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A taxonomic study of the genus Frontina Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Korea
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 11 (2008) 137–143
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Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j a p e
A taxonomic study of the genus Frontina Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Korea Hyun-Suk Lee, Ho-Yeon Han ⁎ Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 15 April 2008 Revised 19 June 2008 Accepted 20 June 2008
Keywords: Diptera Tachinidae Taxonomy Frontina femorata Frontina laeta Frontina tricolor
a b s t r a c t Korean species of the genus Frontina (Diptera: Tachinidae) are reviewed. This Palaearctic genus currently includes five nominal species, of which three occur in Korea (Frontina femorata, F. laeta and F. tricolor). We found that the only Korean record of this genus was F. laeta, but examination of the voucher specimens revealed that they actually were F. femorata. We provide a key, descriptions and illustrations of the three Korean species. © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2008. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Materials and methods
Meigen (1838) erected the genus Frontina, and Macquart (1850) subsequently designated the type-species, Tachina laeta (Meigen). Shima (1988) described Frontina femorata and F. tricolor, and provided a key to the four Japanese species. This genus currently includes five Palaearctic species, of which F. adusta (Walker) extends its distribution to Oriental region (widespread from western China to India). The remaining four species occur in East Asia but F. laeta extends its distribution to Europe. Frontina is currently placed in the tribe Goniini, which may be characterized by their completely incubated microtype eggs that hatch, only after having been swallowed, inside the host's mesenteron (Wood, 1987). Tschorsnig (1985) divided the Goniini into four groups based on their male genitalic structures, and, according to this classification, the genera Frontina, Hebia, Thelymorpha, and Baumhaueria belong to the Hebia group. They share the following morphological characteristics (Tschorsnig, 1985): 1) inner base of surstyli in shape of a very narrow process tapering toward inner base of cerci; and 2) denticles between apical portion of cerci very indistinct. Host is only known for F. laeta. Herting (1960) indicated that it is a gregarious larval parasitoid of Smerinthus ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758), Laothoe populi (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sphinx ligustri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Europe. We here provide a key, descriptions and illustrations of the three Korean species.
Terminology and morphological interpretations follow the glossary of Merz and Haenni (2000), but those of male terminalia follow Sinclair (2000). In addition, we used the following 12 ratios modified from Han and Norrbom (2005): vertex–head ratio (vertex width / head width); eye–vertex ratio (eye width / vertex width); eye ratio (shortest eye diameter / longest eye diameter); frons–head ratio (narrowest width of frons in dorsal view / width of head); gena–eye ratio (genal height / longest eye diameter)—genal height is the distance between the ventral eye margin and the ventral genal margin anterior to the genal seta; gena–parafacialia ratio (genal height / parafacialia width); flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio (length of flagellomere 1 / length of pedicel); arista–antenna ratio (length of arista / length of antenna excluding arista); vein R4 + 5 ratio (distance along vein R4 + 5 between crossvein R–M and vein R4 + 5 apex / distance between crossvein R–M and basal node of vein R4 + 5); vein M ratio (distance along vein M between crossveins R– M and DM–Cu / distance between crossveins R–M and BM–Cu); subcosta–costa ratio (length of pterostigma / length of costal cell, both measured along vein C); and wing–thorax ratio (wing length / thorax length). All the Korean specimens are deposited in the Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju Campus, Korea (YSUW). Acronyms of the other institutions mentioned in this paper are as follows: Biological Laboratory, College of General Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (BLKU); United States National Museum of Natural History, United States National Entomological Collection, Washington, DC, USA (USNM).
⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +82 33 760 2183. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.Y. Han).
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2008. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2008.06.006
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Genus Frontina Meigen, 1838 (geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri-sok) Frontina Meigen, 1838: 247 (type-species: Tachina laeta Meigen, 1824; subsequently designated by Macquart, 1850: 433). Diagnosis. The genus Frontina can be distinguished from any other genera of Goniini by the combination of the following characteristics (modified from Belanovskii, 1953; Shima, 1968): 1) with golden setulae on gena, pleuron and venter of abdomen; 2) with strong setae on facial ridge; 3) basal 3/4 of third aristal segment thickened; and 4) first flagellomere 7–10 times longer than pedicel. Key to the Korean species of the Frontina Meigen 1. Ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; frontal vitta with yellow brown setulae; lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in black area (Fig. 3E)...................................................... F. tricolor - Ocellar triangle with only black setulae; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in yellow brown area....................................................................... 2
2. Femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened (Figs. 2A, E); flagellomere 1 bicolor in both sexes (basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown) (Figs. 2A, D–E, H)........... F. laeta - Femur dark brown in ground color without any pattern (Figs. 1A, E); flagellomere 1 almost entirely dark brown in male and bicolor in female (Figs. 1A, D–E, H).............................................................. F. femorata Description of Korean Frontina. Body yellow brown in ground color with some dark brown or blackish areas; some areas covered with golden pruinosity; setae black; setulae black or yellow brown to golden. Head yellow brown with golden pruinosity except for dark brown frontal vitta; eye bare; lunule bare; arista dark brown, bare; parafacialia bare; face slightly concave; vibrissa well developed, arising above level of lower facial margin; 1–2 strong supravibrissal setae; genal dilation well developed; postocular setae extend 3/4 distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; occiput densely with relatively long, yellow brown setulae; mouthparts with yellow brown palpus slightly clavate with short black setulae and long golden ventral setulae; prementum dark brown with posterior golden
Fig. 1. Frontina femorata Shima. A–D, male; E–H, female.
