- Email: [email protected]
A virtual issue of JTICE: “Decolorization technologies for textile effluent treatment”
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 329–330
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice
Editorial
A virtual issue of JTICE: ‘‘Decolorization technologies for textile effluent treatment’’
In many food or pharmaceutical industries, the color species in process streams are viewed as impurities and must be removed in order to alleviate the downstream chromatographic separation problems or to avoid adverse quality problems in the final products. To this purpose, the decolorization technology using activated carbon or ion exchange resin as adsorbent is quite matured. In many textile industries, different types of dyestuffs have been used extensively in textile dyeing operations and result in textile wastewaters containing toxic and potential carcinogenic substances that must be adequately treated before they can be discharged to receiving water bodies. In addition to containing toxic and hazardous pollutants, the colorful wastewater is aesthetically unacceptable; a trace amount of dye residue might cause suspicion of the water quality of effluent even it meets discharge standards. Although most textile wastewater treatment plants use biological treatment processes to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), most dyes cannot be completely biodegraded by the conventional biological wastewater treatment processes. In order to meet more increasingly stringent environmental regulations and laws, new decolorization technologies continue to receive increasing attention. The many research papers on decolorization technology published in Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, JTICE from 2009 to date can be broadly classified into biological methods, physical methods, chemical methods, and combined physico-chemical methods. The biological decolorization methods include using bacteria to degrade dyes [1–8] and using biomass to adsorb dyes [9–13]. The physical decolorization methods primarily focus on the preparation of various adsorbents and using them to adsorb dyes [14–22]. The chemical decolorization methods include using photocatalysts [23–25], Fenton reaction [26], combined photo-Fenton reaction [27], combined electro-chemical reaction [28] to degrade dyes. The combined physico-chemical methods include using electrocoagulation [29–31] and nanofiltration membrane to remove dyes [32]. For the biodegradation of dyes, a wide variety of microorganisms, capable of decolorizing of a wide range of dyes are reviewed (Saratale et al., 2011). Wastewaters containing dyes are sources of environmental pollution, but they can be sources of renewable energy and some byproducts as well. It is highly desirable to treat dye-containing wastewater and to generate renewable energy or to produce some valuable byproducts simultaneously. For example, bioelectricity can be generated using indigenous dye decolorizers [33] and polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs), biodegradable
materials that can be used to replace petroleum-based plastics in some applications can be possibly produced by dye-decolorizing bacteria [9,16,17,29,30]. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms are very important information for adsorption process design. Compared with the pseudo-first order kinetic model, the pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to fit the dye adsorption kinetic data more appropriately [9– 13,19–22]. The most appropriate model to fit the dye adsorption equilibrium data is the Freundlich model [11,19,22], Langmuir model [10,12,13,20,21], and Toth model [9]. Although many different adsorbents are tried to remove dyes from wastewaters, activated carbon from various sources is still the most widely used adsorbent for color removal. After activated carbon is saturated with dye molecules, different solvents could e used to regenerate the activated carbon to restore its dye adsorptive capability [34]. Various decolorization technologies have been and are being developed to treat dye-containing wastewaters to protect our environment and to recover energy and/or useful byproducts to support the sustainable development of our society. References [1] Chen B-Y, Wang Y-M, Yeng C-Y, Lin S-H. Deciphering cost-effective biostimulation for dye-laden wastewater treatment using immobilized cell system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:334. [2] Chen B-Y, Hsueh C-C, Chen W-M, Li W-D. Exploring decolorization and halotolerance characteristics by indigenous acclimatized bacteria: chemical structure of azo dyes and dose-response assessment. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:816. [3] Chen Y, Huang B, Huang M, Cai B. On the preparation and characterization of activated carbon from mangosteen shell. