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A standardized device-independent graphics system
Interfaces in Computing, 2 (1984) 167 - 179
167
A S T A N D A R D I Z E D D E V I C E - I N D E P E N D E N T GRAPHICS SYSTEM
P. DINES LARSEN and JENS V. OLSEN Electronics Department, Ris¢~ National Laboratory, DK4000 Roshilde (Denmark)
(Received December 19, 1983)
Su mmar y In this paper the graphics software system and standards developed in the Electronics D e pa r t m e nt , Ris¢ National L a b o r a t o r y , are described. The high degree of versatility and standardization of the system is mainly a result of the need for powerful graphics tools that has arisen during the evolution of the RIKKE (a package for interactive aut om at i c cause consequence analysis also developed in the Electronics D epart m ent , Rise National Lab o r at or y) interactive risk analysis system since the mid-1970s. Because of its generality the system is now installed at a n u m b e r of minic o m p u t e r sites in Rise.
1. System overview Before the various c o m p o n e n t s of the system and their facilities are discussed in detail, an a t t e m p t is made here to outline the general aspects of the use of the system (Fig. 1). 1.1. D r a f t i n g
Drafting is p e r f o r m e d by the user plotting o n t o a virtual plane with a resolution of 1 0 0 0 0 by 1 0 0 0 0 addressable points. This m ay be done by producing a hard c opy file conf or m i ng to the standards of the HCOPY graphics language or by using the G R P L O T package for direct plotting on the desired medium. 1.1.1. T h e H C O P Y graphics language
This language was originally designed to obtain a d e v i c e - a n d compileri n d e p e n d e n t graphics standard. To achieve this goal a simple sequential ASCII file was chosen to represent the picture to be shown, each record representing a graphic c o m m a n d later to be interpreted by appropriate device drivers. 0252-7308/84/$ 3.00
© Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands
168 HARDWARE -INTERFACE
USER -INTERFACE
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DEVICE DRIVERS
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GRAPHIC OUTPUT
PLOTTE
PREVUE
P COORDINATES \
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PHYSICAL SUBROUTINE
C G COORDINATES
I/O CALLS
Fig. 1. System overview: I/O, input output.
1.1.2. The GRPLOT package G R P L O T was d e v e l o p e d as t h e n e e d f o r interactive p l o t t i n g arose. This package consists o f a n u m b e r o f F O R T R A N s u b r o u t i n e s to be called b y t h e user p r o g r a m to p e r f o r m the r e q u i r e d graphic or o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s . G R P L O T is t o d a y c o m p l e t e l y device i n d e p e n d e n t , i.e. all device-specific o p e r a t i o n s are p e r f o r m e d b y separate device drivers.
1.2. Displaying the virtual plane C o o r d i n a t e s in t h e virtual plane will h e r e a f t e r be r e f e r r e d t o as P coordinates as o p p o s e d to t h e physical units o f t h e device at h a n d (which will be i n d i c a t e d in G c o o r d i n a t e s ) . As all drafting and d e v i c e - i n d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n s (windowing, scissoring etc.) are p e r f o r m e d in t h e virtual plane, t h e o n l y links b e t w e e n P coordinates and G c o o r d i n a t e s are t h e scaling factors in the x and y directions. T h e c o n v e n t i o n f o r establishing this relationship is in this s y s t e m achieved b y letting 1 0 2 4 " P p o i n t s " r e p r e s e n t the larger side o f an A4 sheet ( a b o u t 25 cm). In a o n e - t o - o n e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n this allows for p r o d u c i n g plots up t o a b o u t 2.5 m b y 2.5 m in size w i t h o u t c o d i n g a n y paging logic. ( T h e facilities in P L O T T E * , scissors and glue are t h e i n s t r u m e n t s for handling plots o f this magnitude.)
*PLOTTE was developed as part of RIKKE (a package for interactive cause-consequence analysis developed in the Electronics Department, Rise National Laboratory) and may be used on any R T l l (trademark of the Digital Equipment Corporation) operating system for the PDP-11 (trademark of the Digital Equipment Corporation) computer series.
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1.3. Syntax and semantics T h e s e m a n t i c a n d s y n t a c t i c a l basis t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m is the H C O P Y language, the c o m p o n e n t s of w h i c h have p r o v e d easy to u n d e r s t a n d and r e m e m b e r ; t h u s t h e basic g r a p h i c s - r e l a t e d e l e m e n t s o f later d e v e l o p m e n t s , b o t h in t h e a c t u a l c o d e t e x t a n d in d a t a s t r u c t u r e s , bear a s t r o n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o the H C O P Y language. This will be discussed f u r t h e r in c o n n e c t i o n with s o m e e x a m p l e s o f t h e various uses o f t h e s y s t e m .
2. T h e H C O P Y language As m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , the H C O P Y language p r o v i d e s c o n v e n t i o n s for storing graphic i n f o r m a t i o n in a s e q u e n t i a l A S C I I file, each r e c o r d to be i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e P L O T T E or P R E V U E * p r o g r a m s as e i t h e r a m o n i t o r i n g or a graphics c o m m a n d .
2.1. Monitoring commands T h e m o n i t o r i n g c o m m a n d s are few a n d simple. (1) T h e disk file m u s t s t a r t w i t h *GBGN* a n d e n d with *GEND* (2) T h e file m a y c o n t a i n a n y n u m b e r o f p i c t u r e s ( f r a m e s ) , each o f w h i c h m u s t begin with *GFRM* textaatextbb t e x t a a a n d t e x t b b are a r b i t r a r y o p t i o n a l t e x t strings to be p l a c e d in t h e u p p e r c o r n e r s o f t h e final p i c t u r e . E a c h p i c t u r e ( f r a m e ) in t h e file m u s t e n d with E Figure 2 is an e x a m p l e o f this file l a y o u t .