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setulae; labella dark brown with long golden setulae. Thorax in yellow brown ground color with yellow brown pruinosity; setulae black, yellow brown or golden; presutural scutum with 4 narrow dark brown longitudinal vittae; median vittae straight; lateral vittae triangular shape, about 1/3 as long as median vittae; postsutural scutum also with 4 dark brown longitudinal vittae; median vittae short, connected with median prescutal vittae; lateral vittae about twice as long as median vittae with anterior and posterior tips sharply pointed; prosternum with several long golden lateral setulae; notopleuron with 2 strong setae; scutum with 3 + 3 acrostichal, 3 + 4 dorsocentral, 1 + 3 intraalar, 2 posthumeral, 1 presutural, 3 supraalar, 2 strong and 1 weak postalar setae; proepisternum with 1 seta; proepimeron with 1–2 strong setae and weak golden setulae; katepisternum with 3 setae and weak golden setulae; katepimeron bare; katatergite bare; anatergite bare; scutellum with basal setae parallel, lateral setae divergent, subapical setae parallel, apical setae cross each other, and discal setae parallel; subscutellum well developed, strongly convex. Legs yellow brown to black with black or yellow brown to golden setulae; hind coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, with 1 strong seta and golden setulae. Wing veins yellow brown; basicosta dark brown; second costal portion ventrally bare; costal spine 3× as long as costal setulae; crossvein DM-Cu oblique; wing cell r4 + 5 open; calypters bare. Abdomen in yellow brown ground color with yellow brown pruinosity except for tergite 1 + 2; with black setae and setulae except for golden setulae on venter Frontina femorata Shima, 1988 (Figs. 1A–H, 4A–C) (hwang-geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Frontina femorata Shima, 1988: 33 (type-locality: Mt. Rausu, Hokkaido, Japan; holotype ♂, BLKU); Herting and Dely-Draskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog). Frontina laeta: Kim, 1981: 355 (faunistic study, misidentification of F. femorata). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) femur dark brown in ground color; 2) flagellomere 1 almost dark brown in male and bicolor (basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown) in female. Redescription. Male: Body length 9.35–10.95 mm; wing length 6.4–7.0 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.39–0.43; eye–vertex ratio 0.65–0.79; frons–head ratio 0.49–0.54; eye ratio 0.50–0.51; gena–eye ratio 0.27–0.31; gena–parafacialia ratio 0.96–1.22; flagellomere 1– pedicel ratio 7.60–8.25; arista–antenna ratio 0.82–0.89; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.63–0.77× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.48–0.60× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.7– 0.8× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.3–0.4× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.50–0.75× as long as postocellar setae; ocellar triangle with black setulae; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2–3 strong reclinate orbital setae and 4–5 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black and yellow brown setulae and single seta at least 2.5× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–7 strong setae; 1–2 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–5 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with single short anterior seta and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with single long seta, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 5 strong setae plus 1–4 weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–3 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–6 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur dark brown in ground color with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal, posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and
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densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia dark brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3–4 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur dark brown in ground color with 1–3 anterior, 1– 2 anteroventral and 2–3 posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia dark brown with 2–4 anterodorsal, 2–3 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur dark brown in ground color with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia dark brown with rows of anterodorsal, posterodorsal setae and 1–2 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 1.87–2.06; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.46–3.23; vein M ratio 1.00–1.21; subcostal–costal ratio 0.64; tegula dark brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 2–5 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median dark brown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band slightly widened posteriorly, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band posteriorly widened to lateral margins, with 4–6 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.75× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.9× cercus length, apically setulose; apical part of pregonite dorsally bent with several setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically pointed; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 1–2 proclinate orbital setae; flagellomere 1 with basal half orange brown and apical half dark brown with golden pruinosity; medial vertical setae 0.70–0.82× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.51–0.62× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.63–0.72× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.31–0.41× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.38– 0.77× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 8.40– 11.05 mm long; wing 6.2–7.3 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.42–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.62–0.70; eye ratio 0.50–0.54; frons–head ratio 0.52– 0.55; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.05–1.27; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 6.88–9.00; arista–antenna ratio 0.82–0.91. Material examined. KOREA: Chungcheongbuk-do: Boeun-gun, Naesongni-myeon, Sangpan-ri, Mt. Songnisan National Park, 18-IX1982, H.-Y. Han, 3♀; ditto, 19-IX-1982, H.-Y. Han, 12♀. Gangwon-do: Wonju-si, Dangye-dong, Mt. Bonghwasan, 6-IX-2003, D.-S. Choi & H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Wonju-si, Girae-myeon, from Cheoneunsa Temple to Mt. Sibjabong, 5-X-1996, H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Jeongseon-gun, Nammyeon, Yupyeong-ri, Mt. Mindungsan 1,119 m peak, 19-VII-2005, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♀; Hongcheon-gun, Nae-myeon, Bangnae-ri, Mt. Maenghyeonbong, 10-IX-2000, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. RO, 1♀; Yeongwolgun, Seo-myeon, Ssangyong-ri, 29-IX-2002, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♀; Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Mt. Odaesan, Bangadariyaksu, 5-IX1985, H.-Y. Han, 2♀; ditto, 7-IX-1985, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♂. Gyeonggi-do: Mt. Cheonggyesan, 15-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♂, 1♀; ditto, 23-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♀; ditto, 20-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♀; Sudong-myeon, Nebang, 11-IX-1985, H.-Y. Han, 1♀; Yanggu-si, Jangheung-myeon, Songchu valley, 5-IX-1990, M.-S. Lee, 1♀; Yangpyeong-gun, Yongmun-myeon, Yeonsu-ri, 31-VIII-1980, H.-G. Park, 1♂. Gyeongsangnam-do: Sancheong-gun, Samjang-myeon, daepo-ri, Naewonsa Temple, 22-IX-1987, No record of collector, 1♂; ditto, 11-X-1994, T.-H. Hong, 1♀. Distribution. Korea, Japan.