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:837. [4] Khataee AR, Dehghan G. Optimization of biological treatment of a dye solution by Macroalgae cladophora sp. using response surface methodology. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:26. [5] Lin, Sung-Hwa, Wang, Y.-M., Yen, C.-Y., Chen, B.-Y., ‘‘Kinetic theory of biostimulation for azo dye decolorization using immobilized cell system,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.jtice.2011.11.004. [6] Khataee AR, Zarei M, Dehghan G, Ebadi E, Pourhassan M. Biotreatment of a triphenylmethane dye solution using a xanthophyta alga: modeling of key factors by neural network. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:380. [7] Oh Y-K, Seol E-H, Park S, Park S. Decolorization of synthetic dyes by citrobacter amalonaticus Y19. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:492. [8] You S-J, Teng J-Y. Anaerobic decolorization bacteria for the treatment of azo dye in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic membrane bioreactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:500. [9] Barka N, Abdennouri M, E.L. Makhfouk M. Removal of methylene blue and eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions by biosorption on scolymus hispanicus L.: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:320. [10] Fan, H., Yang, J.-S., Gao, T.-G., Yuan, H.-L., ‘‘Removal of a low-molecular basic dye (Azure Blue) from aqueous solutions by a native biomass of a newly
1876-1070/$ – see front matter ß 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.04.002
330
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[13]
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[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
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[23]
Editorial / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 329–330 isolated cladosporium sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and biosorption simulation,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.11.001. Naveen N, Saravanan P, Baskar G, Renganathan S. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling on the removal of Reactive Red 120 using positively charged Hydrilla verticillata. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:463. Sadhasivam S, Savitha S, Swaminathan K, Lin F-H. Metabolically inactive Trichoderma harzianum mediated adsorption of synthetic dyes: equilibrium and kinetic studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:394. Sadhasivam S, Savitha S, Swaminathan K, Lin F-H. Biosorption of RBBR by Trichoderma harzianum WL1 in stirred tank and fluidized bed reactor models. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:326. Chandra TC, Mirna MM, Sunarso J, Sudaryanto Y, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from durian shell: preparation and characterization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:457. Chao H-P, Peng C-L, Lee C-K, Han Y-L. A study on sorption of organic compounds with different water solubilities on octadecyltrichlorosilane-modified NaY zeolite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:195. Chen B-Y, Zhang M-M, Chang C-T, Ding Y, Chen W-M, Hsueh C-C. Deciphering azo dye decolorization characteristics by indigenous Proteus hauseri: chemical structure. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:327. Chen, B.-Y., Shiau, T.-J., Wei, Y.-H., Chen, W.-M., Yu, B.-H., Yen, C.-Y., Hsueh, C.C., ‘‘Feasibility study of polyhydroxyalkanote production for materials recycling using naturally occurring pollutant degraders,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.08.005. Esfandiari, A., T. Kaghazchi and M. Soleimani, ‘‘Preparation and evaluation of activated carbons obtained by physical activation of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) wastes,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.02.002. Gupta, N., Kushwaha, A. K., Chattopadhyaya, M. C., ‘‘Adsorption studies of cationic dyes onto Ashoka (Saraca asoca) leaf powder,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.01.008. Kurniawan A, Ismadji S. Potential utilization of Jatropha curcas L. press-cake residue as new precursor for activated carbon preparation: application in methylene blue removal from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:826. Nuithitikul K, Srikhun S, Hirunpraditkoon S. Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of basic green 4 dye on activated carbon derived from durian peel: effects of pyrolysis and post-treatment conditions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:591. Vucˇurovic´ VM, Razmovski RN, Tekic´ MN. Methylene blue (cationic dye) adsorption onto sugar beet pulp: equilibrium isotherm and kinetic studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:108. Lee C-K, Lyu M-D, Liu S-S, Chen H-C. The synthetic parameters for the preparation of nanotubular titanate with highly photocatalytic activity. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:463.