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Fig. 2. HCOPY file layout. tPREVUE was also developed as part of RIKKE and may be used either with or separately from PLOTTE on any PDP-11 R T l l system.
170 (3) File conventions: the PLOTTE and PREVUE interpreters do not r e q u i r e a n y s t a n d a r d s in f i l e n a m i n g . H o w e v e r , as t h e H C O P Y l a n g u a g e is a p p l i e d in a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f a p p l i c a t i o n s , w e h a v e a d o p t e d t h e c o n v e n t i o n of letting the file extension name begin with HC when used with the RTll operating system. 2.2. G r a p h i c s c o m m a n d s I n o r d e r t o e a s e t h e p r o c e s s o f c r e a t i n g t h e g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n , all these commands have the same format, namely a single character followed b y u p t o f o u r f o u r - d i g i t a r g u m e n t s , w h i c h in t u r n m a y b e f o l l o w e d b y a t e x t string. The commands at present active are listed below together with a short explanation. (All the functions mentioned are performed beginning at the current pen or cursor position.)
(1) Pxxxxyyyy (2 ) Lxxxxyyyy (3) D x x x x y y y y (4) A x x x x y y y y z z z z w w w w (5) O x x x x y y y y r r r r (6) M x x x x y y y y s s t t (7)C colorx or
Cx (8) Wxxxxyyyyzzzzwwww (9) TxxxxyyyyssnnrrrrSTRING ... (10) Pxxxxyyyyzzzz
Move pen to x, y Draw line to x, y Dotted line to x, y Arc via x, y to z, w Circle with centre x, y and radius r Place marker type t Jf size s at x, y (see Fig. 6 for marker types) Select pen assigned to colour " c o l o r x " (e.g. blue) or with stable number x. The pen selection may depend on a colour table set up in PLOTTE Following this command, only vectors (or parts thereof) within this peep-hole are shown on the device In position x, y place the text string STRING ... of length nn and size ss (0.5 - 9.9 times the standard size 1 ). rrrr is slant and rotation z=0, movetox, y z=l,linetox, y z > 1,line t o x , y (of type z) This format dates back to the first version of HCOPY and is made partly obsolete by the P and D commands above. However, it has proved useful to keep this general format for certain applications (e.g. PSHOW, see below) and for plotting with the different line types (dotted, broken, chain, short dash, long dash etc.) available on some graphics devices
3. G R P L O T G R P L O T is a c o l l e c t i o n o f F O R T R A N I V s u b r o u t i n e s f o r d r a f t i n g o n the virtual plane; it contains routines for performing graphics operations, corresponding to the HCOPY commands, directly or indirectly on the device ( i n d i r e c t l y b y p r o d u c i n g h a r d c o p y files in t h e H C O P Y f o r m a t as a b y -
171 p r o d u c t o r as t h e sole o b j e c t i v e b y d i s a b l i n g t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r ) . G R P L O T also holds r o u t i n e s for w i n d o w i n g a n d scissoring in the virtual plane. As m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e o n l y l i n k s t o t h e v a r i o u s d e v i c e d r i v e r s are t h e s e a l i n g f a c t o r s ; t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r s are n o t d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s p a p e r a l t h o u g h it should be m e n t i o n e d t h a t the c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n G R P L O T (referred to as P r o u t i n e s ) a n d t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r s (G r o u t i n e s ) is e s t a b l i s h e d b y s e t t i n g u p a f e w c o m m o n a r e a s a n d b y s u b r o u t i n e calls t o t h e d r i v e r p a c k a g e . (A P r o u t i n e a i m e d a t a s p e c i f i c o p e r a t i o n o n t h e d e v i c e has a c o r r e s p o n d i n g (] r o u t i n e (e.g. P L I N E c a l l i n g G L I N E , c a l l i n g d e v i c e ) . )
3.1. G R P L O T routines and their functions R o u t i n e s c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g h a r d c o p y o u t p u t are i n d i c a t e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k (*).
3.1.1. Control functions T h e c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s are as f o l l o w s . (1) IF(PBEGIN(TERM, DEVICE))
(2) CALL PHCOPY(IOUT, FILNAM, EXT)*
(3) CALL PHCLOS* (4) CALL PFRAME (text1, text2)* (5) CALL PERASE* (6) CALL PPEN(N)* (7) CALL PCOLOR(color)* (8) CALL PHCON (9) CALL PHCOF
(10) CALL PEND*
Must be called before performing any other operations. Sets up a default window ( 0 , 0 - 1 0 2 4 , xxx (device dependent)) in the virtual plane to be shown on the total drafting area of the device. Sets up scaling factors and initializes the device. TERM is reserved for multiterminal support; DEVICE is a character string to be tested by the corresponding GBEGIN routine for compatibility Opens a file with the name FILNAM EXT ( R T l l ) on the FORTRAN input output unit IOUT, writes the appropriate header (see HCOPY) to receive hard copy output resulting from calls to routines with this side effect Closes a hard copy file at any point in the program Called whenever a new picture is wanted in the hard copy file (see HCOPY) Clears a display screen or requests new paper on a plotter Selects new pen from stall number N If there is a pen assigned to this colour, select it; otherwise prompt an assignment If the hard copy facility is activated by a call to PHCOPY, it may arbitrarily be deactivated and activated by calls to PHCOF and PHCON respectively Must be called after completed drafting
172
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Fig. 3. All i l l u s t r a t i o n s in this p a p e r are c r e a t e d by using t h e interactive d r a f t i n g s y s t e m G R A C E [1] ( w h i c h was d e v e l o p e d as a p a r t o f R I K K E a n d m a y be used s e p a r a t e l y o n a n y PDP-11 R T l l s y s t e m ) in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e P L O T T E p r o g r a m , t h u s m a k i n g use of t h e graphics s y s t e m itself. The p i c t u r e in Fig. 1 e x t e n d s f r o m a b o u t 0,0 to 1400, 950 in P c o o r d i n a t e s . Figure 1 is a result o f a call to PWINDW, e f f e c t e d by t h e F I T o p t i o n in P L O T T E . (a) - (d) T h e result if this o p t i o n h a d b e e n o m i t t e d : I/O, i n p u t - o u t p u t . (e) A call to PWINDW. (f) A call to PSCISS.