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Frontina laeta (Meigen,1824) (Figs. 2A–H, 4D–F) (geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Tachina laeta Meigen, 1824: 381 (type-locality: not given, Europe). Latreillia testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 106 (type-locality: Paris, France). Tachina auronitens Hartig, 1838: 294 (type-locality: Germany). Tachina laetabilis Zetterstedt, 1844: 1049 (type-locality: Öland, Sweden). Frontina laeta: Mesnil, 1956: 343 (redescription); Kim, 1981: 355 (faunistic study, misidentification of F. femorata); Herting and DelyDraskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; and 2) flagellomere 1 basally orange brown and apically dark brown in both sexes. Redescription. Male: Body length 9.75–10.55 mm; wing length 7.3– 7.4 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.41–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.63– 0.71; frons–head ratio 0.50–0.52; eye ratio 0.51–0.56; gena–eye ratio 0.33–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.08–1.09; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 8.5–9.0; arista–antenna ratio 0.81–0.87; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.79–0.80× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral
vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.51–0.55× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.67–0.72× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.32× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar triangle with black setulae; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2 strong reclinate orbital setae and 4–6 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black setulae and single seta at least 2.8× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 with basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–7 strong setae; 1–4 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–5 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with single short anterior seta and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with single long seta, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 3–6 strong setae plus 2–3 weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–3 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–5 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal,
Fig. 2. Frontina laeta (Meigen). A–D, male (European specimen); E–H, female.
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posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia yellow brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3–4 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with 2–3 anterior, 1–2 anteroventral and 2–3 posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia yellow brown with 3 anterodorsal, 2–3 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia yellow brown with rows of anterodorsal, posterodorsal setae and 1–3 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 2.06; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.54–2.56; vein M ratio 0.94–1.00; subcostal–costal ratio 0.62–0.68; tegula yellow brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 2–3 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown in ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median
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dark brown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band slightly widened posteriorly, with 4–5 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.77× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.9× cercus length, apically setulose; pregonite with 2–3 setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically rounded; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 2 proclinate orbital setae; medial vertical setae
Fig. 3. Frontina tricolor Shima. A–D, male; E–H, female.
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0.77–0.88× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.51–0.56× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.62–0.71× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.28–0.37× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.66–0.72× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 9.5–11.1 mm long; wing 6.4–7.8 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.43–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.63–0.67; eye ratio 0.51–0.56; frons–head ratio 0.53–0.56; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 0.83–1.00; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 5.80– 8.25; arista–antenna ratio 0.87–0.91. Material examined. KOREA: Gyeongsangnam-do: Sancheonggun, Samjang-myeon, daepo-ri, Naewonsa Temple, 1-X-1994, J.-G. Ryu, 1♀. Germany: Berlin, col. Schimer, 1♂ (USNM); Berlin, Grunewald, Townsand collection, 1♀ (USNM). Hungary: Csepel Island, 30. VIII.1925, Z. Szilady, 1♀ (USNM). Locality unknown but probably from Europe, with a label written as “Spitz 6.88, Bgst”, 1♂ (USNM). Distribution. Palaearctic region. Remarks. Because only a single Korean female was available for this study, we examined two European males loaned from USNM. This is the most widely distributed species of Frontina, and many more specimens from various localities need to be examined to understand their intraspecific variation. Frontina tricolor Shima, 1988 (Figs. 3A–H, 4G–I) (sam-saek-geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Frontina tricolor Shima, 1988: 33 (type-locality: Mt. Buko, Saitama, Honshu, Japan; holotype ♂, BLKU); Herting and Dely-Draskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog).
Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; 2) frontal vitta with yellow brown setulae; 3) femur black in ground color; and 4) lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in black area. Redescription. Male: Body length 8.95–11.60 mm; wing length 7.0–8.0 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.37–0.42; eye–vertex ratio 0.70–0.86; frons–head ratio 0.45–0.51; eye ratio 0.46–0.54; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.35; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.18–1.33; flagellomere 1– pedicel ratio 7.60–10.0; arista–antenna ratio 0.83–0.86; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.68–0.75× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.51–0.58× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.74– 0.80× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.37–0.45× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.64–0.75× as long as postocellar setae; ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2–3 strong reclinate orbital setae and 5–7 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black and yellow brown setulae and single seta at least 3.25× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–6 strong setae; 1–2 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–4 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with 1–2 short anterior setae and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with 1–2 long setae, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 4–6 strong setae plus 2–4
Fig. 4. Male genetalia and sternite 5 of Frontina species. A–C, F. femorata Shima: (A) male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, caudal view; (C) male sternite 5. D–F. F. laeta (Meigen) (European specimen): (D) male genitalia, lateral view; (E) male genitalia, caudal view; (F) male sternite 5. G–I, F. tricolor Shima: (G) male genitalia, lateral view; (H) male genitalia, caudal view; (I) male sternite 5. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–5 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–7 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur black in ground color with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal, posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia dark brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur black in ground color with rows of anteroventral, posteroventral setae and 2–3 anterior setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia dark brown with 2–4 anterodorsal, 2 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur black in ground color with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia dark brown with single anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal and 3 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 1.93–2.15; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.68–3.27; vein M ratio 1.12–1.41; subcostal–costal ratio 0.68–0.83; tegula dark brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 1–3 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median dark rown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band widened posteriorly, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band posteriorly widened to lateral margins, with 5–6 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae (often with a pair of smaller setae between them); tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.82× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.87× cercus length, apically setulose; pregonite with several setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically pointed; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 2 proclinate orbital setae; medial vertical setae 0.78–0.82× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.47–0.54× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.62–0.69× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.35–0.42× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.5–0.57× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 11.05–12.70 mm long; wing 8.1–9.2 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.39–0.40; eye–vertex ratio 0.76–0.78; eye ratio 0.46–0.56; frons–head ratio 0.52–0.53; gena–eye ratio 0.30– 0.35; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.15–1.27; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 7.67–8.75; arista–antenna ratio 0.90–0.95. Material examined. KOREA: Chungcheongbuk-do: Chungju-si, Jongmin-dong, Mt. Gyemyeongsan 775 m peak, 3-VI-2004, H.-W. Byun et al., 1♂, 1♀. Gangwon-do: Hoengseong-gun, Dunnae-myeon, Sapgyo-ri, Mt. Cheongtaesan 1,200 m peak, 27-VII-2002, D.-S. Choi &
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O.-Y. Lim & H.-S. Lee, 1♂, 1♀; ditto, 9-VIII-2003, O.-Y. Lim & H.-S. Lee, 1♂; Wonju-si, Heungeop-myeon, Maeji-ri, Yonsei Univ., Campus, 24VI-2005, H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Yupyeong-ri, Mt. Mindungsan 1,119 m peak, 13-VIII-2005, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♂. Gyeonggi-do: Yeoncheon-gun,Sinseo-myeon, Mt. Godaesan, 12-VIII1987, H.-J. Yu, 1♂. Gyeongsangbuk-do: Cheongsong-gun, Hyeondong-myeon, Wolmae-ri, 23-VII-1985, S.-H. Park, 1♀; Mungyeong-si, Mungyeong-eup, Joryeong, 22-VI-1989, H.-S. Cho, 1♀. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Acknowledgments We thank Drs. J.-S. Park (Gyeongsang National Univ.), J.-I. Kim (Sungshin Women's Univ.) and T.-H. Cho (Chinju National Univ. of education) for the loan of some specimens used in this study. We also thank K.-E. Ro, D.-S. Choi, H.-W. Byun, O.-Y. Lim, J.-S. Lim, Y.-B. Lee and J.-M. Jung for their assistance to collect Korean Frontina specimens. This study was supported by the Korean Ministry of Environment (the Eco-technopia 21 Project). References Belanovskii, I.D., 1953. Tachinidae of the Ukraine SSR. Part II. Akad. Nauk YSSR. Inst. Zool. 5–13. Han, H.Y., Norrbom, A.L., 2005. A systematic revision of the New World species of Trypeta Meigen (Diptera: Tephritidae). Syst. Entomol. 30, 209. Hartig, T., 1838. Ueber die parasitischen Zweiflüger des Waldes. Jber. Forschr. Forstw. u. Forstl. Naturk 1 (2), 294. Herting, B., 1960. Biologie der westpaläarktischen Raupenfligen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Monographien zur Angewandten Entomologie 16, 101. Herting, B., Dely-Draskovits, Á., 1993. Tachinidae. In: Soós, Á., Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalog of Palaearctic Diptera. Anthomyiidae–Tachinidae, vol. 13. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, p. 253. Kim, J.I., 1981. The faunistic study of the insects from Sudong-myeon, Namyangju-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Bulletin of the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature 355 Series 3. Macquart, J., 1850. Nouvelles observations sur les insects Diptères de la tribu des Tachinaires. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 8 (2), 433. Meigen, J.W., 1824. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Hamm 4, 381. Meigen, J.W., 1838. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Hamm 7 (Supplementband), 247. Merz, B., Haenni, J.P., 2000. 1.1. Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia). In: Papp, L., Dravas, B. (Eds.), Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Budapest (Science Herald), 1, pp. 21–51. Mesnil, L.P., 1956. 64g. Larvaevorinae (Tachininae). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 10, pp. 343–347. Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B., 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2, 106. Shima, H., 1968. A new species of the genus Frontina Meigen from Kyushu, Japan (Diptera: Tachinidae). Kontyu 36 (4), 355–358. Shima, H., 1988. Some remarkable new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from Japan and the Indo-Australian Region. Bull. Kitakyushu Mus. Nat. Hist. 8, 33–36. Sinclair, B.J., 2000. 1.2. Morphology and terminology of Diptera male terminalia. In: Papp, L., Dravas, B. (Eds.), Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Budapest (Science Herald), 1, pp. 23–74. Tschorsnig, H.P., 1985. Taxonomie forstlich wichtiger Parasiten: Untersuchungen zur Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der Raupenfliegen (Dipteta: Tachinidae). Stutt. Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A 383, 81–85. Wood, D.M., 1987. 110. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J.F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, p. 1201. Zetterstedt, J.W., 1844. Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta. (Part). Lundae [=Lund] 3, 1049.
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Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j a p e
A taxonomic study of the genus Frontina Meigen (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Korea Hyun-Suk Lee, Ho-Yeon Han ⁎ Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 15 April 2008 Revised 19 June 2008 Accepted 20 June 2008
Keywords: Diptera Tachinidae Taxonomy Frontina femorata Frontina laeta Frontina tricolor
a b s t r a c t Korean species of the genus Frontina (Diptera: Tachinidae) are reviewed. This Palaearctic genus currently includes five nominal species, of which three occur in Korea (Frontina femorata, F. laeta and F. tricolor). We found that the only Korean record of this genus was F. laeta, but examination of the voucher specimens revealed that they actually were F. femorata. We provide a key, descriptions and illustrations of the three Korean species. © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2008. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Materials and methods
Meigen (1838) erected the genus Frontina, and Macquart (1850) subsequently designated the type-species, Tachina laeta (Meigen). Shima (1988) described Frontina femorata and F. tricolor, and provided a key to the four Japanese species. This genus currently includes five Palaearctic species, of which F. adusta (Walker) extends its distribution to Oriental region (widespread from western China to India). The remaining four species occur in East Asia but F. laeta extends its distribution to Europe. Frontina is currently placed in the tribe Goniini, which may be characterized by their completely incubated microtype eggs that hatch, only after having been swallowed, inside the host's mesenteron (Wood, 1987). Tschorsnig (1985) divided the Goniini into four groups based on their male genitalic structures, and, according to this classification, the genera Frontina, Hebia, Thelymorpha, and Baumhaueria belong to the Hebia group. They share the following morphological characteristics (Tschorsnig, 1985): 1) inner base of surstyli in shape of a very narrow process tapering toward inner base of cerci; and 2) denticles between apical portion of cerci very indistinct. Host is only known for F. laeta. Herting (1960) indicated that it is a gregarious larval parasitoid of Smerinthus ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758), Laothoe populi (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sphinx ligustri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Europe. We here provide a key, descriptions and illustrations of the three Korean species.