[24] Lin W-C, Yang W-D, Jheng S-Y. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes in water using porous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:269. [25] Wang R-C, Fan K-S, Chang J-S. Removal of acid dye by ZnFe2O4/TiO2-immobilized granular activated carbon under visible light irradiation in a recycle liquid–solid fluidized bed. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:533. [26] Chang M-W, Chern J-M. Decolorization of peach red azo dye, HF6 by Fenton reaction: initial rate analysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:221. [27] Devi LG, Raju KSA, Kumar SG, Rajashekhar KE. Photo-degradation of di azo dye bismarck brown by advanced photo-Fenton process: influence of inorganic anions and evaluation of recycling efficiency of iron powder. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:341. [28] Xiao, H., He, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Shen, F., Yang, G., Yang, X., Deng, S., Wang, Y., Li, L., ‘‘Study of a novel high voltage pulsed discharge reactor with porous titanium electrodes,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.01.006. [29] Chen B-Y, Shiau T-J, Wei Y-H, Chen W-M. Feasibility study on polyhydroxybutyrate production of dye-decolorizing bacteria using dye and aminebearing cultures. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:241. [30] Chen W-J, Su W-T, Hsu H-Y. Continuous flow electrocoagulation for MSG wastewater treatment using polymer coagulants via mixture-process design and response-surface methods. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:246. [31] Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM. Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:282. [32] He Y, Li G-M, Wang H, Jiang Z-W, Zhao J-F, Su H-X, Huang Q-Y. Experimental study on the rejection of salt and dye with cellulose acetate nanofiltration membrane. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:289. [33] Chen B-Y, Zhang M-M, Ding Y, Chang C-T. Feasibility study of simultaneous bioelectricity generation and dye decolorization using naturally occurring decolorizers. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:682. [34] Lu P-J, Lin H-C, Yu W-T, Chern J-M. Chemical regeneration of activated carbon used for dye adsorption. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:305.
Jia-Ming Chern* Department of Chemical Engineering, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan North Road 3rd Section, Taipei 10415, Taiwan *Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 2 77364674; fax: +886 2 25861939 E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-M. Chern)
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice
Editorial
A virtual issue of JTICE: ‘‘Decolorization technologies for textile effluent treatment’’
In many food or pharmaceutical industries, the color species in process streams are viewed as impurities and must be removed in order to alleviate the downstream chromatographic separation problems or to avoid adverse quality problems in the final products. To this purpose, the decolorization technology using activated carbon or ion exchange resin as adsorbent is quite matured. In many textile industries, different types of dyestuffs have been used extensively in textile dyeing operations and result in textile wastewaters containing toxic and potential carcinogenic substances that must be adequately treated before they can be discharged to receiving water bodies. In addition to containing toxic and hazardous pollutants, the colorful wastewater is aesthetically unacceptable; a trace amount of dye residue might cause suspicion of the water quality of effluent even it meets discharge standards. Although most textile wastewater treatment plants use biological treatment processes to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), most dyes cannot be completely biodegraded by the conventional biological wastewater treatment processes. In order to meet more increasingly stringent environmental regulations and laws, new decolorization technologies continue to receive increasing attention. The many research papers on decolorization technology published in Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, JTICE from 2009 to date can be broadly classified into biological methods, physical methods, chemical methods, and combined physico-chemical methods. The biological decolorization methods include using bacteria to degrade dyes [1–8] and using biomass to adsorb dyes [9–13]. The physical decolorization methods primarily focus on the preparation of various adsorbents and using them to adsorb dyes [14–22]. The chemical decolorization methods include using photocatalysts [23–25], Fenton reaction [26], combined photo-Fenton reaction [27], combined electro-chemical reaction [28] to degrade dyes. The combined physico-chemical methods include using electrocoagulation [29–31] and nanofiltration membrane to remove dyes [32]. For the biodegradation of dyes, a wide variety of microorganisms, capable of decolorizing of a wide range of dyes are reviewed (Saratale et al., 2011). Wastewaters containing dyes are sources of environmental pollution, but they can be sources of renewable energy and some byproducts as well. It is highly desirable to treat dye-containing wastewater and to generate renewable energy or to produce some valuable byproducts simultaneously. For example, bioelectricity can be generated using indigenous dye decolorizers [33] and polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs), biodegradable