3.1.2. Windowing and scissoring T h e w i n d o w i n g a n d s c i s s o r i n g f u n c t i o n s ar e as f o l l o w s . (1) CALL PWINDW(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)
(2) CALL GVIEWP(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)
(3) CALL PSCISS(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)*
Defines the portion of the virtual plane to be displayed onto the physical draft area Used for altering the physical display area on the device. The part of the virtual plane defined by PWINDW is mapped onto this area Only the portion of the picture within these limits is displayed as a peep-hole in the present window. (Figure 3 shows some results of applying PWINDW and PSCISS.) Disabled at next call to PWINDW
3.1.3. Graphics functions T h e g r a p h i c s f u n c t i o n s a r e as f o l l o w s . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL
PMOVE(X, Y)* PLINE(X, Y, T)* PDOTLN(X, Y)* PMARK(X, Y)* DOT(X, Y)* PTEXT(X, Y, S, L, STRING)*
(7) CALL PCURSR(X, Y, CHAR)
(8) CALL PSHOW(N, XLIST, YLIST, ZLIST, CHAR)
(9) CALL PARC(XE, YE, XV, YV)* (10) CALL PARCD(XE, YE, XV, YV) (11) CALL PCIRCL(X, Y, R)* (12) CALL PCIRCD(X, Y, R)
Move pen to x, y Draw line of type t to x, y Draw dotted line to x, y Place marker of type t at x, y (see HCOPY) Place a dot at x, y Place the text in STRING of the length l and size s (see HCOPY) at x, y Activate the cross-hair cursor. The routine returns the coordinates of the cursor in x, y, when a key (returned in CHAR) is touched XLIST, YLIST and ZLIST are arrays for setting up N(x, y) values with corresponding zeros or ones in ZLIST. The arrays are then interpreted as a sequence of calls to PLINE in the write-through mode (if available) and displayed until a key (returned in CHAR) has been hit Draw arc to XE, YE via XV, YV Dotted arc Draw circle with centre x, y and radius r Dotted circle
F o r u s e o n c e r t a i n c a t h o d e r a y t u b e s ( C R T s ) t h e f o l l o w i n g r o u t i n e s are available for erasing. (13) CALL PCLINE (14) CALL PARCE (15) CALL PCIRCE
Figure 4 clarifies further the connection between GRPLOT and HCOPY. O n r e f e r e n c e t o F i g . 1 it c a n b e s e e n t h a t a c i r c u l a r i t y o c c u r s w h e n t h e h a r d c o p y f a c i l i t y in G R P L O T is u s e d . T h e e x a m p l e in Fig. 5 a l s o s h o w s t h i s
174 GRPLOT
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PBEGIN PHCOPY
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(IF LAST FRAME NOT EMPTY}
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*GBGN* *GFRM*
(SUPERCEDING EXISTING FILE}
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(IF LAST FRAME NOT EMPTY}
PHCON PCMOF PEND PPEN(N) PCOLOR(COLOR) PWINDW(X,Y, X 1 , Y 1 } GVIEWP(X,Y,X1,YI) PSCISS(X,Y,Z,W) PMOVE(X,Y) PLINE(X,Y,T) PDOTLN(X,Y) PMARK(X,Y,T) PDOT(X,Y} PTEXT(X,Y,S,L,STRING) PARC(X,Y,Z,W) PARCD(X,Y,Z,W} PCIRCL(X,Y,R} PCIRCD(X,Y,R) PCLINE(X,Y) PARCE(X,Y,Z,W) PCIRCE(X,Y.R)
Cn C¢olor ~xxxxyyyyzzzzwwww Pxxxxyyyy Pxxxxyyyytttt Pxxxxyyyy8882 Mxxxxyyyy£t££ .xxxxyyyy TxxxxyyyyssllrrrrSTRING Axxxxyyyyzzzzww~w Oxxxxyyyyrrrr
Fig. 4. GRPLOT-HCOPY connection. (DEVICE)
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Fig. 5. PLINE example.
p h e n o m e n o n . O n l y w h e n t h e actual graphic o u t p u t is required is a strict hierarchical structure f o u n d (PLINE -~ G L I N E -~ D E V I C E in Fig. 5). Otherwise it is left t o t h e user t o d e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e three ( G R P L O T , H C O P Y or PLOTTE-PREVUE) is t h e primary t o o l ( d e p e n d i n g o n t h e goal o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n ) . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s a m e facilities are used t o pursue d i f f e r e n t objectives; this is a p r o p e r t y w h i c h has p r o v e d t o be very useful.
