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Taxonomic review of the Genus Caloptilia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18 (2015) 83–92
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Taxonomic review of the Genus Caloptilia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea Young-Min Shin a, Bong-Woo Lee a, Bong-Kyu Byun b,⁎ a b
Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Soheul-eup, Pocheon, 487-821, Korea Department of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Hannam University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 April 2014 Revised 28 August 2014 Accepted 8 December 2014 Available online 12 December 2014 Keywords: Taxonomy Lepidoptera Gracillariidae Gracillariinae Caloptilia
a b s t r a c t This study was conducted to review the genus Caloptilia in Korea with taxonomic arrangement. In this study, 19 species in the genus were recognized from Korea. Among them, four species, Caloptilia fidella (Reutti), C. hidakensis Kumata, C. illicii Kumata, and C. pulverea Kumata, are newly recorded in Korea. All the known species from Korea are briefly enumerated with illustrations of the adult and genitalic structures. © 2014 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction Genus Caloptilia Hübner, 1816–1826 is one of the largest group in the family Gracillariidae. More than 2,600 species of Gracillariidae have been known around the world (De Prins and De Prins, 2005, 2014). In Korea, a total of 50 species of the family has been reported to date (Paek et al., 2010). The family Gracillariidae are well known as leaf-miners, having similar feeding habits during their larval stages with some other families that includes Lyonetidae, Elachistidae, and Tischeridae, somewhat primitive families or superfamilies such as Gelechioidea and Yponomeutoidea respectively (Park and Han, 1986). Due to their characteristic feeding behaviour, most of them are treated as pests which may even cause severe damage to crop plants or forest trees. Despite the economic importance as agricultural pests, relatively little is known about the biology and behavior of many species due to their small size and complex life history. The flight period of adults is various from early spring through late autumn in this country. The members of the genus just like as all other genera of the family have an interesting posture, when resting, which shows the front of the body steeply raised. Although the genus has been known as pests for crops or trees, some species are used as a biological agent for weed control. In the state of Hawaii in the United States, Caloptilia sp. nr. schinella (Walsingham) was released to control Myrica faya Aiton(Myricaceae), which is an ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 629 8892. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.-K. Byun).
introduced weed species in Hawaii (Markin, 2001). Therefore the biological study of the genus is one of the important research area not only for understanding their life history but also for applying to practical use. In Korea, Park (1983) first made a species list of the genus reporting five species. Then, Park and Han (1986) reported six species as new to Korea. 11 species were listed in Check list of insects from Korea (ESK and KSAE, 1994). Park and Lee (2001) added one species to Korea. Recently Sohn (2007) reported four newly recorded species of Korea. A total of 16 species were listed in "A checklist of the Microlepidoptera in Korea" (Byun et al., 2009). However, C. obliquatella (Matsumura, 1931), was transferred to the genus Povolnya by De Prins and De Prins (2005). Consequently, the total number of species recorded is 15 in this country to date. In this paper, four species, Caloptilia fidella (Reutti, 1853), C. hidakensis Kumata, 1966, C. illicii Kumata, 1966 and C. pulverea Kumata, 1966 are reported first in Korea. Therefore a total of 19 species of the genus Caloptilia is recognized from Korea. All the known species are enumerated with taxonomic arrangement and redescription. Also their available information, including their collecting locality, host plant and distributional range is provided. Materials and methods Most of the specimens examined in this study were mainly collected by the light trap or reared from larval mining in or rolling up the leaves of their host plants and deposited in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory of Hannam University (SELHNU) and Natural History
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2014.12.003 1226-8615/© 2014 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Museum, Hannam University (HUNHM). External and genitalic characters were examined and illustrated. The genitalic structures of all known species were redrawn for future identification with available material or references. The color standard for the description of adults was based on the Methuen Handbook of Color (Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978). Abbreviations of institutes/collections and provinces etc. used herein are as follows: bEntomological collectionsN -SELHNU: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea -HNUHM: Hannam University Natural History Museum, Daejeon, Korea -KNIC: Korea National Insect Collection, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea -NAAS: National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suweon, Korea -CIS/KNU: Center for Insect Systematics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea -CBNU: Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea -INU: Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea bProvinces & etc.N GG: Gyeonggi-do GW: Gangweon-do CB: Chungcheongbuk-do CN: Chungcheongnam-do, JB: Jeonlabuk-do JN:Jeonlanam-do GB: Gyeongsangbuk-do GN: Gyeongsangnam-do JJ: Jeju-do TL: type locality GS: genitalia slide number Taxonomic accounts Genus Caloptilia Hübner [1825] Type species: Tinea upupaepennella Hübner, 1796: 68. by subsequent designation by Fletcher, 1929: 38. = Ornix Kollar, 1832: 98. = Poeciloptilia Hübner, 1825: 427. = Ornix Treitschke, 1833: 194. = Coriscium Zeller, 1839: 201. = Calliptilia Agassiz, 1847: 59, 61. = Timodora Meyrick, 1886: 295. = Antiolopha Meyrick, 1894: 25. = Sphyrophora Vári, 1961: 26. = Phylloptilia Kumata, 1982: 89-90. = Rhadinoptilia Kumata, 1982: 105-107. = Minyoptilia Kumata, 1982: 111-112. = Cecidoptilia Kumata, 1982: 117-119. Caloptilia can be characterized by the following combination of the characters: fore-wing usually somewhat triangular, with yellowish blotches on costa, the blotches distinctly contrasted with darker ground color; antenna usually same or longer than the forewing; labial palpus and maxillary palpus in mouth part well developed, slender, porrect or ascending; maxillary palpus distinct, porrect.
Caloptilia aceris Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Dan-pung-ip-ga-neunna-bang] (Figs. 1, 20) Caloptilia aceris Kumata, 1966: 1. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 1). Wingspan 10-12 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 20). Valva long, two times length of vinculum, extensive, broadened basally, rounded terminally, having numerous moderate hairs along the ventral margin inwardly. Tegumen longer than length of vinculum. Aedeagus long, bar-shaped, with 4-7 short, spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Ostium bursae slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, 1.5 times longer than corpus bursae, gradually widened near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, with two falciform signa, equal sized. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Mt. Samak, 19.VII.1989 (K.T. Park); 1♀, Gwangneung, 8.VI.1977 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-1172; 1♂, Mt. Odae, 27.V.1991 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-533-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Acer mono Maxim., A. palmatum Thunb., and A. saccharum Marsch. in Russia (Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998); Acer miyabei Maxim., A. mono Maxim., A. palmatum Thunb., and A. saccharum Marsch. (Aceraceae) in Japan (Kumata, 1966, 1982). Caloptilia alni Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: O-ri-na-mu-ga-neun-nabang] (Figs. 2, 21, 32) Caloptilia alni Kumata, 1966: 12. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 2). Wingspan 14-16 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 21). Valva subequal in length with vinculum, slightly extended, broadened basally, rounded terminally, apex slightly sharpened, bearing long hairs along apical area. Tegumen as long as length of vinculum. Aedeagus moderate, bar-shaped, 6-8 little spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 32). Ostium bursae short, cup-shaped. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, irregularly curved, very long, about 4 times length of corpus bursae, narrowed between ductus bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, upper part wrinkled, two equal sized, falciform signa. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon-Dam, 24.VII.1991 (K.T.Park & B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5044; 1♀, Chuncheon, 9.VIII.1993 (B.K. Byun), genitalia slide no. HNU-532; [GG] 2♀, Suweon, 28.IX.1980 (J.C. Paik), GS HNU-1172; [JJ] 1♀, Ipseokdong, 30.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU12-coll. EHNU; [GW] 1♀, Mt. Chiak, Wonju, 24.IV.1998 (Y.S. Bae), GS HNU-5048-coll. INU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud., A. hirsuta Turcz. (Betulaceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Ermolaev, 1979). Caloptilia azaleella (Brants, 1913) [Korean name: San-cheol-jjuk-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 3, 33) Gracilaria azaleella Brants, 1913: 1xx-1xii. TL: Japan/The Netherlands(?). Caloptilia azaleella: Sohn, 2007: 15; Kumata, 1982: 65. Adult (Fig. 3). Wingspan 8-11 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Subscaphium widened basally, showing a triangle or T-shape at base. Valva curved, gradually dilated toward apex, rounded along terminal margin. Vinculum as long as valva. Aedeagus somewhat shorter than valva, much dilated basally, with 18-20 corniform cornuti clustered in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 33). Ostium bursae broad, rounded. Ductus bursae short, wide, rather broadened near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae sack-shaped, a bit large, longer than ductus bursae, widely and minutely spinose along the ventral to below the two signa, rather short, slightly curved, sickle-shaped in equal sized.