Terminology and morphological interpretations follow the glossary of Merz and Haenni (2000), but those of male terminalia follow Sinclair (2000). In addition, we used the following 12 ratios modified from Han and Norrbom (2005): vertex–head ratio (vertex width / head width); eye–vertex ratio (eye width / vertex width); eye ratio (shortest eye diameter / longest eye diameter); frons–head ratio (narrowest width of frons in dorsal view / width of head); gena–eye ratio (genal height / longest eye diameter)—genal height is the distance between the ventral eye margin and the ventral genal margin anterior to the genal seta; gena–parafacialia ratio (genal height / parafacialia width); flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio (length of flagellomere 1 / length of pedicel); arista–antenna ratio (length of arista / length of antenna excluding arista); vein R4 + 5 ratio (distance along vein R4 + 5 between crossvein R–M and vein R4 + 5 apex / distance between crossvein R–M and basal node of vein R4 + 5); vein M ratio (distance along vein M between crossveins R– M and DM–Cu / distance between crossveins R–M and BM–Cu); subcosta–costa ratio (length of pterostigma / length of costal cell, both measured along vein C); and wing–thorax ratio (wing length / thorax length). All the Korean specimens are deposited in the Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju Campus, Korea (YSUW). Acronyms of the other institutions mentioned in this paper are as follows: Biological Laboratory, College of General Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (BLKU); United States National Museum of Natural History, United States National Entomological Collection, Washington, DC, USA (USNM).
⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +82 33 760 2183. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.Y. Han).
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2008. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2008.06.006
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Genus Frontina Meigen, 1838 (geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri-sok) Frontina Meigen, 1838: 247 (type-species: Tachina laeta Meigen, 1824; subsequently designated by Macquart, 1850: 433). Diagnosis. The genus Frontina can be distinguished from any other genera of Goniini by the combination of the following characteristics (modified from Belanovskii, 1953; Shima, 1968): 1) with golden setulae on gena, pleuron and venter of abdomen; 2) with strong setae on facial ridge; 3) basal 3/4 of third aristal segment thickened; and 4) first flagellomere 7–10 times longer than pedicel. Key to the Korean species of the Frontina Meigen 1. Ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; frontal vitta with yellow brown setulae; lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in black area (Fig. 3E)...................................................... F. tricolor - Ocellar triangle with only black setulae; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in yellow brown area....................................................................... 2
2. Femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened (Figs. 2A, E); flagellomere 1 bicolor in both sexes (basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown) (Figs. 2A, D–E, H)........... F. laeta - Femur dark brown in ground color without any pattern (Figs. 1A, E); flagellomere 1 almost entirely dark brown in male and bicolor in female (Figs. 1A, D–E, H).............................................................. F. femorata Description of Korean Frontina. Body yellow brown in ground color with some dark brown or blackish areas; some areas covered with golden pruinosity; setae black; setulae black or yellow brown to golden. Head yellow brown with golden pruinosity except for dark brown frontal vitta; eye bare; lunule bare; arista dark brown, bare; parafacialia bare; face slightly concave; vibrissa well developed, arising above level of lower facial margin; 1–2 strong supravibrissal setae; genal dilation well developed; postocular setae extend 3/4 distance from upper eye margin to lower eye margin; occiput densely with relatively long, yellow brown setulae; mouthparts with yellow brown palpus slightly clavate with short black setulae and long golden ventral setulae; prementum dark brown with posterior golden
Fig. 1. Frontina femorata Shima. A–D, male; E–H, female.
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setulae; labella dark brown with long golden setulae. Thorax in yellow brown ground color with yellow brown pruinosity; setulae black, yellow brown or golden; presutural scutum with 4 narrow dark brown longitudinal vittae; median vittae straight; lateral vittae triangular shape, about 1/3 as long as median vittae; postsutural scutum also with 4 dark brown longitudinal vittae; median vittae short, connected with median prescutal vittae; lateral vittae about twice as long as median vittae with anterior and posterior tips sharply pointed; prosternum with several long golden lateral setulae; notopleuron with 2 strong setae; scutum with 3 + 3 acrostichal, 3 + 4 dorsocentral, 1 + 3 intraalar, 2 posthumeral, 1 presutural, 3 supraalar, 2 strong and 1 weak postalar setae; proepisternum with 1 seta; proepimeron with 1–2 strong setae and weak golden setulae; katepisternum with 3 setae and weak golden setulae; katepimeron bare; katatergite bare; anatergite bare; scutellum with basal setae parallel, lateral setae divergent, subapical setae parallel, apical setae cross each other, and discal setae parallel; subscutellum well developed, strongly convex. Legs yellow brown to black with black or yellow brown to golden setulae; hind coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, with 1 strong seta and golden setulae. Wing veins yellow brown; basicosta dark brown; second costal portion ventrally bare; costal spine 3× as long as costal setulae; crossvein DM-Cu oblique; wing cell r4 + 5 open; calypters bare. Abdomen in yellow brown ground color with yellow brown pruinosity except for tergite 1 + 2; with black setae and setulae except for golden setulae on venter Frontina femorata Shima, 1988 (Figs. 1A–H, 4A–C) (hwang-geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Frontina femorata Shima, 1988: 33 (type-locality: Mt. Rausu, Hokkaido, Japan; holotype ♂, BLKU); Herting and Dely-Draskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog). Frontina laeta: Kim, 1981: 355 (faunistic study, misidentification of F. femorata). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) femur dark brown in ground color; 2) flagellomere 1 almost dark brown in male and bicolor (basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown) in female. Redescription. Male: Body length 9.35–10.95 mm; wing length 6.4–7.0 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.39–0.43; eye–vertex ratio 0.65–0.79; frons–head ratio 0.49–0.54; eye ratio 0.50–0.51; gena–eye ratio 0.27–0.31; gena–parafacialia ratio 0.96–1.22; flagellomere 1– pedicel ratio 7.60–8.25; arista–antenna ratio 0.82–0.89; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.63–0.77× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.48–0.60× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.7– 0.8× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.3–0.4× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.50–0.75× as long as postocellar setae; ocellar triangle with black setulae; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2–3 strong reclinate orbital setae and 4–5 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black and yellow brown setulae and single seta at least 2.5× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–7 strong setae; 1–2 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–5 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with single short anterior seta and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with single long seta, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 5 strong setae plus 1–4 weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–3 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–6 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur dark brown in ground color with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal, posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and
