A review on recent progress in coatings on AISI austenitic stainless steel

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 14392–14396

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ICAFM_2017

A review on recent progress in coatings on AISI austenitic stainless steel Saravanan Ma,*, Devaraju Ab, Venkateshwaran Nc, Krishnakumari Aa, Saarvesh Jd a

Department of Mechanical Engg., School of Mechanical Sciences, Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science, No.1, Rajiv gandhi salai, OMR, Padur, Chennai-603103 b Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Centre for Advanced Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Anna University, Walajabad-631605, India. c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai-602105, India. d Computational Mechanics, University of Duisburg-Essen,Forsthausweg, Duisburg-47057,Germany. Abstract The aim of this review is to ascertain the influence of design parameters such as types of deposition process, coating material thickness for improving the tribological properties such as wear and corrosion resistance on AISI austenitic 316L Stainless steels (SS). This Austenitic 316L SS has a variety of applications especially in high temperature and vacuum, thus under different environmental parameters the material may be often subjected to wear, friction and corrosion during different operations. So, in order to improve these tribological properties different coating materials and deposition process for improving their properties are studied and examined. This paper reviews the attempts performed for improving wear friction and corrosion resistance on 316L SS for different coating materials and different coating techniques. Thus the different approaches for improving the wear and corrosion resistance are categorized and summarized. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of ICAFM’17. Keywords:316L stainless steel; Surface coating; Wear;Corrosion; Coating thickness;

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-784-557-0762. E-mail address:[email protected] 2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of ICAFM’17.

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1. Introduction Austenitic stainless steel type AISI 316L Stainless Steel (SS) becomes the standard materials for variousapplications at higher temperatures and vacuum [1-3]. As these 316L SS are subjected to different operating conditions they are subjected to different defects such as wear, friction and corrosion. In order to reduce and prevent the wear and corrosion resistances in the materials different coatings and coating techniques are discussed for various applications of 316L SS. Change in tribological properties with different surface modifications, wear and corrosion are discussed and methods to prevent and reduce surface damage is also discussed. 2. Applications of AISI austenitic stainless steels The AISI austenitic stainless steels have wide applications ranging from food processing industry to nuclear reactors. Some of the key application areas are discussed below. 2.1. Nuclear reactors Austenitic 316L SSare used in the core of sodium cooled fast reactors because of its excellent resistance to corrosion and good compatibility with hot sodium [4, 5]. In fast breeder reactors, many important components inside the reactor core are under dry sliding contact and subjected to sliding wear. However 316L SS exhibit poor tribological properties, low sliding wear resistance, unstable frictional qualities, subsurface damage and formation of strong adhesion when it is sliding over other metals [6, 7]. It has been observed that the nitride treated steel produces low friction, eliminate adhesion, plastic deformation. It also exhibits high surface hardness, good thermal stability, nitride layer adhesion strength and corrosion resistance [8]. 2.2. Biomedical applications Austenitic 316L SS have wide range of applications due to itsexcellent corrosion resistanceand mechanical properties. The surface coatings are applied in temporary contact type biomedical devices for further enhancement [9]. Despite its satisfactory in vitro corrosion resistance passive film develops on the surface can leach metallic ions Ni2+ produced in corrosion process which may cause harm to the human body even causing cancer [10]. The 316L SS exhibit poor wear resistance, material transfer between sliding bodies, mechanical mixing, oxidation and strain induced martensitic transformation [11]. 2.3. Hydro turbines Austenitic 316L SSare widely used to fabricate the components of hydro turbines as they possess good mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. They, however, undergo severe erosion and corrosive –wear during operation and austenitic stainless steels are the more popular choices for runner blades, guide vanes and labyrinth (rotating) seal[12, 13]. 2.4. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are one of the promising power source for transportation applications in near future, and these system also exhibit low working temperature, high efficiency, high power density, currently the fabrication and commercialization of a PEMFC stack and of its major components are very important for their utilization in power generation systems. Now a days, thick graphite plates have been replaced by 316 plates as bipolar plates in PEMFC [14]. 2.5. Food industry and other applications Stainless steel is used in food industry for processing of products potentially aggressive due to low PH, but unexpected material failure can occur if the surface is exposed to external influences such as erosive wear caused by

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abrasive particles. Erosive wear interacting with corrosion is termed as erosion-corrosion [15]. Dramatic improvement against erosion-corrosion material degradation can be accomplished using a combination of DLC followed by low temperature nitriding. 316LSS coated with DLC Films can be used for coating of implants [16, 17]. The advantages, disadvantages and application of various types of coatings are discussed in table.1 Table 1. Advantages, disadvantages and application of various types of coatings. S.No.