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Figs. 1-10. Adults of Caloptilia: 1, C. aceris; 2, C. alni; 3, C. azaleella; 4, C. chrysolampra; 5, C. fidella; 6, C. hidakensis; 7, C. illicii; 8, C. kisoensis; 9, C. leucothoes; 10, C. magnoliae.
Material examined. 1♀, Mt. Gowongyeon, Sasang-gu, Busan, 8.VII.1999 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-411-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North Africa, North America. Host plant. Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense (H.Lev.) M. Sugim. ex T. Yamaz. in Korea (Sohn, 2007); Rhododendron (= Azalea) indicum Sweet (Brants, 1913); Rhododendron sp. (Vári, 1991); Rhododendron
decandrum Makino, R. dilatatum Miquel, R. kiusianum Makino, R. japonicum Sur., R. kaempferi Planch, R. macrosepalum Maxim., R. viscistylum Nakai (Kumata, 1982); R. simsii Planch. (Ericaceae) (Emmet, 1988). Remarks. The type locality of the species was not stated in the original description, described from specimens obtained from “Azalea indica” imported from Japan into The Netherlands (De Prins and De Prins, 2005; Sohn, 2007).
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Caloptilia chrysolampra (Meyrick, 1936) [Korean name: Beo-deul-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 4, 22, 34) Gracillaria chrysolampra Meyrick, 1936: 38. TL: Taiwan. Caloptilia chrysolampra: Sohn, 2007: 16. Adult (Fig. 4). Wingspan 8-10 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Valva 2 times length of vinculum, extended, broadened basally, gently rounded terminally, with slightly sharpened apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen longer than vinculum. Aedeagus bar-shaped with sharp apex, without cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 34). Ductus bursae membranous, 1.5 times length of of corpus bursae, gradually widened toward the corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, with two falciform signa, equal sized, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GG] 2♂1♀, Gwangleung, 16.VIII.1999 (J.C. Sohn); 1♂, Suweon, 9.VIII.2005 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-407-coll. CBNU Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan. Host plant. Salix pseudolasiogyne H. Lev. in Korea (Sohn, 2007); Populus nigra L. (Issiki, 1957), Salix babylonica L. in Japan, Salix sp. in Taiwan (Salicaceae) (Meyrick, 1936; Kumata, 1982). Remarks. Eventhough Sohn (2007) recorded Salix psedolasiopyne as host plant for the nominate species, the correct scientific name should be Salix pseudolasiogyne H. Lev. Caloptilia fidella (Reutti, 1853) [Korean name: Hop-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 5, 23, 35) Gracilaria fidella Reutti, 1853: 201-202. TL: Germany Adult (Fig. 5). Wingspan 10-12 mm. This species is very similar to C. celtidis Kumata (1982) superficially, which is distributed in Japan, but it can be distinguished by the male genitalia in the sub-rectangular cucullus of valva and rather sharpened termination of the aedeagus. Forewing with purplish brown ground color, pale yellow long triangular pattern on forewing, the costal blotch extending on costa from basal 1/5 to 4/5, a indistinct boundary line of pattern which gradually narrow toward the apex, 4-6 dark brown dots along costa in yellow pattern, brownish cilia around from apex to inner margin. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, gray, with cilia pale gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 23). Valva as long as vinculum, slightly elongate, gradually widened basally, triangular in shape, with slightly sharpened apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen somewhat shorter than vinculum. Aedeagus about as long as valva, bar-shape, with 9-10 little spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 35). Ostium bursae ribbon shaped. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, 4 times longer than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae circular, with 2 curved, sickle-shaped signa, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 28.VI.1985 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5062; 1♀, Chuncheon, 12.VIII.1988 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5067-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Austria, Croatia Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Ukraine. Host plant. Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae) (Stainton, 1864; Roüast, 1884; Weber, 1937); Celtis australis L. (Ulmaceae) (Hartig, 1964; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia hidakensis Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Go-ro-soe-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 6, 36) Caloptilia hidakensis Kumata, 1966: 4; Kumata, 1982: 48. TL: Japan Adult (Fig. 6). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Forewing narrow, with grayish-brown ground color, pale yellow oval blotches on the middle of forewing, extending from basal 1/5 to 3/5 length along the costa, a distinct boundary line of pattern, 2-3 dark brown dots along costa in the blotch, with brownish cilia from apex to dorsum. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, gray, with pale gray cilia.
Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva as long as two times of vinculum, extended and broadened from basal area to apex, rounded terminally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen very short, as long as 1/2 length of vinculum. Aedeagus bar-shaped, very sharpened apically, with a long, acute cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 36). Ostium bursae sclerotized, very large, cupshaped. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as corpus bursae, gradually widened toward corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, with two signa, falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [GG] 1♀, Mt. Hwaak, 25.VIII.1998 (Paek, Lee & Ahn), GS HNU-5047-coll. INU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, Russia. Host plant. Acer mono Maxim. (Aceraceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998).
Caloptilia illicii Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Boot-sun-na-mu-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 7, 24) Caloptilia illicii Kumata, 1966: 20. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 7). Wingspan 15-16 mm. Forewing with round apex, ground color grayish-brown, four white blotches on costa and ventral margin respectively, a indistinct boundary line of pattern, white blotch in apex, white stripes in brownish cilia around from apex to dorsum. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, cilia brownish-gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 24). Valva longer than vinculum, broadened from basal to apex, slightly angulate on terminal margin, slightly concave at middle, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as half vinculum, extended. Aedeagus bar-shaped, with sharpened apex, with no cornutus in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Papillae anales with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, two times longer than corpus bursae, very narrow. Corpus bursae guttiform, with two falciform signa, strongly curved, equal in size, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [JJ] 3♂, Youngsil, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-529, 5056, 5058; 2♂, Seongpanak, 29.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-523, 5057-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan Host plant. Illicium religiosum Sieb. & Zucc. (Kumata, 1966, 1982); Illicium tashirori Maxim (Magnoliaceae) (De Prins and De Prins, 2005).
Caloptilia kisoensis Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: Sin-na-mu-ga-neunna-bang] (Figs. 8, 25, 37) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) kisoensis Kumata, 1982: 45-47. TL: Japan Caloptilia (Caloptilia) kisoensis: Sohn, 2007: 16. Adult (Fig. 8). Wingspan 11-13 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 25). Valva two times longer than vinculum, broadened from basal area to apex, rounded on terminal margin, with strongly extensive apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Aedeagus tube-shaped, with 6-7 little cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 37). Papillae anales large with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, three times longer than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae circular, slightly sclerotized and wrinkled, with two signa falciform, equal in size, meet each other. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Gangchon, Chuncheon, 23.VI.1999 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-392. [CB] 1♂, Mt. Guryong, Sannam, Cheongju, 29.VI.2005 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-391; 1♀, Aengcheon-ri, Buljeong, Goesan, 16.V.2005 (J.C. Sohn)-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Acer ginnala Maxim. in Korea (Sohn, 2007). Acer ginnala Maxim. and A. mono Maxim. (Aceraceae) (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998).