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densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia dark brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3–4 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur dark brown in ground color with 1–3 anterior, 1– 2 anteroventral and 2–3 posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia dark brown with 2–4 anterodorsal, 2–3 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur dark brown in ground color with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia dark brown with rows of anterodorsal, posterodorsal setae and 1–2 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 1.87–2.06; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.46–3.23; vein M ratio 1.00–1.21; subcostal–costal ratio 0.64; tegula dark brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 2–5 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median dark brown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band slightly widened posteriorly, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band posteriorly widened to lateral margins, with 4–6 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.75× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.9× cercus length, apically setulose; apical part of pregonite dorsally bent with several setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically pointed; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 1–2 proclinate orbital setae; flagellomere 1 with basal half orange brown and apical half dark brown with golden pruinosity; medial vertical setae 0.70–0.82× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.51–0.62× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.63–0.72× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.31–0.41× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.38– 0.77× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 8.40– 11.05 mm long; wing 6.2–7.3 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.42–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.62–0.70; eye ratio 0.50–0.54; frons–head ratio 0.52– 0.55; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.05–1.27; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 6.88–9.00; arista–antenna ratio 0.82–0.91. Material examined. KOREA: Chungcheongbuk-do: Boeun-gun, Naesongni-myeon, Sangpan-ri, Mt. Songnisan National Park, 18-IX1982, H.-Y. Han, 3♀; ditto, 19-IX-1982, H.-Y. Han, 12♀. Gangwon-do: Wonju-si, Dangye-dong, Mt. Bonghwasan, 6-IX-2003, D.-S. Choi & H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Wonju-si, Girae-myeon, from Cheoneunsa Temple to Mt. Sibjabong, 5-X-1996, H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Jeongseon-gun, Nammyeon, Yupyeong-ri, Mt. Mindungsan 1,119 m peak, 19-VII-2005, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♀; Hongcheon-gun, Nae-myeon, Bangnae-ri, Mt. Maenghyeonbong, 10-IX-2000, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. RO, 1♀; Yeongwolgun, Seo-myeon, Ssangyong-ri, 29-IX-2002, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♀; Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Mt. Odaesan, Bangadariyaksu, 5-IX1985, H.-Y. Han, 2♀; ditto, 7-IX-1985, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♂. Gyeonggi-do: Mt. Cheonggyesan, 15-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♂, 1♀; ditto, 23-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♀; ditto, 20-IX-1984, H.-Y. Han & K.-E. Ro, 1♀; Sudong-myeon, Nebang, 11-IX-1985, H.-Y. Han, 1♀; Yanggu-si, Jangheung-myeon, Songchu valley, 5-IX-1990, M.-S. Lee, 1♀; Yangpyeong-gun, Yongmun-myeon, Yeonsu-ri, 31-VIII-1980, H.-G. Park, 1♂. Gyeongsangnam-do: Sancheong-gun, Samjang-myeon, daepo-ri, Naewonsa Temple, 22-IX-1987, No record of collector, 1♂; ditto, 11-X-1994, T.-H. Hong, 1♀. Distribution. Korea, Japan.
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Frontina laeta (Meigen,1824) (Figs. 2A–H, 4D–F) (geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Tachina laeta Meigen, 1824: 381 (type-locality: not given, Europe). Latreillia testacea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 106 (type-locality: Paris, France). Tachina auronitens Hartig, 1838: 294 (type-locality: Germany). Tachina laetabilis Zetterstedt, 1844: 1049 (type-locality: Öland, Sweden). Frontina laeta: Mesnil, 1956: 343 (redescription); Kim, 1981: 355 (faunistic study, misidentification of F. femorata); Herting and DelyDraskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog). Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; and 2) flagellomere 1 basally orange brown and apically dark brown in both sexes. Redescription. Male: Body length 9.75–10.55 mm; wing length 7.3– 7.4 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.41–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.63– 0.71; frons–head ratio 0.50–0.52; eye ratio 0.51–0.56; gena–eye ratio 0.33–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.08–1.09; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 8.5–9.0; arista–antenna ratio 0.81–0.87; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.79–0.80× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral
vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.51–0.55× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.67–0.72× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.32× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar triangle with black setulae; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2 strong reclinate orbital setae and 4–6 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with black and yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black setulae and single seta at least 2.8× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 with basal half orange brown, apical half dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–7 strong setae; 1–4 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–5 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with single short anterior seta and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with single long seta, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 3–6 strong setae plus 2–3 weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–3 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–5 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal,
Fig. 2. Frontina laeta (Meigen). A–D, male (European specimen); E–H, female.
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posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia yellow brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3–4 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with 2–3 anterior, 1–2 anteroventral and 2–3 posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia yellow brown with 3 anterodorsal, 2–3 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur yellow brown in ground color with apical half ventrally darkened; with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia yellow brown with rows of anterodorsal, posterodorsal setae and 1–3 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 2.06; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.54–2.56; vein M ratio 0.94–1.00; subcostal–costal ratio 0.62–0.68; tegula yellow brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 2–3 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown in ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median
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dark brown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band slightly widened posteriorly, with 4–5 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.77× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.9× cercus length, apically setulose; pregonite with 2–3 setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically rounded; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 2 proclinate orbital setae; medial vertical setae
Fig. 3. Frontina tricolor Shima. A–D, male; E–H, female.