materials that can be used to replace petroleum-based plastics in some applications can be possibly produced by dye-decolorizing bacteria [9,16,17,29,30]. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms are very important information for adsorption process design. Compared with the pseudo-first order kinetic model, the pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to fit the dye adsorption kinetic data more appropriately [9– 13,19–22]. The most appropriate model to fit the dye adsorption equilibrium data is the Freundlich model [11,19,22], Langmuir model [10,12,13,20,21], and Toth model [9]. Although many different adsorbents are tried to remove dyes from wastewaters, activated carbon from various sources is still the most widely used adsorbent for color removal. After activated carbon is saturated with dye molecules, different solvents could e used to regenerate the activated carbon to restore its dye adsorptive capability [34]. Various decolorization technologies have been and are being developed to treat dye-containing wastewaters to protect our environment and to recover energy and/or useful byproducts to support the sustainable development of our society. References [1] Chen B-Y, Wang Y-M, Yeng C-Y, Lin S-H. Deciphering cost-effective biostimulation for dye-laden wastewater treatment using immobilized cell system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:334. [2] Chen B-Y, Hsueh C-C, Chen W-M, Li W-D. Exploring decolorization and halotolerance characteristics by indigenous acclimatized bacteria: chemical structure of azo dyes and dose-response assessment. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:816. [3] Chen Y, Huang B, Huang M, Cai B. On the preparation and characterization of activated carbon from mangosteen shell. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:837. [4] Khataee AR, Dehghan G. Optimization of biological treatment of a dye solution by Macroalgae cladophora sp. using response surface methodology. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:26. [5] Lin, Sung-Hwa, Wang, Y.-M., Yen, C.-Y., Chen, B.-Y., ‘‘Kinetic theory of biostimulation for azo dye decolorization using immobilized cell system,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.jtice.2011.11.004. [6] Khataee AR, Zarei M, Dehghan G, Ebadi E, Pourhassan M. Biotreatment of a triphenylmethane dye solution using a xanthophyta alga: modeling of key factors by neural network. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:380. [7] Oh Y-K, Seol E-H, Park S, Park S. Decolorization of synthetic dyes by citrobacter amalonaticus Y19. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:492. [8] You S-J, Teng J-Y. Anaerobic decolorization bacteria for the treatment of azo dye in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic membrane bioreactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:500. [9] Barka N, Abdennouri M, E.L. Makhfouk M. Removal of methylene blue and eriochrome black T from aqueous solutions by biosorption on scolymus hispanicus L.: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:320. [10] Fan, H., Yang, J.-S., Gao, T.-G., Yuan, H.-L., ‘‘Removal of a low-molecular basic dye (Azure Blue) from aqueous solutions by a native biomass of a newly
1876-1070/$ – see front matter ß 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.04.002
330
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
Editorial / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 329–330 isolated cladosporium sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and biosorption simulation,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.11.001. Naveen N, Saravanan P, Baskar G, Renganathan S. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling on the removal of Reactive Red 120 using positively charged Hydrilla verticillata. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:463. Sadhasivam S, Savitha S, Swaminathan K, Lin F-H. Metabolically inactive Trichoderma harzianum mediated adsorption of synthetic dyes: equilibrium and kinetic studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:394. Sadhasivam S, Savitha S, Swaminathan K, Lin F-H. Biosorption of RBBR by Trichoderma harzianum WL1 in stirred tank and fluidized bed reactor models. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:326. Chandra TC, Mirna MM, Sunarso J, Sudaryanto Y, Ismadji S. Activated carbon from durian shell: preparation and characterization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:457. Chao H-P, Peng C-L, Lee C-K, Han Y-L. A study on sorption of organic compounds with different water solubilities on octadecyltrichlorosilane-modified NaY zeolite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:195. Chen B-Y, Zhang M-M, Chang C-T, Ding Y, Chen W-M, Hsueh C-C. Deciphering azo dye decolorization characteristics by indigenous Proteus hauseri: chemical structure. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:327. Chen, B.-Y., Shiau, T.-J., Wei, Y.-H., Chen, W.-M., Yu, B.-H., Yen, C.-Y., Hsueh, C.C., ‘‘Feasibility study of polyhydroxyalkanote production for materials recycling using naturally occurring pollutant degraders,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.08.005. Esfandiari, A., T. Kaghazchi and M. Soleimani, ‘‘Preparation and evaluation of activated carbons obtained by physical activation of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) wastes,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.02.002. Gupta, N., Kushwaha, A. K., Chattopadhyaya, M. C., ‘‘Adsorption studies of cationic dyes onto Ashoka (Saraca asoca) leaf powder,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.01.008. Kurniawan A, Ismadji S. Potential utilization of Jatropha curcas L. press-cake residue as new precursor for activated carbon preparation: application in methylene blue removal from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:826. Nuithitikul K, Srikhun S, Hirunpraditkoon S. Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption of basic green 4 dye on activated carbon derived from durian peel: effects of pyrolysis and post-treatment conditions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:591. Vucˇurovic´ VM, Razmovski RN, Tekic´ MN. Methylene blue (cationic dye) adsorption onto sugar beet pulp: equilibrium isotherm and kinetic studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:108. Lee C-K, Lyu M-D, Liu S-S, Chen H-C. The synthetic parameters for the preparation of nanotubular titanate with highly photocatalytic activity. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:463.
[24] Lin W-C, Yang W-D, Jheng S-Y. Photocatalytic degradation of dyes in water using porous nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:269. [25] Wang R-C, Fan K-S, Chang J-S. Removal of acid dye by ZnFe2O4/TiO2-immobilized granular activated carbon under visible light irradiation in a recycle liquid–solid fluidized bed. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:533. [26] Chang M-W, Chern J-M. Decolorization of peach red azo dye, HF6 by Fenton reaction: initial rate analysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:221. [27] Devi LG, Raju KSA, Kumar SG, Rajashekhar KE. Photo-degradation of di azo dye bismarck brown by advanced photo-Fenton process: influence of inorganic anions and evaluation of recycling efficiency of iron powder. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:341. [28] Xiao, H., He, J., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Li, Y., Shen, F., Yang, G., Yang, X., Deng, S., Wang, Y., Li, L., ‘‘Study of a novel high voltage pulsed discharge reactor with porous titanium electrodes,’’ Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2012.01.006. [29] Chen B-Y, Shiau T-J, Wei Y-H, Chen W-M. Feasibility study on polyhydroxybutyrate production of dye-decolorizing bacteria using dye and aminebearing cultures. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:241. [30] Chen W-J, Su W-T, Hsu H-Y. Continuous flow electrocoagulation for MSG wastewater treatment using polymer coagulants via mixture-process design and response-surface methods. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:246. [31] Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM. Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012;43:282. [32] He Y, Li G-M, Wang H, Jiang Z-W, Zhao J-F, Su H-X, Huang Q-Y. Experimental study on the rejection of salt and dye with cellulose acetate nanofiltration membrane. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2009;40:289. [33] Chen B-Y, Zhang M-M, Ding Y, Chang C-T. Feasibility study of simultaneous bioelectricity generation and dye decolorization using naturally occurring decolorizers. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010;41:682. [34] Lu P-J, Lin H-C, Yu W-T, Chern J-M. Chemical regeneration of activated carbon used for dye adsorption. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011;42:305.
Jia-Ming Chern* Department of Chemical Engineering, Tatung University, 40 Chungshan North Road 3rd Section, Taipei 10415, Taiwan *Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 2 77364674; fax: +886 2 25861939 E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-M. Chern)