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Figs. 11-19. Adults of Caloptilia: 11, C. mandshurica; 12, C. pulverea; 13, C. rhois; 14, C. sapporella; 15, C. schisandrae (redrawn after Park & Lee, 2001); 16, C. stigmatella; 17, C. theivora; 18, C. yasudai; 19, C. zachrysa.
Caloptilia leucothoes Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: San-jin-dal-lae-ganeun-na-bang] (Fig. 9) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) leucothoes Kumata, 1982: 68. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 9). Wingspan 8-11 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva as long as vinculum, rectangular, parallel in width toward apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen shorter than vinculum. Vinculum narrow. Aedeagus tube-
shaped, 4-9 little corniform cornuti at apex, and three needle-shaped cornuti medially. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae circular, sclerotized. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, 4 times length of corpus bursae, slightly swollen medially. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate with small corniform signa. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Chuncheon, 17.VI.1984 (K.T. Park) -coll. EHNU
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Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Menziesia pentandra Maxim., Leucothoe grayana Maxim., Rhododendron dauricum L., R. dilatatum Miq., R. reticulatum D. Don, R. albrechti Maxim. (Ericaceae) (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia magnoliae Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Mok-lyeon-ganeun-na-bang] (Fig. 10) Caloptilia magnoliae Kumata, 1966: 17. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 10). Wingspan 14-15 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva 1.5 times length of vinculum, triangular, extended, with very sharp apex, straight terminally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Aedeagus barshaped, with sharpened apex, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Papillae anales extensive, with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, 1.2 times length of corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae very large, oval with two small falciform signa. Material examined. [JB] 1♂, Mt. Deogyu, 23.VI.1983 (S.B. An), GS 1277-coll. EHNU Distribution. Korea, Japan. Host plant. Magnolia kobus DC. in Japan (Kumata, 1966, 1982). Magnolia heptapetala (Buchoz) Dandy, M. hypoleuca Siebold & Zucc. (Magnoliaceae) (De Prins and De Prins, 2005). Caloptilia mandshurica (Christoph, 1882) [Korean name: Buk-bangmin-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 11, 26) Gracilaria mandschurica Christoph, 1882: 39-40. TL: Russia. Caloptilia mongolicae Kumata, 1982: 70. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 11). Wingspan 10-12 mm in male. Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Subscaphium long enough to protruded beyond tegumen, T-shaped basally. Valva expanded and slightly broader towards terminally. Vinculum as long as tegumen. Aedeagus very long, with sharpened apex, more than 20 corniform cornuti in a row arranged in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Antrum very narrow, weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae fairly long enough 1.4 times length of corpus bursae, well sclerotized to middle. Corpus bursae long, sack-shaped, with a lined up of numerous tiny spines on 2/3 of upper-side, somewhat membranous downwardly, with two sickle-shaped signa near the ventral margin. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 27.VII.1985 (K.T. Park); 1♂, Chuncheon, 11.VI.1989 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5054-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Quercus mongolica Fisch. & Ledeb., Q. acutissima Carruth., Q. dentata Thunb., Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. (Fagaceae) (Christoph, 1882; Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia pulverea Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Heuk-gal-saek-jeomga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 12, 38) Caloptilia pulverea Kumata, 1966: 13. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 12). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Forewing dull straw-yellow ground color mixed with dark brown scales, irregularly tinged with dark or brownish gray on almost whole area, and with three blackish large spots, cilia dark gray. Hindwing dark gray, with cilia gray. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Tegumen short, as long as 3/5 length of vinculum, round terminally. Subscaphium very short, wedge-shaped basally. Valva very broad such as butterfly wing, slightly concaved medially on the terminal margin, with marginal setae with dense hairs around apex. Vinculum long, rather narrow, pointed apically. Aedeagus as long as valva, very narrow, needle-shaped, without any cornutus.
Female genitalia (Fig. 38). Papillae anales short, with short hairs. Ductus bursae long enough 2.2 times length of corpus bursae, very slender, membranous. Corpus bursae ovate, membranous, with two slender, hook -shaped signa. Material examined. [GN] 1♀, Mt. Gaji, 19.VIII.1993 (K.T. Park & B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5055-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, China, Russia Host plants. Alnus firma Sieb. & Zucc., A. japonica Steud., A. matsumurae Callier, A. maximowiczii Callier, A. serratuloides Callier in Japan. A. japonica Steud. in Russia (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Ermolaev, 1979; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998); Alnus hirsuta Turcz. & Rupr. (Betulaceae) (Liu and Yuan, 1990). Caloptilia rhois Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: Ot-na-mu-ga-neun-nabang] (Fig. 13, 27) Caloptilia rhois Kumata, 1982: 62-65. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 13). Wingspan 11 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 27). Valva short, sub-rectangular, slightly broadened terminally, with long hairs along the ventral margin inwardly. Tegumen rounded terminally, a bit shorter than vinculum. Aedeagus tube-shaped, longer than the valva, with three sickle-shaped cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae rounded. Antrum short, cylindrical, well sclerotized. Ductus bursae as long as 1.5 times length of corpus bursae, slightly widened towards the entrance of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae long-ovate, strongly wrinkled beyond half, with two fairly large sickle- shaped signa. Material examined. [JN] 1♂, Mt. Gahak, 26.VII.2005 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5060-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China. Host plants. Rhus javanica L. and R. succedanea L. (Kumata, 1982). Remarks. There are two seasonal forms in adult stage; aestival and autumnal form. The ground color of the latter is much darker on almost the whole surface (Kumata, 1982). Caloptilia sapporella (Matsumura, 1931) [Korean name: Jol-cham-namu-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 14, 28, 39) Gracillaria sapporella Matsumura, 1931: 1101. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 14). Wingspan 10-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 28). Subscaphium widened basally. Vinculum wide, short, about 2/3 length of valva. Valva expanded with widened cucullus. Aedeagus short, with 9-13 minute spinose cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 39). Ostium bursae rounded, narrow at entrance. Ductus bursae moderate, with a long sclerites reaching to the corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovate, membranous, with two small signa near the entrance. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Mt. Samak, 22.V.1990 (K.T.Park); 1♂1♀, Mt. Samak, 13.VI.1990 (K.T. Park); 1♂, Chuncheon, 29.V.1989 (K.T. Park); 2♂, Mt. Odae, 27.V.1991 (B.K. Byun). [GG] 1♀, Gwangreung, 2.VI.1982 (K.J. Won); 1♀, Gwangneung, 15.V.1982 (K.T. Park); 3♂3♀, Mt. Dodram, 19.V.1990 (K.T. Park). [CN] 1?, Mt. Daedoon, 18.V.1990 (K.T. Park); 6♂, Mt. Jeonwol, Sejong, 6.VI.2013 (B.K. Byun). [JB] 3♂, Mt. Seongak, Jinan, 13.VII.2013 (B.K. Byun). [JN] 1♂, Sooncheon, 19.V.1995 (Y.D. Kwon & H.K. Lee); 17♂42♀, Mt. Baekun, 18.V.2012 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5037. [GN] 2♂, Namhae, 1-2.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-534, 535. [JJ] 3♂, Youngsil, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-2, 15, 16; 2♂, Seongpanak, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-7-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Quercus mongolica Fisch. var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils., Q. dentata Thunb., Q. serrata Thunb., Q. acutissima Carr., Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. in Japan (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Quercus cerris L., Q. mongolica Fisch ex Ledeb., Q. variabilis Blume (Fagaceae). Rhododendron macrosepalum Maxim. (Ericaceae) in
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Figs. 20-31. Male genitalia of Caloptilia: 20, C. aceris; 21, C. alni; 22, C. chrysolampra; 23, C. fidella; 24, C. illicii; 25, C. kisoensis; 26, C. mandshurica; 27, C. rhois; 28, C. sapporella; 29, C. stigmatella; 30, C. theivora; 31, C. zachrysa. bscale bars: 0.5mmN.