175 4. Hard c o p y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n Basically the p r o b l e m s involved in i n t e r p r e t i n g a hard c o p y file with the i n t e n t i o n o f p r o d u c i n g a picture o n s o m e device are the same irrespective o f the device t y p e , o n c e the device driver p a c k a g e c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e system c o n v e n t i o n s is at h a n d . H o w e v e r , C R T s and x - y p l o t t e r s d o present quite d i f f e r e n t p r o b l e m s (and possibilities) in this c o n t e x t ; t h e r e f o r e P R E V U E was designed to handle C R T - t y p e terminals and P L O T T E to take care of x ~ y p l o t t e r s ( a l t h o u g h , f o r e x a m p l e , P L O T T E m a y be linked with a C R T driw~r a n d still p r o d u c e a p r o p e r output). 4.1. P R E V U E P R E V U E interprets t h e c o m m a n d s in an H C O P Y file and displays the picture on the screen. T h e r e are a n u m b e r o f facilities for w i n d o w i n g and z o o m i n g so t h a t a display m a y be o b t a i n e d o f a n y p o r t i o n o f the virtual plane. C o m m a n d s are available f o r a d d i n g t e x t and s o m e graphics i n f o r m a t i o n to the displayed p i c t u r e , t h u s p r o d u c i n g a new hard c o p y file (!). Drivers to be used with P R E V U E are at present available for the T e k t r o n i x 4 0 1 0 a n d 4 0 2 5 series and for t h e Digital E q u i p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n V T 1 0 0 with a Selanar graphic o p t i o n a n d V T 1 2 5 terminals. 4.2. P L O T T E T h e main objective o f P L O T T E is to present the picture laid d o w n in the H C O P Y file o n t h e p l o t t e r at h a n d , i n d e p e n d e n t o f the p i c t u r e ' s p o s i t i o n in the virtual plane. O p t i o n s are available f o r scaling the picture d o w n to fit t h e p a p e r if it exceeds t h e limits o f t h e d r a f t i n g area (which in t u r n m a y be c h a n g e d ) ; if n o scaling is p e r f o r m e d , a n y n u m b e r o f sheets m a y be p r o d u c e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , later to be glued t o g e t h e r to f o r m the final picture. S o m e i n f o r m a t i o n o n the various facilities is given below. T h e utility o p t i o n s are as follows. HELP STOP FRAME RESET COLOR PEN DIP ELAPS BALL FAN
Explanation of options Program exit Outline current plot area Resets all options to initial value. Used for altering the plotter view port Set up complete or partial colour table. All previous assignments to the pen(s) in question will be overridden Select pen or change current pen Allows you to check the pen manually after a predefined period of inactivity (Tektronix 4663 only) Set maximum time allowed for pen to be inactive. Implies DIP command Test figure Test figure
T h e p l o t t e r o u t p u t o p t i o n s are as follows.
176 {cr}
T h e larger o f t h e sides set u p in t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r is set e q u a l t o 1 0 2 4 p l o t p o i n t s in y o u r p i c t u r e . If y o u r p l o t exceeds this limit, m u l t i p l e pages will be p r o d u c e d S a m e as (cr) o n l y t h e limit is set to 2 0 4 8 T h e larger side is set to ( f a c t o r ) * 1 0 2 4 p l o t p o i n t s Map p e e p - h o l e set b y PSCISS o n t o t o t a l d r a f t i n g area Y o u r p i c t u r e will be scaled d o w n to fit t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r T h e X M I N , YMIN o f y o u r p i c t u r e will be t h e l o w e r left c o r n e r o f t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r Sets A U T O scaling a n d also scales u p w a r d s Fits y o u r p i c t u r e f r o m X M I N , YMIN to X M A X , Y M A X i n t o t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r Y o u r p i c t u r e is d r a w n w i t h o u t t e x t Override h a r d c o p y m a r k e r t y p e . T y p e s are as follows: 1, x; 2, +; 3, *; 4, o; 9, curve.
A2 X(f} MAP AUTO NOMARG BLOWUP FIT NOTEXT MARKER
T h e o p t i o n s m a y be e n t e r e d in o n e line in a n y o r d e r separated b y blanks. D e f a u l t ((cr} as t h e r e s p o n s e t o " O p t i o n s : " ) is o p t i o n (cr) and n o n e other. Drivers exist f o r the T e k t r o n i x 4 6 6 3 a n d 4 6 6 2 and the H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d 7 2 2 0 plotters. All device drivers f o r P L O T T E and P R E V U E are d e v e l o p e d for use on PDP-11 c o m p u t e r s with an R T 1 1 o p e r a t i n g system.
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Fig. 8. Plot created by the computer-controlled ultrasonic scanning system in the Metallurgical Department, Rise National Laboratory [ 4 ].
5, Summarizing remarks The RIKKE risk analysis system is an example of the various possible uses of the graphics system; in addition, it has spurred on the evolution of the system inasmuch as the HCOPY language was originally developed to meet the need for representing fault trees graphically [2, 3], and the GRPLOT package was developed alongside the GRACE interactive drafting system aimed at flow chart modelling to be used by RIKKE. Two examples are presented in Figs. 6 and 7. Figure 8 is an example of the use of the package at another site at Rise.
79
The use of the system in these and ot her applications has proved quite successful and fairly easy, mainly because of the clear semantics derived f r o m the HCOPY language and the clear definition of hardware and soflware interfaces.
References 1 P. D. Larsen, G R A C E User Manual, in Publ. Riso-M-2343, 19~2 (Ris¢ National l ~ b o r a t o r y , D K 4 0 0 0 Roskilde). 2 J. R. T a y l o r a n d J. V. Olsen, A c o m p a r i s o n of a u t o m a t i c fault tree c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h m a n u a l m e t h o d s of h a z a r d analysis, Proc. 4th Int. Syrup. on Loss Prevention and S a f e l y P r o m o t i o n in the Process Industries, in E F C E Publ. Set. 33 (1), 1983 ( E u r o p e a n F e d e r a t i o n o f Chemical Engineering). 3 J. R. Taylor, An a l g o r i t h m for fault tree c o n s t r u c t i o n , I E E E Trans. Reliab., 31 (3! (1982). 4 H. E. G u n d t o f t a n d T. Nielsen, A c c u r a t e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of ultrasonic s o u n d fields ( b y c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l l e d r o t a t i o n a l s c a n n i n g ) , M a l e r Eval., 40 t l ) (1981).