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0.77–0.88× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.51–0.56× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.62–0.71× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.28–0.37× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.66–0.72× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 9.5–11.1 mm long; wing 6.4–7.8 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.43–0.44; eye–vertex ratio 0.63–0.67; eye ratio 0.51–0.56; frons–head ratio 0.53–0.56; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.36; gena–parafacialia ratio 0.83–1.00; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 5.80– 8.25; arista–antenna ratio 0.87–0.91. Material examined. KOREA: Gyeongsangnam-do: Sancheonggun, Samjang-myeon, daepo-ri, Naewonsa Temple, 1-X-1994, J.-G. Ryu, 1♀. Germany: Berlin, col. Schimer, 1♂ (USNM); Berlin, Grunewald, Townsand collection, 1♀ (USNM). Hungary: Csepel Island, 30. VIII.1925, Z. Szilady, 1♀ (USNM). Locality unknown but probably from Europe, with a label written as “Spitz 6.88, Bgst”, 1♂ (USNM). Distribution. Palaearctic region. Remarks. Because only a single Korean female was available for this study, we examined two European males loaned from USNM. This is the most widely distributed species of Frontina, and many more specimens from various localities need to be examined to understand their intraspecific variation. Frontina tricolor Shima, 1988 (Figs. 3A–H, 4G–I) (sam-saek-geum-teol-gi-saeng-pa-ri) Frontina tricolor Shima, 1988: 33 (type-locality: Mt. Buko, Saitama, Honshu, Japan; holotype ♂, BLKU); Herting and Dely-Draskovits, 1993: 253 (in Palaearctic catalog).
Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the congeners by the following combination of characteristics: 1) ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; 2) frontal vitta with yellow brown setulae; 3) femur black in ground color; and 4) lateral marginal seta on tergite 3 located in black area. Redescription. Male: Body length 8.95–11.60 mm; wing length 7.0–8.0 mm. Head: head–vertex ratio 0.37–0.42; eye–vertex ratio 0.70–0.86; frons–head ratio 0.45–0.51; eye ratio 0.46–0.54; gena–eye ratio 0.29–0.35; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.18–1.33; flagellomere 1– pedicel ratio 7.60–10.0; arista–antenna ratio 0.83–0.86; medial vertical setae strong, reclinate, 0.68–0.75× as long as longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae strong, lateroclinate, 0.51–0.58× as long as medial vertical setae; strong ocellar setae proclinate, divergent, 0.74– 0.80× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.37–0.45× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.64–0.75× as long as postocellar setae; ocellar triangle with black and yellow brown setulae mixed; orbital plate with black and golden setulae; 2–3 strong reclinate orbital setae and 5–7 frontal setae above level of aristal sockets; frontal vitta with yellow brown convergent setulae; antennal scape yellow brown with short black and yellow brown setulae; pedicel yellow brown with golden pruinosity, dorsally with short black and yellow brown setulae and single seta at least 3.25× as long as nearby setulae; flagellomere 1 dark brown with golden pruinosity; facial ridge with 4–6 strong setae; 1–2 strong subvibrissal setae; gena with 3–4 black genal setae and dense long golden setulae. Thorax: postpronotal lobe with 1–2 short anterior setae and 3 long posterior setae; anepimeron with 1–2 long setae, densely with weak golden setulae; anepisternum with vertical row of 4–6 strong setae plus 2–4
Fig. 4. Male genetalia and sternite 5 of Frontina species. A–C, F. femorata Shima: (A) male genitalia, lateral view; (B) male genitalia, caudal view; (C) male sternite 5. D–F. F. laeta (Meigen) (European specimen): (D) male genitalia, lateral view; (E) male genitalia, caudal view; (F) male sternite 5. G–I, F. tricolor Shima: (G) male genitalia, lateral view; (H) male genitalia, caudal view; (I) male sternite 5. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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weak black setulae, densely with long golden setulae; meron with 2–5 black or yellow brown setae arranged vertically. Legs: fore coxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 4–7 strong setae and golden setulae; fore femur black in ground color with rows of long dorsal, posterodorsal, posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and densely covered with long yellow brown setulae; fore tibia dark brown with 2 strong posterior setae; midcoxa yellow brown with golden pruinosity, anteriorly with 3 strong setae and golden setulae; midfemur black in ground color with rows of anteroventral, posteroventral setae and 2–3 anterior setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and long yellow brown setulae; midtibia dark brown with 2–4 anterodorsal, 2 posterior and single ventral seta; hind femur black in ground color with rows of anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral setae, posteriorly with yellow brown pruinosity and golden setulae; hind tibia dark brown with single anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal and 3 ventral setae. Wing translucent with brownish tinge, more brownish in antero-basal area; wing–thorax ratio 1.93–2.15; vein R4 + 5 ratio 2.68–3.27; vein M ratio 1.12–1.41; subcostal–costal ratio 0.68–0.83; tegula dark brown with strong black setulae; base of R4 + 5 with 1–3 setulae. Abdomen yellow brown ground color with dark brown areas; tergite 1 + 2 with wide median dark rown band confined to middorsal depression, with strong median marginal and lateral marginal setae; tergite 3 moderately pruinose with median longitudinal dark brown band widened posteriorly, with