Japan (Kumata, 1982). Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Betulaceae) in Korea (Park, 1983). Caloptilia schisandrae Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: O-mi-ja-ga-neunna-bang] (Fig. 15) Caloptilia schiandrae Kumata, 1966: 18. TL: Japan.
Adult (Fig. 15). Wingspan 14-15 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Subscaphium short, broadened at base. Tegumen rounded terminally. Valva somewhat elongated and quadrate, slightly broadened terminally, about l.5 times as long as vinculum. Vinculum triangular, rounded apically. Aedeagus very short, slender, a little bit longer than vinculum, with no cornutus.
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Figs. 32-42. Female genitalia: 32, C. alni; 33, C. azaleella; 34, C. chrysolampra; 35, C. fidella; 36, C. hidakensis; 37, C. kisoensis; 38, C. pulverea; 39, C. sapporella; 40, C. stigmatella; 41, C. theivora; 42, C. yasudai. bscale bars: 0.5mmN.
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Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Ostium bursae very small, narrow. Ductus bursae very slender, long, as long as more than 2 times length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovate, large, with two elongated hook-like signa, slightly asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GG] 7♂6♀, Anseong, 30.VIII.2000 (G.S. Lee)-coll. NAAS. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998; Park and Lee, 2001). Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius, 1781) [Korean name: Baek-yang-namu-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 16, 29, 40) Tinea stigmatella Fabricius, 1781: 295-296. TL: United Kingdom. Adult (Fig. 16). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 29). Valva 1.2 times longer than vinculum, rather dilated apically, extensive apically, round along the ventral margin, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Vinculum triangular. Aedeagus bar-shaped, pointed apically. Female genitalia (Fig. 40). Ductus bursae membranous whole length, longer than 3 times length of corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae oval, with two signa falciform, equal sized. Material examined. [GW] 1♂ 1♀, Sogumgang, 8.VIII.1988 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5041, 5043-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, E. Siberia to North Asia, India, Asia Minor, Europe and N. America. Host plant. Populus sp. (Stainton, 1864; Chambers, 1878, 1879); Salix longifolia Lam. (Chambers, 1872). Salix sp. (Stainton, 1864; Chambers, 1878; Needham et al., 1928). Populus nigra L., Salix bakko Kimura and other Salix species (Salicaceae) in Japan, Myrica sp. (Myricaceae) in other countries (Douglas, 1853; Buszko, 1990; Kumata, 1982). Salix caprea L., Populus alba L., P. pyramidalis L. (Salicaceae) (Stainton, 1864; Roüast, 1884). Populus tremuloides Michx., Salix aurita L., S. integra Thunb., S. exigua Nutt. (Salicaceae), Betula platphylla Sukatchev (Betulaceae), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae), (Robinson et al., 2002). Salix incana Schrank, Populus tremula L. (Hartig, 1964). Salix cinerea L. (Jaroš and Spitzer, 2002).
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Adult (Fig. 18). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva longer than vinculum, slightly elongate, strongly curved at middle of ventral margin, then broadened towards termination, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen very short, as long as vinculum. Aedeagus about as long as valva, bar-shaped, slightly curved apically, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 42). Ostium bursae sclerotized, very large, bowl shaped. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as corpus bursae, slender, slightly swollen near the entrance, sclerotized. Corpus bursae very large, ovate, with two signa falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [CB] 1♀, Hwayang valley, Mt. Sokri-san, 26.V.2001 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-209-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Host plant. Unknown. Caloptilia zachrysa (Meyrick, 1907) [Korean name: Sa-gwa-ip-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 19, 31) Gracillaria zachrysa Meyrick, 1907: 983. TL: Sri Lanka. Adult (Fig. 19). Wingspan 10-13 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 31). Valva as long as vinculum, very thick, slightly dilated apically, rounded ventrally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen wider than valva. Aedeagus long, bar-shaped, sharpened apically, without cornutus. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae upside down hat shaped, slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, three times longer than corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae ovate, with two signa falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 5.VIII.1983 (K.T. Park), GS 1288. [GG] 1♂, Mt. Yeogi, 19.VIII.1983 (D.J. Im), GS 1280; 1♂, Suwon, 10.VII.1976 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5042-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Taiwan, India, Sri-Lanka. Host plant. Malus pumila Mill., Photinia glabra (Thunb) Maxim., Rubus sp. in Japan. Photinia sp. in Taiwan. Malus pumila Mill., M. sylvestris (L.) Mill., Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet (Ericaceae) in India (Meyrick, 1918; Fletcher, 1921; Kumata, 1982). Malus pumila Mill., Prunus persica Borkh. (Rosaceae) in Korea (Park, 1983; Park and Han, 1986). Acknowledgments
Caloptilia theivora (Walsingham, 1891) [Korean name: Dong-baek-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 17, 30, 41) Gracillaria theivora Walsingham, 1891: 49-50. TL: Sri Lanka. Adult (Fig. 17). Wingspan 10-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 30). Valva three times longer than vinculum, slightly extended, rounded along the ventral margin, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen narrower than vinculum. Vinculum very short and broadened. Aedeagus as long as valva, bar-shaped, rather short, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 41). Ostium bursae sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, more than two times longer than corpus bursae, very slender, Corpus bursae very large, ovate, with a signum, falciform. Material examined. [JN] 1♂1♀, Sunchun, 4.XI.1991, 6.XI.1991 (S.S. Kim), GS HNU-1, 5061; [JJ] 1♀, Ipseokdong, 30.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-6-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Brunei, Taiwan, lndia, Indonesia, West Malaysia, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Host plant. Camellia japonica L., C. sasanqua Thunb., C. (= Thea) sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Walsingham, 1891; Kumata, 1982), Camellia theifera Griff. (Theaceae) (Fletcher, 1921). Caloptilia yasudai Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: No-lan-i-bbal-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 18, 42) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) yasudai Kumata, 1982: 51-53. TL: Japan. Caloptilia yasudai: Sohn, 2007: 16.
We thank Prof. K.T. Park, The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Prof. T. Kumata, Hokkaido University, Japan and Prof. Y.S. Bae, Incheon National University, Korea, for their kind help in providing invaluable material and encouragements. We 'd like to express our deep thanks to Dr. J.C. Sohn, Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. for his providing the illustration of the adults and genitalia, which were reported by him in 2007. Our thank is also due to S.Y. Park, Korea National Arboretum; G.S. Lee and M.O. Yeom, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea, for their loan of material for the present study. Our special thanks is to Dr. S. Kobayashi, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan, for his advice of identifying the difficult species. The first author would like to express her cordial thanks to Dr. Erik J. van Nieukerken, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, The Netherland, for his providing valuable information and field work. We thank Miss D.S.Kim, Hannam University, Korea, for her help in rearranging our manuscript and figures. This study was carried out with the support of Forest Science & Technology Projects (Project No. S121213L110100) provided by Korea Forest Service and partly by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(grant number: 2011-0007026). References Agassiz, J.L.R., 1847. Nomenclator zoologicus Index universalis, continens nomina systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam fassilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntor, anno
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Taxonomic review of the Genus Caloptilia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Korea Young-Min Shin a, Bong-Woo Lee a, Bong-Kyu Byun b,⁎ a b
Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Soheul-eup, Pocheon, 487-821, Korea Department of Biological Science & Biotechnology, Hannam University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Korea
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Article history: Received 4 April 2014 Revised 28 August 2014 Accepted 8 December 2014 Available online 12 December 2014 Keywords: Taxonomy Lepidoptera Gracillariidae Gracillariinae Caloptilia
a b s t r a c t This study was conducted to review the genus Caloptilia in Korea with taxonomic arrangement. In this study, 19 species in the genus were recognized from Korea. Among them, four species, Caloptilia fidella (Reutti), C. hidakensis Kumata, C. illicii Kumata, and C. pulverea Kumata, are newly recorded in Korea. All the known species from Korea are briefly enumerated with illustrations of the adult and genitalic structures. © 2014 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction Genus Caloptilia Hübner, 1816–1826 is one of the largest group in the family Gracillariidae. More than 2,600 species of Gracillariidae have been known around the world (De Prins and De Prins, 2005, 2014). In Korea, a total of 50 species of the family has been reported to date (Paek et al., 2010). The family Gracillariidae are well known as leaf-miners, having similar feeding habits during their larval stages with some other families that includes Lyonetidae, Elachistidae, and Tischeridae, somewhat primitive families or superfamilies such as Gelechioidea and Yponomeutoidea respectively (Park and Han, 1986). Due to their characteristic feeding behaviour, most of them are treated as pests which may even cause severe damage to crop plants or forest trees. Despite the economic importance as agricultural pests, relatively little is known about the biology and behavior of many species due to their small size and complex life history. The flight period of adults is various from early spring through late autumn in this country. The members of the genus just like as all other genera of the family have an interesting posture, when resting, which shows the front of the body steeply raised. Although the genus has been known as pests for crops or trees, some species are used as a biological agent for weed control. In the state of Hawaii in the United States, Caloptilia sp. nr. schinella (Walsingham) was released to control Myrica faya Aiton(Myricaceae), which is an ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 629 8892. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.-K. Byun).