167
A S T A N D A R D I Z E D D E V I C E - I N D E P E N D E N T GRAPHICS SYSTEM
P. DINES LARSEN and JENS V. OLSEN Electronics Department, Ris¢~ National Laboratory, DK4000 Roshilde (Denmark)
(Received December 19, 1983)
Su mmar y In this paper the graphics software system and standards developed in the Electronics D e pa r t m e nt , Ris¢ National L a b o r a t o r y , are described. The high degree of versatility and standardization of the system is mainly a result of the need for powerful graphics tools that has arisen during the evolution of the RIKKE (a package for interactive aut om at i c cause consequence analysis also developed in the Electronics D epart m ent , Rise National Lab o r at or y) interactive risk analysis system since the mid-1970s. Because of its generality the system is now installed at a n u m b e r of minic o m p u t e r sites in Rise.
1. System overview Before the various c o m p o n e n t s of the system and their facilities are discussed in detail, an a t t e m p t is made here to outline the general aspects of the use of the system (Fig. 1). 1.1. D r a f t i n g
Drafting is p e r f o r m e d by the user plotting o n t o a virtual plane with a resolution of 1 0 0 0 0 by 1 0 0 0 0 addressable points. This m ay be done by producing a hard c opy file conf or m i ng to the standards of the HCOPY graphics language or by using the G R P L O T package for direct plotting on the desired medium. 1.1.1. T h e H C O P Y graphics language
This language was originally designed to obtain a d e v i c e - a n d compileri n d e p e n d e n t graphics standard. To achieve this goal a simple sequential ASCII file was chosen to represent the picture to be shown, each record representing a graphic c o m m a n d later to be interpreted by appropriate device drivers. 0252-7308/84/$ 3.00
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Fig. 1. System overview: I/O, input output.
1.1.2. The GRPLOT package G R P L O T was d e v e l o p e d as t h e n e e d f o r interactive p l o t t i n g arose. This package consists o f a n u m b e r o f F O R T R A N s u b r o u t i n e s to be called b y t h e user p r o g r a m to p e r f o r m the r e q u i r e d graphic or o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s . G R P L O T is t o d a y c o m p l e t e l y device i n d e p e n d e n t , i.e. all device-specific o p e r a t i o n s are p e r f o r m e d b y separate device drivers.
1.2. Displaying the virtual plane C o o r d i n a t e s in t h e virtual plane will h e r e a f t e r be r e f e r r e d t o as P coordinates as o p p o s e d to t h e physical units o f t h e device at h a n d (which will be i n d i c a t e d in G c o o r d i n a t e s ) . As all drafting and d e v i c e - i n d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n s (windowing, scissoring etc.) are p e r f o r m e d in t h e virtual plane, t h e o n l y links b e t w e e n P coordinates and G c o o r d i n a t e s are t h e scaling factors in the x and y directions. T h e c o n v e n t i o n f o r establishing this relationship is in this s y s t e m achieved b y letting 1 0 2 4 " P p o i n t s " r e p r e s e n t the larger side o f an A4 sheet ( a b o u t 25 cm). In a o n e - t o - o n e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n this allows for p r o d u c i n g plots up t o a b o u t 2.5 m b y 2.5 m in size w i t h o u t c o d i n g a n y paging logic. ( T h e facilities in P L O T T E * , scissors and glue are t h e i n s t r u m e n t s for handling plots o f this magnitude.)
*PLOTTE was developed as part of RIKKE (a package for interactive cause-consequence analysis developed in the Electronics Department, Rise National Laboratory) and may be used on any R T l l (trademark of the Digital Equipment Corporation) operating system for the PDP-11 (trademark of the Digital Equipment Corporation) computer series.
1 (;9
1.3. Syntax and semantics T h e s e m a n t i c a n d s y n t a c t i c a l basis t h r o u g h o u t t h e s y s t e m is the H C O P Y language, the c o m p o n e n t s of w h i c h have p r o v e d easy to u n d e r s t a n d and r e m e m b e r ; t h u s t h e basic g r a p h i c s - r e l a t e d e l e m e n t s o f later d e v e l o p m e n t s , b o t h in t h e a c t u a l c o d e t e x t a n d in d a t a s t r u c t u r e s , bear a s t r o n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o the H C O P Y language. This will be discussed f u r t h e r in c o n n e c t i o n with s o m e e x a m p l e s o f t h e various uses o f t h e s y s t e m .
2. T h e H C O P Y language As m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , the H C O P Y language p r o v i d e s c o n v e n t i o n s for storing graphic i n f o r m a t i o n in a s e q u e n t i a l A S C I I file, each r e c o r d to be i n t e r p r e t e d b y t h e P L O T T E or P R E V U E * p r o g r a m s as e i t h e r a m o n i t o r i n g or a graphics c o m m a n d .
2.1. Monitoring commands T h e m o n i t o r i n g c o m m a n d s are few a n d simple. (1) T h e disk file m u s t s t a r t w i t h *GBGN* a n d e n d with *GEND* (2) T h e file m a y c o n t a i n a n y n u m b e r o f p i c t u r e s ( f r a m e s ) , each o f w h i c h m u s t begin with *GFRM* textaatextbb t e x t a a a n d t e x t b b are a r b i t r a r y o p t i o n a l t e x t strings to be p l a c e d in t h e u p p e r c o r n e r s o f t h e final p i c t u r e . E a c h p i c t u r e ( f r a m e ) in t h e file m u s t e n d with E Figure 2 is an e x a m p l e o f this file l a y o u t .