median and lateral marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae; tergite 4 heavily pruinose with median dark brown band posteriorly widened to lateral margins, with 5–6 pairs of strong marginal setae, with anterior and posterior median discal setae (often with a pair of smaller setae between them); tergite 5 almost entirely dark brown, heavily pruinose, densely covered with strong setae. Genitalia yellow brown to dark brown; sternite 5 posteriorly with deep median cleft 0.82× sternite length, lateral lobe with dense row of short setulae along mesal margin; epandrium dorsally with strong setulae, posteriorly pointed in lateral view; cercus basally with long, dense setulae; apex of cercus pointed in posterior view; surstylus about 0.87× cercus length, apically setulose; pregonite with several setulae; postgonite slender; epiphallus apically pointed; ventral surface of distiphallus covered with fine spinules. Female: Similar to males except for the following non-genitalic characters: head with 2 proclinate orbital setae; medial vertical setae 0.78–0.82× longest diameter of eye; lateral vertical setae 0.47–0.54× as long as medial vertical setae; ocellar setae 0.62–0.69× as long as medial vertical setae; postocellar setae 0.35–0.42× as long as medial vertical setae; paravertical setae 0.5–0.57× as long as postocellar setae. Lengths and ratios: body 11.05–12.70 mm long; wing 8.1–9.2 mm long; head–vertex ratio 0.39–0.40; eye–vertex ratio 0.76–0.78; eye ratio 0.46–0.56; frons–head ratio 0.52–0.53; gena–eye ratio 0.30– 0.35; gena–parafacialia ratio 1.15–1.27; flagellomere 1–pedicel ratio 7.67–8.75; arista–antenna ratio 0.90–0.95. Material examined. KOREA: Chungcheongbuk-do: Chungju-si, Jongmin-dong, Mt. Gyemyeongsan 775 m peak, 3-VI-2004, H.-W. Byun et al., 1♂, 1♀. Gangwon-do: Hoengseong-gun, Dunnae-myeon, Sapgyo-ri, Mt. Cheongtaesan 1,200 m peak, 27-VII-2002, D.-S. Choi &
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O.-Y. Lim & H.-S. Lee, 1♂, 1♀; ditto, 9-VIII-2003, O.-Y. Lim & H.-S. Lee, 1♂; Wonju-si, Heungeop-myeon, Maeji-ri, Yonsei Univ., Campus, 24VI-2005, H.-W. Byun, 1♀; Jeongseon-gun, Nam-myeon, Yupyeong-ri, Mt. Mindungsan 1,119 m peak, 13-VIII-2005, H.-Y. Han et al., 1♂. Gyeonggi-do: Yeoncheon-gun,Sinseo-myeon, Mt. Godaesan, 12-VIII1987, H.-J. Yu, 1♂. Gyeongsangbuk-do: Cheongsong-gun, Hyeondong-myeon, Wolmae-ri, 23-VII-1985, S.-H. Park, 1♀; Mungyeong-si, Mungyeong-eup, Joryeong, 22-VI-1989, H.-S. Cho, 1♀. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Acknowledgments We thank Drs. J.-S. Park (Gyeongsang National Univ.), J.-I. Kim (Sungshin Women's Univ.) and T.-H. Cho (Chinju National Univ. of education) for the loan of some specimens used in this study. We also thank K.-E. Ro, D.-S. Choi, H.-W. Byun, O.-Y. Lim, J.-S. Lim, Y.-B. Lee and J.-M. Jung for their assistance to collect Korean Frontina specimens. This study was supported by the Korean Ministry of Environment (the Eco-technopia 21 Project). References Belanovskii, I.D., 1953. Tachinidae of the Ukraine SSR. Part II. Akad. Nauk YSSR. Inst. Zool. 5–13. Han, H.Y., Norrbom, A.L., 2005. A systematic revision of the New World species of Trypeta Meigen (Diptera: Tephritidae). Syst. Entomol. 30, 209. Hartig, T., 1838. Ueber die parasitischen Zweiflüger des Waldes. Jber. Forschr. Forstw. u. Forstl. Naturk 1 (2), 294. Herting, B., 1960. Biologie der westpaläarktischen Raupenfligen (Dipt., Tachinidae). Monographien zur Angewandten Entomologie 16, 101. Herting, B., Dely-Draskovits, Á., 1993. Tachinidae. In: Soós, Á., Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalog of Palaearctic Diptera. Anthomyiidae–Tachinidae, vol. 13. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, p. 253. Kim, J.I., 1981. The faunistic study of the insects from Sudong-myeon, Namyangju-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Bulletin of the Korean Association for Conservation of Nature 355 Series 3. Macquart, J., 1850. Nouvelles observations sur les insects Diptères de la tribu des Tachinaires. Annls Soc. ent. Fr. 8 (2), 433. Meigen, J.W., 1824. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Hamm 4, 381. Meigen, J.W., 1838. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügeligen Insekten. Hamm 7 (Supplementband), 247. Merz, B., Haenni, J.P., 2000. 1.1. Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia). In: Papp, L., Dravas, B. (Eds.), Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Budapest (Science Herald), 1, pp. 21–51. Mesnil, L.P., 1956. 64g. Larvaevorinae (Tachininae). In: Lindner, E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 10, pp. 343–347. Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B., 1830. Essai sur les Myodaires. Mem. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 2, 106. Shima, H., 1968. A new species of the genus Frontina Meigen from Kyushu, Japan (Diptera: Tachinidae). Kontyu 36 (4), 355–358. Shima, H., 1988. Some remarkable new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from Japan and the Indo-Australian Region. Bull. Kitakyushu Mus. Nat. Hist. 8, 33–36. Sinclair, B.J., 2000. 1.2. Morphology and terminology of Diptera male terminalia. In: Papp, L., Dravas, B. (Eds.), Contribution to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Budapest (Science Herald), 1, pp. 23–74. Tschorsnig, H.P., 1985. Taxonomie forstlich wichtiger Parasiten: Untersuchungen zur Struktur des mannlichen Postabdomens der Raupenfliegen (Dipteta: Tachinidae). Stutt. Beitr. Naturk. Ser. A 383, 81–85. Wood, D.M., 1987. 110. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J.F. (Ed.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, p. 1201. Zetterstedt, J.W., 1844. Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta. (Part). Lundae [=Lund] 3, 1049.