introduced weed species in Hawaii (Markin, 2001). Therefore the biological study of the genus is one of the important research area not only for understanding their life history but also for applying to practical use. In Korea, Park (1983) first made a species list of the genus reporting five species. Then, Park and Han (1986) reported six species as new to Korea. 11 species were listed in Check list of insects from Korea (ESK and KSAE, 1994). Park and Lee (2001) added one species to Korea. Recently Sohn (2007) reported four newly recorded species of Korea. A total of 16 species were listed in "A checklist of the Microlepidoptera in Korea" (Byun et al., 2009). However, C. obliquatella (Matsumura, 1931), was transferred to the genus Povolnya by De Prins and De Prins (2005). Consequently, the total number of species recorded is 15 in this country to date. In this paper, four species, Caloptilia fidella (Reutti, 1853), C. hidakensis Kumata, 1966, C. illicii Kumata, 1966 and C. pulverea Kumata, 1966 are reported first in Korea. Therefore a total of 19 species of the genus Caloptilia is recognized from Korea. All the known species are enumerated with taxonomic arrangement and redescription. Also their available information, including their collecting locality, host plant and distributional range is provided. Materials and methods Most of the specimens examined in this study were mainly collected by the light trap or reared from larval mining in or rolling up the leaves of their host plants and deposited in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory of Hannam University (SELHNU) and Natural History
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2014.12.003 1226-8615/© 2014 Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Museum, Hannam University (HUNHM). External and genitalic characters were examined and illustrated. The genitalic structures of all known species were redrawn for future identification with available material or references. The color standard for the description of adults was based on the Methuen Handbook of Color (Kornerup and Wanscher, 1978). Abbreviations of institutes/collections and provinces etc. used herein are as follows: bEntomological collectionsN -SELHNU: Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Hannam University, Daejeon, Korea -HNUHM: Hannam University Natural History Museum, Daejeon, Korea -KNIC: Korea National Insect Collection, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Korea -NAAS: National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suweon, Korea -CIS/KNU: Center for Insect Systematics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea -CBNU: Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea -INU: Department of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea bProvinces & etc.N GG: Gyeonggi-do GW: Gangweon-do CB: Chungcheongbuk-do CN: Chungcheongnam-do, JB: Jeonlabuk-do JN:Jeonlanam-do GB: Gyeongsangbuk-do GN: Gyeongsangnam-do JJ: Jeju-do TL: type locality GS: genitalia slide number Taxonomic accounts Genus Caloptilia Hübner [1825] Type species: Tinea upupaepennella Hübner, 1796: 68. by subsequent designation by Fletcher, 1929: 38. = Ornix Kollar, 1832: 98. = Poeciloptilia Hübner, 1825: 427. = Ornix Treitschke, 1833: 194. = Coriscium Zeller, 1839: 201. = Calliptilia Agassiz, 1847: 59, 61. = Timodora Meyrick, 1886: 295. = Antiolopha Meyrick, 1894: 25. = Sphyrophora Vári, 1961: 26. = Phylloptilia Kumata, 1982: 89-90. = Rhadinoptilia Kumata, 1982: 105-107. = Minyoptilia Kumata, 1982: 111-112. = Cecidoptilia Kumata, 1982: 117-119. Caloptilia can be characterized by the following combination of the characters: fore-wing usually somewhat triangular, with yellowish blotches on costa, the blotches distinctly contrasted with darker ground color; antenna usually same or longer than the forewing; labial palpus and maxillary palpus in mouth part well developed, slender, porrect or ascending; maxillary palpus distinct, porrect.
Caloptilia aceris Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Dan-pung-ip-ga-neunna-bang] (Figs. 1, 20) Caloptilia aceris Kumata, 1966: 1. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 1). Wingspan 10-12 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 20). Valva long, two times length of vinculum, extensive, broadened basally, rounded terminally, having numerous moderate hairs along the ventral margin inwardly. Tegumen longer than length of vinculum. Aedeagus long, bar-shaped, with 4-7 short, spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Ostium bursae slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, 1.5 times longer than corpus bursae, gradually widened near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, with two falciform signa, equal sized. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Mt. Samak, 19.VII.1989 (K.T. Park); 1♀, Gwangneung, 8.VI.1977 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-1172; 1♂, Mt. Odae, 27.V.1991 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-533-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Acer mono Maxim., A. palmatum Thunb., and A. saccharum Marsch. in Russia (Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998); Acer miyabei Maxim., A. mono Maxim., A. palmatum Thunb., and A. saccharum Marsch. (Aceraceae) in Japan (Kumata, 1966, 1982). Caloptilia alni Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: O-ri-na-mu-ga-neun-nabang] (Figs. 2, 21, 32) Caloptilia alni Kumata, 1966: 12. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 2). Wingspan 14-16 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 21). Valva subequal in length with vinculum, slightly extended, broadened basally, rounded terminally, apex slightly sharpened, bearing long hairs along apical area. Tegumen as long as length of vinculum. Aedeagus moderate, bar-shaped, 6-8 little spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 32). Ostium bursae short, cup-shaped. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, irregularly curved, very long, about 4 times length of corpus bursae, narrowed between ductus bursae and corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, upper part wrinkled, two equal sized, falciform signa. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon-Dam, 24.VII.1991 (K.T.Park & B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5044; 1♀, Chuncheon, 9.VIII.1993 (B.K. Byun), genitalia slide no. HNU-532; [GG] 2♀, Suweon, 28.IX.1980 (J.C. Paik), GS HNU-1172; [JJ] 1♀, Ipseokdong, 30.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU12-coll. EHNU; [GW] 1♀, Mt. Chiak, Wonju, 24.IV.1998 (Y.S. Bae), GS HNU-5048-coll. INU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud., A. hirsuta Turcz. (Betulaceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Ermolaev, 1979). Caloptilia azaleella (Brants, 1913) [Korean name: San-cheol-jjuk-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 3, 33) Gracilaria azaleella Brants, 1913: 1xx-1xii. TL: Japan/The Netherlands(?). Caloptilia azaleella: Sohn, 2007: 15; Kumata, 1982: 65. Adult (Fig. 3). Wingspan 8-11 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Subscaphium widened basally, showing a triangle or T-shape at base. Valva curved, gradually dilated toward apex, rounded along terminal margin. Vinculum as long as valva. Aedeagus somewhat shorter than valva, much dilated basally, with 18-20 corniform cornuti clustered in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 33). Ostium bursae broad, rounded. Ductus bursae short, wide, rather broadened near corpus bursae. Corpus bursae sack-shaped, a bit large, longer than ductus bursae, widely and minutely spinose along the ventral to below the two signa, rather short, slightly curved, sickle-shaped in equal sized.