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170 (3) File conventions: the PLOTTE and PREVUE interpreters do not r e q u i r e a n y s t a n d a r d s in f i l e n a m i n g . H o w e v e r , as t h e H C O P Y l a n g u a g e is a p p l i e d in a g r e a t v a r i e t y o f a p p l i c a t i o n s , w e h a v e a d o p t e d t h e c o n v e n t i o n of letting the file extension name begin with HC when used with the RTll operating system. 2.2. G r a p h i c s c o m m a n d s I n o r d e r t o e a s e t h e p r o c e s s o f c r e a t i n g t h e g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n , all these commands have the same format, namely a single character followed b y u p t o f o u r f o u r - d i g i t a r g u m e n t s , w h i c h in t u r n m a y b e f o l l o w e d b y a t e x t string. The commands at present active are listed below together with a short explanation. (All the functions mentioned are performed beginning at the current pen or cursor position.)
(1) Pxxxxyyyy (2 ) Lxxxxyyyy (3) D x x x x y y y y (4) A x x x x y y y y z z z z w w w w (5) O x x x x y y y y r r r r (6) M x x x x y y y y s s t t (7)C colorx or
Cx (8) Wxxxxyyyyzzzzwwww (9) TxxxxyyyyssnnrrrrSTRING ... (10) Pxxxxyyyyzzzz
Move pen to x, y Draw line to x, y Dotted line to x, y Arc via x, y to z, w Circle with centre x, y and radius r Place marker type t Jf size s at x, y (see Fig. 6 for marker types) Select pen assigned to colour " c o l o r x " (e.g. blue) or with stable number x. The pen selection may depend on a colour table set up in PLOTTE Following this command, only vectors (or parts thereof) within this peep-hole are shown on the device In position x, y place the text string STRING ... of length nn and size ss (0.5 - 9.9 times the standard size 1 ). rrrr is slant and rotation z=0, movetox, y z=l,linetox, y z > 1,line t o x , y (of type z) This format dates back to the first version of HCOPY and is made partly obsolete by the P and D commands above. However, it has proved useful to keep this general format for certain applications (e.g. PSHOW, see below) and for plotting with the different line types (dotted, broken, chain, short dash, long dash etc.) available on some graphics devices
3. G R P L O T G R P L O T is a c o l l e c t i o n o f F O R T R A N I V s u b r o u t i n e s f o r d r a f t i n g o n the virtual plane; it contains routines for performing graphics operations, corresponding to the HCOPY commands, directly or indirectly on the device ( i n d i r e c t l y b y p r o d u c i n g h a r d c o p y files in t h e H C O P Y f o r m a t as a b y -
171 p r o d u c t o r as t h e sole o b j e c t i v e b y d i s a b l i n g t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r ) . G R P L O T also holds r o u t i n e s for w i n d o w i n g a n d scissoring in the virtual plane. As m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e o n l y l i n k s t o t h e v a r i o u s d e v i c e d r i v e r s are t h e s e a l i n g f a c t o r s ; t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r s are n o t d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s p a p e r a l t h o u g h it should be m e n t i o n e d t h a t the c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n G R P L O T (referred to as P r o u t i n e s ) a n d t h e d e v i c e d r i v e r s (G r o u t i n e s ) is e s t a b l i s h e d b y s e t t i n g u p a f e w c o m m o n a r e a s a n d b y s u b r o u t i n e calls t o t h e d r i v e r p a c k a g e . (A P r o u t i n e a i m e d a t a s p e c i f i c o p e r a t i o n o n t h e d e v i c e has a c o r r e s p o n d i n g (] r o u t i n e (e.g. P L I N E c a l l i n g G L I N E , c a l l i n g d e v i c e ) . )
3.1. G R P L O T routines and their functions R o u t i n e s c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g h a r d c o p y o u t p u t are i n d i c a t e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k (*).
3.1.1. Control functions T h e c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s are as f o l l o w s . (1) IF(PBEGIN(TERM, DEVICE))
(2) CALL PHCOPY(IOUT, FILNAM, EXT)*
(3) CALL PHCLOS* (4) CALL PFRAME (text1, text2)* (5) CALL PERASE* (6) CALL PPEN(N)* (7) CALL PCOLOR(color)* (8) CALL PHCON (9) CALL PHCOF
(10) CALL PEND*
Must be called before performing any other operations. Sets up a default window ( 0 , 0 - 1 0 2 4 , xxx (device dependent)) in the virtual plane to be shown on the total drafting area of the device. Sets up scaling factors and initializes the device. TERM is reserved for multiterminal support; DEVICE is a character string to be tested by the corresponding GBEGIN routine for compatibility Opens a file with the name FILNAM EXT ( R T l l ) on the FORTRAN input output unit IOUT, writes the appropriate header (see HCOPY) to receive hard copy output resulting from calls to routines with this side effect Closes a hard copy file at any point in the program Called whenever a new picture is wanted in the hard copy file (see HCOPY) Clears a display screen or requests new paper on a plotter Selects new pen from stall number N If there is a pen assigned to this colour, select it; otherwise prompt an assignment If the hard copy facility is activated by a call to PHCOPY, it may arbitrarily be deactivated and activated by calls to PHCOF and PHCON respectively Must be called after completed drafting
172
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Fig. 3. All i l l u s t r a t i o n s in this p a p e r are c r e a t e d by using t h e interactive d r a f t i n g s y s t e m G R A C E [1] ( w h i c h was d e v e l o p e d as a p a r t o f R I K K E a n d m a y be used s e p a r a t e l y o n a n y PDP-11 R T l l s y s t e m ) in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e P L O T T E p r o g r a m , t h u s m a k i n g use of t h e graphics s y s t e m itself. The p i c t u r e in Fig. 1 e x t e n d s f r o m a b o u t 0,0 to 1400, 950 in P c o o r d i n a t e s . Figure 1 is a result o f a call to PWINDW, e f f e c t e d by t h e F I T o p t i o n in P L O T T E . (a) - (d) T h e result if this o p t i o n h a d b e e n o m i t t e d : I/O, i n p u t - o u t p u t . (e) A call to PWINDW. (f) A call to PSCISS.
