary steps, through consideration of developing countries’ institutional structure, makes it special for those countries. This study next presents an optimization model for developing the general dimensions of such a specialized container center in which the major container trade for the country of the region will be accommodated. Five subsystems form the model, which include the incoming trade flow to feeder service to serve other ports in the country or the region as well as distribution center services. By using linear programming the total system costs (i.e. construction, operation, and equipment) can be minimized and all of the decision variables (number of ships, size of ships, number and efficiency of container handling systems, etc.) will be optimized. A steady inflow, and full ownership and control are assumed, and numerical application of the model are conducted on hypothetical cases with varying values for the inflow capacity (Q TEUs/year) of the center according to a detailed cost factors development for all components of the overall port system. The results indicate that cost per TEU served decreases by increasing the inflow capacity of the center, and this is in agreement with previous findings.
PASSENGER
TERMINALS
A framework
terminals. Berkeley,
for quality of service evaluation at airport Miiller, Carlos, Ph.D. University of California, 1987. 213~~. Chairman: Carlos F. Daganzo
Order Number DA8814004 The main objective of this research is the development of a passenger quality perception evaluation framework. This
framework allows improvement in quality of service as perceived by passengers at the airport terminal to be determined in association with different alternative actions (e.g. operating strategies. facilities expansion). This quality improvement as perceived by passengers is also evaluated in terms of its perceived value in dollars. The framework considers passenger discrete quality perception data already available to some extent for some airports (e.g. San Francisco Airport) or that can be easily obtained by means of a survey. and specific quantitative performance data obtainable by observation. The existing or potentially obtainable quality data are discrete in nature. They represent passengers’ categorization of their subjective perceptions of the quality of the service offered to them at the terminal and terminal facilities in accordance with a discrete scale. These data represent the best information about passengers’ perception of the terminal available to arport managers. This information has been largely ignored or misused up to now mainly because it is only qualitative and cannot be directly used in quantitative analysis. This research brings this information into perspective and can promote its use in the airport terminal management decision process. The framework establishes a background theory of the quality perception process by passengers at airport terminals. This background theory provides the support required to enable the transformation of the qualitative discrete passenger information into a quantitative continuum quality scale. This transformed information is used to model passenger quality perception as a process that is caused by quantitative service performance indicators (e.g. waiting time, crowding). This framework allows the estimation of benefits as perceived by passengers associated with alternative improvement actions to be given in perceived dollars. The passenger quality perception evaluation framework is tested using information collected at the San Francisco Airport.
A prototype of an integrated pedestrian facilities design system using interactive high-level computer graphics. Ishimaru, John Masashi, Ph.D. Universiry of Washington,
1987. 301~~. Chairperson:
Dale E. Calkins Order Number DA8802253
Transportation interface facilities are a critical element of the modern transportation system. The transit stationiterminal is a key element linking available transportation modes with the community which it serves. The design of such facilities takes on a special significance in the overall framework of transportation systems design, a significance that has generally been underemphasized in the design process. There remains a relative paucity of useful objective techniques for the analysis of the critical link provided by the interface facility to bridge the gap between the transportation system and the transportation consumer. A prototype of an integrated pedestrian facilities design system has been developed. This prototype integrated design system is structured for preliminary geometry analyses of potential transportation pedestrian facility layouts, and specifically addresses tasks involving preliminary space allocation of a potential design. The analytic core of this integrated design system prototype seeks to more realistically model pedestrian behavior and design performance. through the use of a stochastic computer model of pedestrian movement. The prototype system enhances the utility of this computer model with an insulating shell, featuring a high-performance. highly interactive computer graphics computing environment. This research focuses on the unification of computer simulation techniques with an interactive user interface based upon computer graphics, computer animation. and advanced workstation capabili-
Book Reviews ties. to form an integrated whole which enhances the pedestrian facility design process.