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Figs. 1-10. Adults of Caloptilia: 1, C. aceris; 2, C. alni; 3, C. azaleella; 4, C. chrysolampra; 5, C. fidella; 6, C. hidakensis; 7, C. illicii; 8, C. kisoensis; 9, C. leucothoes; 10, C. magnoliae.
Material examined. 1♀, Mt. Gowongyeon, Sasang-gu, Busan, 8.VII.1999 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-411-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North Africa, North America. Host plant. Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense (H.Lev.) M. Sugim. ex T. Yamaz. in Korea (Sohn, 2007); Rhododendron (= Azalea) indicum Sweet (Brants, 1913); Rhododendron sp. (Vári, 1991); Rhododendron
decandrum Makino, R. dilatatum Miquel, R. kiusianum Makino, R. japonicum Sur., R. kaempferi Planch, R. macrosepalum Maxim., R. viscistylum Nakai (Kumata, 1982); R. simsii Planch. (Ericaceae) (Emmet, 1988). Remarks. The type locality of the species was not stated in the original description, described from specimens obtained from “Azalea indica” imported from Japan into The Netherlands (De Prins and De Prins, 2005; Sohn, 2007).
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Caloptilia chrysolampra (Meyrick, 1936) [Korean name: Beo-deul-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 4, 22, 34) Gracillaria chrysolampra Meyrick, 1936: 38. TL: Taiwan. Caloptilia chrysolampra: Sohn, 2007: 16. Adult (Fig. 4). Wingspan 8-10 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Valva 2 times length of vinculum, extended, broadened basally, gently rounded terminally, with slightly sharpened apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen longer than vinculum. Aedeagus bar-shaped with sharp apex, without cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 34). Ductus bursae membranous, 1.5 times length of of corpus bursae, gradually widened toward the corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, with two falciform signa, equal sized, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GG] 2♂1♀, Gwangleung, 16.VIII.1999 (J.C. Sohn); 1♂, Suweon, 9.VIII.2005 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-407-coll. CBNU Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan. Host plant. Salix pseudolasiogyne H. Lev. in Korea (Sohn, 2007); Populus nigra L. (Issiki, 1957), Salix babylonica L. in Japan, Salix sp. in Taiwan (Salicaceae) (Meyrick, 1936; Kumata, 1982). Remarks. Eventhough Sohn (2007) recorded Salix psedolasiopyne as host plant for the nominate species, the correct scientific name should be Salix pseudolasiogyne H. Lev. Caloptilia fidella (Reutti, 1853) [Korean name: Hop-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 5, 23, 35) Gracilaria fidella Reutti, 1853: 201-202. TL: Germany Adult (Fig. 5). Wingspan 10-12 mm. This species is very similar to C. celtidis Kumata (1982) superficially, which is distributed in Japan, but it can be distinguished by the male genitalia in the sub-rectangular cucullus of valva and rather sharpened termination of the aedeagus. Forewing with purplish brown ground color, pale yellow long triangular pattern on forewing, the costal blotch extending on costa from basal 1/5 to 4/5, a indistinct boundary line of pattern which gradually narrow toward the apex, 4-6 dark brown dots along costa in yellow pattern, brownish cilia around from apex to inner margin. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, gray, with cilia pale gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 23). Valva as long as vinculum, slightly elongate, gradually widened basally, triangular in shape, with slightly sharpened apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen somewhat shorter than vinculum. Aedeagus about as long as valva, bar-shape, with 9-10 little spiniform cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 35). Ostium bursae ribbon shaped. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, 4 times longer than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae circular, with 2 curved, sickle-shaped signa, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 28.VI.1985 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5062; 1♀, Chuncheon, 12.VIII.1988 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5067-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Austria, Croatia Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, Ukraine. Host plant. Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae) (Stainton, 1864; Roüast, 1884; Weber, 1937); Celtis australis L. (Ulmaceae) (Hartig, 1964; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia hidakensis Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Go-ro-soe-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 6, 36) Caloptilia hidakensis Kumata, 1966: 4; Kumata, 1982: 48. TL: Japan Adult (Fig. 6). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Forewing narrow, with grayish-brown ground color, pale yellow oval blotches on the middle of forewing, extending from basal 1/5 to 3/5 length along the costa, a distinct boundary line of pattern, 2-3 dark brown dots along costa in the blotch, with brownish cilia from apex to dorsum. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, gray, with pale gray cilia.
Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva as long as two times of vinculum, extended and broadened from basal area to apex, rounded terminally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen very short, as long as 1/2 length of vinculum. Aedeagus bar-shaped, very sharpened apically, with a long, acute cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 36). Ostium bursae sclerotized, very large, cupshaped. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as corpus bursae, gradually widened toward corpus bursae. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate, with two signa, falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [GG] 1♀, Mt. Hwaak, 25.VIII.1998 (Paek, Lee & Ahn), GS HNU-5047-coll. INU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, Russia. Host plant. Acer mono Maxim. (Aceraceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998).
Caloptilia illicii Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Boot-sun-na-mu-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 7, 24) Caloptilia illicii Kumata, 1966: 20. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 7). Wingspan 15-16 mm. Forewing with round apex, ground color grayish-brown, four white blotches on costa and ventral margin respectively, a indistinct boundary line of pattern, white blotch in apex, white stripes in brownish cilia around from apex to dorsum. Hindwing as long as 4/5 length of forewing, cilia brownish-gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 24). Valva longer than vinculum, broadened from basal to apex, slightly angulate on terminal margin, slightly concave at middle, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as half vinculum, extended. Aedeagus bar-shaped, with sharpened apex, with no cornutus in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Papillae anales with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, two times longer than corpus bursae, very narrow. Corpus bursae guttiform, with two falciform signa, strongly curved, equal in size, asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [JJ] 3♂, Youngsil, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-529, 5056, 5058; 2♂, Seongpanak, 29.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-523, 5057-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan Host plant. Illicium religiosum Sieb. & Zucc. (Kumata, 1966, 1982); Illicium tashirori Maxim (Magnoliaceae) (De Prins and De Prins, 2005).
Caloptilia kisoensis Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: Sin-na-mu-ga-neunna-bang] (Figs. 8, 25, 37) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) kisoensis Kumata, 1982: 45-47. TL: Japan Caloptilia (Caloptilia) kisoensis: Sohn, 2007: 16. Adult (Fig. 8). Wingspan 11-13 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 25). Valva two times longer than vinculum, broadened from basal area to apex, rounded on terminal margin, with strongly extensive apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Aedeagus tube-shaped, with 6-7 little cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 37). Papillae anales large with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, three times longer than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae circular, slightly sclerotized and wrinkled, with two signa falciform, equal in size, meet each other. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Gangchon, Chuncheon, 23.VI.1999 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-392. [CB] 1♂, Mt. Guryong, Sannam, Cheongju, 29.VI.2005 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-391; 1♀, Aengcheon-ri, Buljeong, Goesan, 16.V.2005 (J.C. Sohn)-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Acer ginnala Maxim. in Korea (Sohn, 2007). Acer ginnala Maxim. and A. mono Maxim. (Aceraceae) (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998).
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Figs. 11-19. Adults of Caloptilia: 11, C. mandshurica; 12, C. pulverea; 13, C. rhois; 14, C. sapporella; 15, C. schisandrae (redrawn after Park & Lee, 2001); 16, C. stigmatella; 17, C. theivora; 18, C. yasudai; 19, C. zachrysa.