3.1.2. Windowing and scissoring T h e w i n d o w i n g a n d s c i s s o r i n g f u n c t i o n s ar e as f o l l o w s . (1) CALL PWINDW(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)
(2) CALL GVIEWP(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)
(3) CALL PSCISS(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)*
Defines the portion of the virtual plane to be displayed onto the physical draft area Used for altering the physical display area on the device. The part of the virtual plane defined by PWINDW is mapped onto this area Only the portion of the picture within these limits is displayed as a peep-hole in the present window. (Figure 3 shows some results of applying PWINDW and PSCISS.) Disabled at next call to PWINDW
3.1.3. Graphics functions T h e g r a p h i c s f u n c t i o n s a r e as f o l l o w s . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL
PMOVE(X, Y)* PLINE(X, Y, T)* PDOTLN(X, Y)* PMARK(X, Y)* DOT(X, Y)* PTEXT(X, Y, S, L, STRING)*
(7) CALL PCURSR(X, Y, CHAR)
(8) CALL PSHOW(N, XLIST, YLIST, ZLIST, CHAR)
(9) CALL PARC(XE, YE, XV, YV)* (10) CALL PARCD(XE, YE, XV, YV) (11) CALL PCIRCL(X, Y, R)* (12) CALL PCIRCD(X, Y, R)
Move pen to x, y Draw line of type t to x, y Draw dotted line to x, y Place marker of type t at x, y (see HCOPY) Place a dot at x, y Place the text in STRING of the length l and size s (see HCOPY) at x, y Activate the cross-hair cursor. The routine returns the coordinates of the cursor in x, y, when a key (returned in CHAR) is touched XLIST, YLIST and ZLIST are arrays for setting up N(x, y) values with corresponding zeros or ones in ZLIST. The arrays are then interpreted as a sequence of calls to PLINE in the write-through mode (if available) and displayed until a key (returned in CHAR) has been hit Draw arc to XE, YE via XV, YV Dotted arc Draw circle with centre x, y and radius r Dotted circle
F o r u s e o n c e r t a i n c a t h o d e r a y t u b e s ( C R T s ) t h e f o l l o w i n g r o u t i n e s are available for erasing. (13) CALL PCLINE (14) CALL PARCE (15) CALL PCIRCE
Figure 4 clarifies further the connection between GRPLOT and HCOPY. O n r e f e r e n c e t o F i g . 1 it c a n b e s e e n t h a t a c i r c u l a r i t y o c c u r s w h e n t h e h a r d c o p y f a c i l i t y in G R P L O T is u s e d . T h e e x a m p l e in Fig. 5 a l s o s h o w s t h i s
174 GRPLOT
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PHCON PCMOF PEND PPEN(N) PCOLOR(COLOR) PWINDW(X,Y, X 1 , Y 1 } GVIEWP(X,Y,X1,YI) PSCISS(X,Y,Z,W) PMOVE(X,Y) PLINE(X,Y,T) PDOTLN(X,Y) PMARK(X,Y,T) PDOT(X,Y} PTEXT(X,Y,S,L,STRING) PARC(X,Y,Z,W) PARCD(X,Y,Z,W} PCIRCL(X,Y,R} PCIRCD(X,Y,R) PCLINE(X,Y) PARCE(X,Y,Z,W) PCIRCE(X,Y.R)
Cn C¢olor ~xxxxyyyyzzzzwwww Pxxxxyyyy Pxxxxyyyytttt Pxxxxyyyy8882 Mxxxxyyyy£t££ .xxxxyyyy TxxxxyyyyssllrrrrSTRING Axxxxyyyyzzzzww~w Oxxxxyyyyrrrr
Fig. 4. GRPLOT-HCOPY connection. (DEVICE)
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p h e n o m e n o n . O n l y w h e n t h e actual graphic o u t p u t is required is a strict hierarchical structure f o u n d (PLINE -~ G L I N E -~ D E V I C E in Fig. 5). Otherwise it is left t o t h e user t o d e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e three ( G R P L O T , H C O P Y or PLOTTE-PREVUE) is t h e primary t o o l ( d e p e n d i n g o n t h e goal o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n ) . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e s a m e facilities are used t o pursue d i f f e r e n t objectives; this is a p r o p e r t y w h i c h has p r o v e d t o be very useful.