Towards a policy for establishing multimodal passenger terminals in Canada. Bell. David William Rov. Ph.D. Car-
leton Universir): (Canada), 1988. The goal of this research is to develop a methodology aimed at establishing a multimodal passenger terminal policy in Canada. The research also had as specific objectives the development of an information base on multimodal passenger terminals in Canada, the development of an analytical technique for use in transportation planning, the provision of guidelines for developing multimodal passenger terminals in Canada, the identification of future research opportunities and the creation of a greater awareness of multimodal passenger terminals. In order to set the research in context, historic and forecast intercity passenger transportation activity was examined. The research then outlines multimodal passenger terminal activity in Canada and abroad to establish the potential for multimodal passenger terminal development in Canada. To determine the extent of policy activity in multimodal passenger terminals world wide, a literature review is presented covering aspects of transportation policy and analytical techniques. It concludes there is very little literature or existing policies on multimodal passenger terminals. The data-collection phase of the research involved two questionnaires. The first was an open-ended questionnaire to several countries including Sweden, France, the Netherlands. Germany, Japan, the United States and Great Britain. The results of this questionnaire were then used as input into the development of a closed-ended Canadian questionnaire. These results were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques. A simple. easily understood analytic approach was developed using paired comparisons of factor scores and the development of an importance index. Once the results were achieved. two additional analytical techniques-delphi method and case study-were used to validate the results. The results of the analysis indicate that the critical factors in the development of a multimodal passenger terminal in Canada in order of priority are: (i) Integration of various modes of transportation; (ii) Promotion of public transportation; (iii) Cost of terminal; (iv) Government cooperation; (v) Operating factors; (vi) Heritage Building preservation; (vii) Environmental concerns; (viii) Urban development; (ix) Reduction of local traffic congestion. A policy statement using the critical factors is presented and an implementation approach is suggested with guidelines. The actual application of the factors on a Canadian example is also presented.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION A comparison of coordinated transportation systems and independent transportation systems via integer linear programming models. Baker, Hope MacMillan, Ph.D. University of South Carolina, 1987. 270~~.
Order No. DA8714948 Human service organizations offer numerous programs for such groups as preschool children, handicapped and elderly persons, etc. Because the majority of the clientele from these agencies are unable to operate or to afford an automobile, the effectiveness of the programs offered is dependent upon the availability of transportation for the participants. Currently, most organizations at the local
345
level offer transportation services independently of one another. This practice has resulted in a duplication of services which could be reduced if local agencies that offer similar programs would coordinate their transportation services. Techniques designed for the development of efficient human transportation systems have been the subject of many research papers in the field of Management Science. A major limitation found in the literature is the focus on transportation systems in which the vehicles carry pure loads. Although two coordinated transportation systems have been suggested in previous studies, the methodologies for implementing such systems are not complete. Presented in this study are the two coordinated transportation systems mentioned above: (1) the coordinated transportation system (CTS) with the Santa Clara delivery method and (2) the CTS with exchange depots. The methodology was designed to achieve the following goals: (1) to develop, test. and evaluate integer linear programming (ILP) models for the two coordinated transportation systems, (2) to illustrate the financial benefits gained from implementing either CTS rather than operating independent transportation systems. and (3) to illustrate which CTS is more efficient given the distance between the agencies in the network. The results of this study indicate that for a two agency/ two vehicle system network, either of the two coordinated transportation systems is far more cost efficient than a system of independently operated systems. The expected savings that two agencies could achieve by coordinating their reiources ranges from $8,115.00 to $lb,400.00 depending upon the particular CIS selected. It can also be inferred from this study that the CTS with exchange depots is the more efficient CTS for networks in which the two agencies are located eight miles or more from one another. If the distance between agencies is less than eight miles it is unclear which CTS is more efficient without further examination of the network.
Development of an expert system to assist the interactive graphic transit system design process. Janarthanan, Natarajan, Ph.D. University ofwashingron, 1987.252~~. Chair-
person: Jerry B. Schneider
Order Number DA8802256
Urban public transit has a vital role in the functioning of most urban areas. Transit network design and evaluation are important components of urban transit planning. Because of their complexity. they can be best handled using interactive graphic methods, coupled with ways to evaluate alternative transit network designs with respect to multiple, conflicting criteria. This dissertation research is focused on an investigation of the applicability of a knowledge-based expert system approach to increasing the productivity of the transit network design process. For this research, an interactive knowledge-based expert system (TNOP-ADVISOR) has been developed to assist the development of high performance transit network designs. TNOP-ADVISOR provides advice about how to modify designs so as to obtain improved performance. A network simulation software package (TNOP) provides the capability for modifying and predicting the performance of these designs. The knowledge-based inference engine is capable of generating advice about what operational and system planning design changes are likely to lead to higher performance levels. Operational variables include headways, vehicle types. layover and departure times. System planning variables include route layout changes or adding/ deleting entire routes. The knowledge-base can be applied to any transit network design problem at any stage of the design process and also can give advice irrespective of the demand pattern or base network being examined. A computer-based interactive multicriteria evaluation method