Caloptilia leucothoes Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: San-jin-dal-lae-ganeun-na-bang] (Fig. 9) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) leucothoes Kumata, 1982: 68. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 9). Wingspan 8-11 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva as long as vinculum, rectangular, parallel in width toward apex, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen shorter than vinculum. Vinculum narrow. Aedeagus tube-
shaped, 4-9 little corniform cornuti at apex, and three needle-shaped cornuti medially. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae circular, sclerotized. Ductus bursae well sclerotized, 4 times length of corpus bursae, slightly swollen medially. Corpus bursae oblong-ovate with small corniform signa. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Chuncheon, 17.VI.1984 (K.T. Park) -coll. EHNU
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Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Menziesia pentandra Maxim., Leucothoe grayana Maxim., Rhododendron dauricum L., R. dilatatum Miq., R. reticulatum D. Don, R. albrechti Maxim. (Ericaceae) (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia magnoliae Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Mok-lyeon-ganeun-na-bang] (Fig. 10) Caloptilia magnoliae Kumata, 1966: 17. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 10). Wingspan 14-15 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva 1.5 times length of vinculum, triangular, extended, with very sharp apex, straight terminally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Aedeagus barshaped, with sharpened apex, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Papillae anales extensive, with numerous hairs. Ductus bursae membranous, 1.2 times length of corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae very large, oval with two small falciform signa. Material examined. [JB] 1♂, Mt. Deogyu, 23.VI.1983 (S.B. An), GS 1277-coll. EHNU Distribution. Korea, Japan. Host plant. Magnolia kobus DC. in Japan (Kumata, 1966, 1982). Magnolia heptapetala (Buchoz) Dandy, M. hypoleuca Siebold & Zucc. (Magnoliaceae) (De Prins and De Prins, 2005). Caloptilia mandshurica (Christoph, 1882) [Korean name: Buk-bangmin-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 11, 26) Gracilaria mandschurica Christoph, 1882: 39-40. TL: Russia. Caloptilia mongolicae Kumata, 1982: 70. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 11). Wingspan 10-12 mm in male. Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Subscaphium long enough to protruded beyond tegumen, T-shaped basally. Valva expanded and slightly broader towards terminally. Vinculum as long as tegumen. Aedeagus very long, with sharpened apex, more than 20 corniform cornuti in a row arranged in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Antrum very narrow, weakly sclerotized. Ductus bursae fairly long enough 1.4 times length of corpus bursae, well sclerotized to middle. Corpus bursae long, sack-shaped, with a lined up of numerous tiny spines on 2/3 of upper-side, somewhat membranous downwardly, with two sickle-shaped signa near the ventral margin. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 27.VII.1985 (K.T. Park); 1♂, Chuncheon, 11.VI.1989 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5054-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Quercus mongolica Fisch. & Ledeb., Q. acutissima Carruth., Q. dentata Thunb., Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. (Fagaceae) (Christoph, 1882; Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Caloptilia pulverea Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: Heuk-gal-saek-jeomga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 12, 38) Caloptilia pulverea Kumata, 1966: 13. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 12). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Forewing dull straw-yellow ground color mixed with dark brown scales, irregularly tinged with dark or brownish gray on almost whole area, and with three blackish large spots, cilia dark gray. Hindwing dark gray, with cilia gray. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Tegumen short, as long as 3/5 length of vinculum, round terminally. Subscaphium very short, wedge-shaped basally. Valva very broad such as butterfly wing, slightly concaved medially on the terminal margin, with marginal setae with dense hairs around apex. Vinculum long, rather narrow, pointed apically. Aedeagus as long as valva, very narrow, needle-shaped, without any cornutus.
Female genitalia (Fig. 38). Papillae anales short, with short hairs. Ductus bursae long enough 2.2 times length of corpus bursae, very slender, membranous. Corpus bursae ovate, membranous, with two slender, hook -shaped signa. Material examined. [GN] 1♀, Mt. Gaji, 19.VIII.1993 (K.T. Park & B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5055-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, China, Russia Host plants. Alnus firma Sieb. & Zucc., A. japonica Steud., A. matsumurae Callier, A. maximowiczii Callier, A. serratuloides Callier in Japan. A. japonica Steud. in Russia (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Ermolaev, 1979; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998); Alnus hirsuta Turcz. & Rupr. (Betulaceae) (Liu and Yuan, 1990). Caloptilia rhois Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: Ot-na-mu-ga-neun-nabang] (Fig. 13, 27) Caloptilia rhois Kumata, 1982: 62-65. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 13). Wingspan 11 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 27). Valva short, sub-rectangular, slightly broadened terminally, with long hairs along the ventral margin inwardly. Tegumen rounded terminally, a bit shorter than vinculum. Aedeagus tube-shaped, longer than the valva, with three sickle-shaped cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae rounded. Antrum short, cylindrical, well sclerotized. Ductus bursae as long as 1.5 times length of corpus bursae, slightly widened towards the entrance of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae long-ovate, strongly wrinkled beyond half, with two fairly large sickle- shaped signa. Material examined. [JN] 1♂, Mt. Gahak, 26.VII.2005 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5060-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China. Host plants. Rhus javanica L. and R. succedanea L. (Kumata, 1982). Remarks. There are two seasonal forms in adult stage; aestival and autumnal form. The ground color of the latter is much darker on almost the whole surface (Kumata, 1982). Caloptilia sapporella (Matsumura, 1931) [Korean name: Jol-cham-namu-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 14, 28, 39) Gracillaria sapporella Matsumura, 1931: 1101. TL: Japan. Adult (Fig. 14). Wingspan 10-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 28). Subscaphium widened basally. Vinculum wide, short, about 2/3 length of valva. Valva expanded with widened cucullus. Aedeagus short, with 9-13 minute spinose cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia (Fig. 39). Ostium bursae rounded, narrow at entrance. Ductus bursae moderate, with a long sclerites reaching to the corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovate, membranous, with two small signa near the entrance. Material examined. [GW] 1♀, Mt. Samak, 22.V.1990 (K.T.Park); 1♂1♀, Mt. Samak, 13.VI.1990 (K.T. Park); 1♂, Chuncheon, 29.V.1989 (K.T. Park); 2♂, Mt. Odae, 27.V.1991 (B.K. Byun). [GG] 1♀, Gwangreung, 2.VI.1982 (K.J. Won); 1♀, Gwangneung, 15.V.1982 (K.T. Park); 3♂3♀, Mt. Dodram, 19.V.1990 (K.T. Park). [CN] 1?, Mt. Daedoon, 18.V.1990 (K.T. Park); 6♂, Mt. Jeonwol, Sejong, 6.VI.2013 (B.K. Byun). [JB] 3♂, Mt. Seongak, Jinan, 13.VII.2013 (B.K. Byun). [JN] 1♂, Sooncheon, 19.V.1995 (Y.D. Kwon & H.K. Lee); 17♂42♀, Mt. Baekun, 18.V.2012 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-5037. [GN] 2♂, Namhae, 1-2.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-534, 535. [JJ] 3♂, Youngsil, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-2, 15, 16; 2♂, Seongpanak, 30.IV.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-7-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Russia. Host plant. Quercus mongolica Fisch. var. grosseserrata Rehd. & Wils., Q. dentata Thunb., Q. serrata Thunb., Q. acutissima Carr., Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. in Japan (Kumata, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998). Quercus cerris L., Q. mongolica Fisch ex Ledeb., Q. variabilis Blume (Fagaceae). Rhododendron macrosepalum Maxim. (Ericaceae) in
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Figs. 20-31. Male genitalia of Caloptilia: 20, C. aceris; 21, C. alni; 22, C. chrysolampra; 23, C. fidella; 24, C. illicii; 25, C. kisoensis; 26, C. mandshurica; 27, C. rhois; 28, C. sapporella; 29, C. stigmatella; 30, C. theivora; 31, C. zachrysa. bscale bars: 0.5mmN.