175 4. Hard c o p y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n Basically the p r o b l e m s involved in i n t e r p r e t i n g a hard c o p y file with the i n t e n t i o n o f p r o d u c i n g a picture o n s o m e device are the same irrespective o f the device t y p e , o n c e the device driver p a c k a g e c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e system c o n v e n t i o n s is at h a n d . H o w e v e r , C R T s and x - y p l o t t e r s d o present quite d i f f e r e n t p r o b l e m s (and possibilities) in this c o n t e x t ; t h e r e f o r e P R E V U E was designed to handle C R T - t y p e terminals and P L O T T E to take care of x ~ y p l o t t e r s ( a l t h o u g h , f o r e x a m p l e , P L O T T E m a y be linked with a C R T driw~r a n d still p r o d u c e a p r o p e r output). 4.1. P R E V U E P R E V U E interprets t h e c o m m a n d s in an H C O P Y file and displays the picture on the screen. T h e r e are a n u m b e r o f facilities for w i n d o w i n g and z o o m i n g so t h a t a display m a y be o b t a i n e d o f a n y p o r t i o n o f the virtual plane. C o m m a n d s are available f o r a d d i n g t e x t and s o m e graphics i n f o r m a t i o n to the displayed p i c t u r e , t h u s p r o d u c i n g a new hard c o p y file (!). Drivers to be used with P R E V U E are at present available for the T e k t r o n i x 4 0 1 0 a n d 4 0 2 5 series and for t h e Digital E q u i p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n V T 1 0 0 with a Selanar graphic o p t i o n a n d V T 1 2 5 terminals. 4.2. P L O T T E T h e main objective o f P L O T T E is to present the picture laid d o w n in the H C O P Y file o n t h e p l o t t e r at h a n d , i n d e p e n d e n t o f the p i c t u r e ' s p o s i t i o n in the virtual plane. O p t i o n s are available f o r scaling the picture d o w n to fit t h e p a p e r if it exceeds t h e limits o f t h e d r a f t i n g area (which in t u r n m a y be c h a n g e d ) ; if n o scaling is p e r f o r m e d , a n y n u m b e r o f sheets m a y be p r o d u c e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , later to be glued t o g e t h e r to f o r m the final picture. S o m e i n f o r m a t i o n o n the various facilities is given below. T h e utility o p t i o n s are as follows. HELP STOP FRAME RESET COLOR PEN DIP ELAPS BALL FAN
Explanation of options Program exit Outline current plot area Resets all options to initial value. Used for altering the plotter view port Set up complete or partial colour table. All previous assignments to the pen(s) in question will be overridden Select pen or change current pen Allows you to check the pen manually after a predefined period of inactivity (Tektronix 4663 only) Set maximum time allowed for pen to be inactive. Implies DIP command Test figure Test figure
T h e p l o t t e r o u t p u t o p t i o n s are as follows.
176 {cr}
T h e larger o f t h e sides set u p in t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r is set e q u a l t o 1 0 2 4 p l o t p o i n t s in y o u r p i c t u r e . If y o u r p l o t exceeds this limit, m u l t i p l e pages will be p r o d u c e d S a m e as (cr) o n l y t h e limit is set to 2 0 4 8 T h e larger side is set to ( f a c t o r ) * 1 0 2 4 p l o t p o i n t s Map p e e p - h o l e set b y PSCISS o n t o t o t a l d r a f t i n g area Y o u r p i c t u r e will be scaled d o w n to fit t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r T h e X M I N , YMIN o f y o u r p i c t u r e will be t h e l o w e r left c o r n e r o f t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r Sets A U T O scaling a n d also scales u p w a r d s Fits y o u r p i c t u r e f r o m X M I N , YMIN to X M A X , Y M A X i n t o t h e p l o t area o n t h e p l o t t e r Y o u r p i c t u r e is d r a w n w i t h o u t t e x t Override h a r d c o p y m a r k e r t y p e . T y p e s are as follows: 1, x; 2, +; 3, *; 4, o; 9, curve.
A2 X(f} MAP AUTO NOMARG BLOWUP FIT NOTEXT MARKER
T h e o p t i o n s m a y be e n t e r e d in o n e line in a n y o r d e r separated b y blanks. D e f a u l t ((cr} as t h e r e s p o n s e t o " O p t i o n s : " ) is o p t i o n (cr) and n o n e other. Drivers exist f o r the T e k t r o n i x 4 6 6 3 a n d 4 6 6 2 and the H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d 7 2 2 0 plotters. All device drivers f o r P L O T T E and P R E V U E are d e v e l o p e d for use on PDP-11 c o m p u t e r s with an R T 1 1 o p e r a t i n g system.
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Fig. 8. Plot created by the computer-controlled ultrasonic scanning system in the Metallurgical Department, Rise National Laboratory [ 4 ].
5, Summarizing remarks The RIKKE risk analysis system is an example of the various possible uses of the graphics system; in addition, it has spurred on the evolution of the system inasmuch as the HCOPY language was originally developed to meet the need for representing fault trees graphically [2, 3], and the GRPLOT package was developed alongside the GRACE interactive drafting system aimed at flow chart modelling to be used by RIKKE. Two examples are presented in Figs. 6 and 7. Figure 8 is an example of the use of the package at another site at Rise.
79
The use of the system in these and ot her applications has proved quite successful and fairly easy, mainly because of the clear semantics derived f r o m the HCOPY language and the clear definition of hardware and soflware interfaces.
References 1 P. D. Larsen, G R A C E User Manual, in Publ. Riso-M-2343, 19~2 (Ris¢ National l ~ b o r a t o r y , D K 4 0 0 0 Roskilde). 2 J. R. T a y l o r a n d J. V. Olsen, A c o m p a r i s o n of a u t o m a t i c fault tree c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h m a n u a l m e t h o d s of h a z a r d analysis, Proc. 4th Int. Syrup. on Loss Prevention and S a f e l y P r o m o t i o n in the Process Industries, in E F C E Publ. Set. 33 (1), 1983 ( E u r o p e a n F e d e r a t i o n o f Chemical Engineering). 3 J. R. Taylor, An a l g o r i t h m for fault tree c o n s t r u c t i o n , I E E E Trans. Reliab., 31 (3! (1982). 4 H. E. G u n d t o f t a n d T. Nielsen, A c c u r a t e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of ultrasonic s o u n d fields ( b y c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l l e d r o t a t i o n a l s c a n n i n g ) , M a l e r Eval., 40 t l ) (1981).