Types of coatings TiN,TiCN,TiC coatings [18]

Advantages Has higher wear resistance and low coefficient of friction.

Disadvantages Not applicable to corrosion resistance

Applications They are used in fast breeder reactors

2

TiN coatings [19]

Low co-efficient of friction

Not applicable to corrosion resistance and no significant increase in wear resistance

They are used in nuclear reactors.

3

DLC coatings [17,24]

Increases hardness and load bearing capacity

No significant increase in corrosion resistance

These coatings are used in space applications.

4

Ni-Al coatings [20]

Excellent uniformity, homogeneity ,low oxide content and porosity

The first failure of the coating by cracking and spallation on either side of the scratch was detected on loads 6-26 Mn.

These coatings have features which permit their usage in Higher temperature applications

5

Hydroxyapatite coatings [10]

Significant increase in corrosion resistance (can be used in live body after testing in vitro and vivo examinations.)

No significant increase in wear when compared to corrosion resistance

These coatings are used in biomedical applications.

6

Graphite coatings [21]

Significant increase in corrosion resistance

No significant increase in hardness

These coatings can be used in bioactive and load bearing bone implant applications.

7

CrN coatings [20]

Good substrate hardness and abrasive wear resistance

No significant increase in corrosion resistance when compared to abrasive wear resistance.

These coatings are usually used in cutting, milling operations and in Forming industries.

8

Al/Ti nanometric coatings[9]

Increases corrosion resistance and forms a conformal, adherent and defect free coatings.

No significant increase in wear resistance

These coatings are particularly used in energetic and biomedical fields

9

Multilayer coatings (CrN,Cr2N,Cr,ITQ,Au,Ti) [15]

Increases corrosion resistance

No significant increase in wear resistance

These coatings are widely used in PEMF cells.

10

Zirconia implanted TiN Coatings[22]

Reduced friction coefficient and wear.

Reduced surface Hardness with increase of Zirconia dose

These coatings are used in high temperature nuclear Reactors.

1

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3. Different techniques for coatings Coating composites or surface engineered materials are designed specifically to improve properties such as optical, electrical, tribological, chemical, and biological among others. Various coatings and coating techniques have been used for reducing wear, friction and corrosion. The different materials used for coatings include titanium (Ti)[18,23]; diamond like carbon coatings [15,17,24,27]; CrN coatings [14,25]; Fe2O3,Fe3O4; Hydroxyapatite coatings [26]; Al2O3/TiO2[16]; Ni-Al based bond coatings [27] etc. The techniques used for coating for the above mentioned materials on 316L SS include Sol-Gel techniques [23, 26], filtered arc deposition techniques [18, 28], physical vapour deposition techniques [17,22], magnetron sputtering [25,19], plasma nitriding techniques [5].The following sections categorizes the coating materials and briefly introduces the techniques commonly used for deposition of such materials on 316L SS. This comparison is provided in Table 2. Table 2. Differentiates the hardness and thickness of different coatings S.No

Method of coatings

Types of coatings

Hardness

Thickness

Reference

1

Low temperature nitriding.

DLC coatings with (LTN)

2336 HV

5 µm

[15]

2

Low temperature nitriding.

1162 HV

5 µm

[15]

3

450 HV

595 µm

[20]

4

Thermal spraying (HVOF spraying) Sol-gel technique

Low temperature nitriding alone Ni-Al coatings. Hydroxyapatite coatings

N/A

72 µm

[26]

5

Welded coatings

High Cobalt coatings.

N/A

[29]

6

Laser technique

Graphite coatings.

200-500 HV

3500 – 5500 µm 100 µm

7

Sol-gel technique

Titanium Isopropoxide.

N/A

0.13-0.77µm

[25]

8

Atomic layer Deposition

N/A

0.420 µm

[9]

9

Ultra micro indentation

Aluminium/Titanium nanometric coatings. Intermetallic coatings

1733 HV

8-10 µm

[12]

10

Plasma nitriding technique

Nitride diffusion

800-1000 HV

70 µm

[5]

11

Low temperature carburizing

1030 HV

30 µm

[30]

12

Gas nitriding technique

Plasma Assisted carburizing layer Nitride Diffusion

1200 HV

40 µm

[31]

13

Sursulf nitriding technique

Nitride coatings

1300 HV

35 µm

[31]

[21]

Conclusion There are many techniques employed for coating the surface of AISI austenitic 316L SS material. The selection of method and material to be coated depends on the application. Some of the techniques have been used for decades and some techniques are under development. This paper provides a resource for researchers to identify the appropriate coating techniques and materials for their application.

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