Japan (Kumata, 1982). Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. (Betulaceae) in Korea (Park, 1983). Caloptilia schisandrae Kumata, 1966 [Korean name: O-mi-ja-ga-neunna-bang] (Fig. 15) Caloptilia schiandrae Kumata, 1966: 18. TL: Japan.
Adult (Fig. 15). Wingspan 14-15 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Subscaphium short, broadened at base. Tegumen rounded terminally. Valva somewhat elongated and quadrate, slightly broadened terminally, about l.5 times as long as vinculum. Vinculum triangular, rounded apically. Aedeagus very short, slender, a little bit longer than vinculum, with no cornutus.
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Figs. 32-42. Female genitalia: 32, C. alni; 33, C. azaleella; 34, C. chrysolampra; 35, C. fidella; 36, C. hidakensis; 37, C. kisoensis; 38, C. pulverea; 39, C. sapporella; 40, C. stigmatella; 41, C. theivora; 42, C. yasudai. bscale bars: 0.5mmN.
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Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1966). Ostium bursae very small, narrow. Ductus bursae very slender, long, as long as more than 2 times length of corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovate, large, with two elongated hook-like signa, slightly asymmetrical in position. Material examined. [GG] 7♂6♀, Anseong, 30.VIII.2000 (G.S. Lee)-coll. NAAS. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia. Host plant. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae) (Kumata, 1966, 1982; Kuznetzov and Baryshnikova, 1998; Park and Lee, 2001). Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabricius, 1781) [Korean name: Baek-yang-namu-ga-neun-na-bang] (Figs. 16, 29, 40) Tinea stigmatella Fabricius, 1781: 295-296. TL: United Kingdom. Adult (Fig. 16). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 29). Valva 1.2 times longer than vinculum, rather dilated apically, extensive apically, round along the ventral margin, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen as long as vinculum. Vinculum triangular. Aedeagus bar-shaped, pointed apically. Female genitalia (Fig. 40). Ductus bursae membranous whole length, longer than 3 times length of corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae oval, with two signa falciform, equal sized. Material examined. [GW] 1♂ 1♀, Sogumgang, 8.VIII.1988 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5041, 5043-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, E. Siberia to North Asia, India, Asia Minor, Europe and N. America. Host plant. Populus sp. (Stainton, 1864; Chambers, 1878, 1879); Salix longifolia Lam. (Chambers, 1872). Salix sp. (Stainton, 1864; Chambers, 1878; Needham et al., 1928). Populus nigra L., Salix bakko Kimura and other Salix species (Salicaceae) in Japan, Myrica sp. (Myricaceae) in other countries (Douglas, 1853; Buszko, 1990; Kumata, 1982). Salix caprea L., Populus alba L., P. pyramidalis L. (Salicaceae) (Stainton, 1864; Roüast, 1884). Populus tremuloides Michx., Salix aurita L., S. integra Thunb., S. exigua Nutt. (Salicaceae), Betula platphylla Sukatchev (Betulaceae), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae), (Robinson et al., 2002). Salix incana Schrank, Populus tremula L. (Hartig, 1964). Salix cinerea L. (Jaroš and Spitzer, 2002).
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Adult (Fig. 18). Wingspan 12-14 mm. Male genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Valva longer than vinculum, slightly elongate, strongly curved at middle of ventral margin, then broadened towards termination, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen very short, as long as vinculum. Aedeagus about as long as valva, bar-shaped, slightly curved apically, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 42). Ostium bursae sclerotized, very large, bowl shaped. Ductus bursae membranous, as long as corpus bursae, slender, slightly swollen near the entrance, sclerotized. Corpus bursae very large, ovate, with two signa falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [CB] 1♀, Hwayang valley, Mt. Sokri-san, 26.V.2001 (J.C. Sohn), GS SJC-209-coll. CBNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Host plant. Unknown. Caloptilia zachrysa (Meyrick, 1907) [Korean name: Sa-gwa-ip-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 19, 31) Gracillaria zachrysa Meyrick, 1907: 983. TL: Sri Lanka. Adult (Fig. 19). Wingspan 10-13 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 31). Valva as long as vinculum, very thick, slightly dilated apically, rounded ventrally, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen wider than valva. Aedeagus long, bar-shaped, sharpened apically, without cornutus. Female genitalia (see Kumata, 1982). Ostium bursae upside down hat shaped, slightly sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, three times longer than corpus bursae, very slender. Corpus bursae ovate, with two signa falciform, equal in size. Material examined. [GW] 1♂, Chuncheon, 5.VIII.1983 (K.T. Park), GS 1288. [GG] 1♂, Mt. Yeogi, 19.VIII.1983 (D.J. Im), GS 1280; 1♂, Suwon, 10.VII.1976 (K.T. Park), GS HNU-5042-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan. Taiwan, India, Sri-Lanka. Host plant. Malus pumila Mill., Photinia glabra (Thunb) Maxim., Rubus sp. in Japan. Photinia sp. in Taiwan. Malus pumila Mill., M. sylvestris (L.) Mill., Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet (Ericaceae) in India (Meyrick, 1918; Fletcher, 1921; Kumata, 1982). Malus pumila Mill., Prunus persica Borkh. (Rosaceae) in Korea (Park, 1983; Park and Han, 1986). Acknowledgments
Caloptilia theivora (Walsingham, 1891) [Korean name: Dong-baek-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 17, 30, 41) Gracillaria theivora Walsingham, 1891: 49-50. TL: Sri Lanka. Adult (Fig. 17). Wingspan 10-14 mm. Male genitalia (Fig. 30). Valva three times longer than vinculum, slightly extended, rounded along the ventral margin, bearing long hairs along apex. Tegumen narrower than vinculum. Vinculum very short and broadened. Aedeagus as long as valva, bar-shaped, rather short, with no cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 41). Ostium bursae sclerotized. Ductus bursae membranous, more than two times longer than corpus bursae, very slender, Corpus bursae very large, ovate, with a signum, falciform. Material examined. [JN] 1♂1♀, Sunchun, 4.XI.1991, 6.XI.1991 (S.S. Kim), GS HNU-1, 5061; [JJ] 1♀, Ipseokdong, 30.VI.1994 (B.K. Byun), GS HNU-6-coll. EHNU. Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Brunei, Taiwan, lndia, Indonesia, West Malaysia, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Host plant. Camellia japonica L., C. sasanqua Thunb., C. (= Thea) sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Walsingham, 1891; Kumata, 1982), Camellia theifera Griff. (Theaceae) (Fletcher, 1921). Caloptilia yasudai Kumata, 1982 [Korean name: No-lan-i-bbal-ganeun-na-bang] (Figs. 18, 42) Caloptilia (Caloptilia) yasudai Kumata, 1982: 51-53. TL: Japan. Caloptilia yasudai: Sohn, 2007: 16.
We thank Prof. K.T. Park, The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Prof. T. Kumata, Hokkaido University, Japan and Prof. Y.S. Bae, Incheon National University, Korea, for their kind help in providing invaluable material and encouragements. We 'd like to express our deep thanks to Dr. J.C. Sohn, Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. for his providing the illustration of the adults and genitalia, which were reported by him in 2007. Our thank is also due to S.Y. Park, Korea National Arboretum; G.S. Lee and M.O. Yeom, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea, for their loan of material for the present study. Our special thanks is to Dr. S. Kobayashi, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan, for his advice of identifying the difficult species. The first author would like to express her cordial thanks to Dr. Erik J. van Nieukerken, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, The Netherland, for his providing valuable information and field work. We thank Miss D.S.Kim, Hannam University, Korea, for her help in rearranging our manuscript and figures. This study was carried out with the support of Forest Science & Technology Projects (Project No. S121213L110100) provided by Korea Forest Service and partly by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(grant number: 2011-0007026). References Agassiz, J.L.R., 1847. Nomenclator zoologicus Index universalis, continens nomina systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam fassilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntor, anno
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