Abstract technologic paper no. 9, the Bureau of standards

A B S T R A C T T E C H N O L O G I C P A P E R NO. 9, T H E B U R E A U OF STANDARDS. BY

H. W. Bearce, Assistant Physicist.

SIXTEEN samples of linseed oil of known origin and purity were tested. A complete history of these samples is given in Technologic Paper No. 9, Bureau of Standards, and also in the 1911 P.roceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials. Six samples of gum turpentine, three samples of wood turpentine, two samples of " wood spirits," and one sample of " oil" of turpentine were also tested. The density of each sample was determined at IO°, 20 °, 3o°, and 4 °0 C. by the method of hydrostatic weighing. Special apparatus was employed by means of which any turpentine between IO° and 4 °0 C. could be obtained and automatically maintained sensibly constant for any desired length of time. The densities were determined by weighing in the sample at each temperature a plummet or sinker of known mass and volume, the sinker having been calibrated by weighing in twice-distilled water. The temperatures were read on two mercurial thermometers suspended in a glass tube placed parallel and adjacent to the tube containing the sample. The sinker used in the density determinations was of Jena 16 iii glass, ballasted with mercury, and had approximately the following dimensions: length, 30 cm.; diameter, 15 cm.; volume, 50 c.c. ; mass, 19o g. In making a density determination the method of procedure was as follows: The water in the outside bath was brought to the desired temperature by proper adjustment of the heating and cooling coils. After sufficient time had elapsed to allow the apparatus to attain temperature equilibrium, observations were begam. First, a weighing was made with the sinker suspended in the liquid, then the two thermometers were read; next, a tare weighing was made with the guspension wire still passing through the surface of the liquid, but with the sinker detached and resting on the bottom of the containing tube; then a second weighing with the sinker attached, and after that a second reading of the thermometers. 643

644

NOTES After

FROM

completing

THE

the

BUREAU

observations

temperatures

IO °, 2o °, 3 o ° , and

perature

calculated

was

OF S T A N D A R D S .

by

4 °0

means

on

a sample

C., the density

of the

at

the

four

at each tem-

equation

w_(W-w~) + (w-w~)(l_ p ) Dr=

8.4

2 V,

In which D t = W = w = wa a n d w, = p =

d e n s i t y of s a m p l e at temp. t. (in g r n s / m l ) . w e i g h t of s i n k e r in vacuo. w e i g h i n g w i t h s i n k e r off. w e i g h i n g w i t h s i n k e r on. air density.

8.4 ~---assumed d e n s i t y o f b r a s s weights. V t = v o l u m e of s i n k e r at temp. t.

After calculating the density at each temperature, a least squares reduction was applied to the calculated results in order to find the most probable value of the density at each temperature. It was assumed that the equation D t = D + o~ (t - x ) + fl(t - x ) 2 represents sufficiently well the rate of expansion. The very small residuals obtained show that the assumption was justified. A summary of the results of the investigation is here given. SUMMARY

OF

TABLE THE

DENSITY

S a m p l e No.

5 .......... I6 ......... I3 . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . .. . . . . II ........ 3 ......... I2 ........

6 ......... 14 ........ 8 .........

7 ......... 4 .........

9 ......... 15 . . . . . . . . IO . . . . . . . . I .........

Mean.

RESULTS

I

AND T H E R M A L ]~XPANSION OF L I N S E E D O I L B E T W E E N IO ° AND 4 ° 0 C .

DL°°C 4°

.4fc

D2q°-C 4°

•9 3 •9 3

513 526

.92 823 .92 84I

•93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93 •93

561 598 606 614 624 668 704 7 Io 716 738 746 755 761 789

.92 .92 .92 .92 .92 .93 .93 .93 .93 .93 .93 .93 .93 .93

875 9 II 920

928 938 981 oi6 022 031 o49 062 063 073 IOO

•9 2 .92 •9 2 .92 •9 2 .92 •9 2 •9 2 •9 2 •9 2 •9 2 •9 2 •9 2 .92 •9 2 .92

139 I58 193 226 235 244 255 295 329 338 347 365 377 378 389 413

.91 •91 •91 .9t •91 .91 .9I .91 •91 •91 •91 ,.91 .91 •91 •91 •91

460 475 514 543 552 56I 573 6II 642 657 664 686 691 699 707

727

D250C 4°

AT T E M P E R A T U R E S

a X IO 7

-68441 -6836 [ --6823{ --685I --6848 •92 578 •92 586 --6843 --6838 •92 596 •92 638 I --6857 .92 672 --6875 .92 680 -6843 .92 688 --6840 •92 706 --6842 •92 720 --6850 •92 720 --6852 •92 730 --6844 .92 756 -6873

•9 2 4 8 0 •9 2 4 9 9 •9 2 5 3 4 •9 2 5 6 8

92

634

--6847

x Io~

+262

+ 50 +i92 + 9o + 58 + 9o + 95 +iio + 38 +168 + 78 +240

-- 88 +320 +I55 + 78 +I20

NOTES

FROM

THE

BU~REAU OF S T A N D A R D S .

645

Dt = D u + o~ ( t - 25) + fl(t-- 25) ~

(I)

Taking for o¢ and fl the mean values of the i6 samples the general equation becomes De = D25--o.ooo 6847 ( t - - 2 5 ) +o.ooo ooo i2(t--25) 2. If it is desired to reduce the expansion to a single term for use over a short temperature range, this m a y be done by differentiating the general equation and combining and fl into a single term, oc ',which will be different for different temperatures. D t = D ~ + Q¢( t - - 2 5 ) + fl(t--25) ~ dDt -dr = oc + 2 f l ( t - 2 5 ) = ~ 1

(2)

Substituting for t the values io, 15, 20, 25, 3o, 35, and 4o, gives for the rate of change of density at the different temperatures the following values" Temper-

ature,

Change per

degree C.

o C.

O.OOO 688 .000 687 .ooo 685 .ooo 684 .ooo 683 .ooo 682 .ooo 68I

IO

15 20 25 3o 35 40

3 I 9 7 5 3 I

The results obtained from the six samples of gum turpentine shown in Group I were used in the calculation of Table IV for determining the density of turpentine at various temperatures. If the general equation D t = D 2 s + ~ ( t - 25) + p ( t - 25) ~be differentiated and the mean values of ~ and p substituted in the first,derivative the change of density per degree at different temperatures is seen to be as shown below. Dt'-D2~+ at (t--zS) + f l (t--25)) d Dt d t - - ~ + 2 fl ( t - - 2 5 ) f f i c h a n g e of d e n s l t y p e r d e g r e e = Q¢t IO x5 20 25 3° 35 40

.0oo814 8x5 8x6 817 817 818 819

2 I i 0 9 9 8

In calculating Table IV these values of oc I were taken as the rate of change of density of turpentine having a density of o.864o at 2o° C. (this being the mean of the six samples from

646

NOTES FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS.

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NoTEs

FROM

BUREAU

THE

OF

STANDARDS.

647

which" oc 1 w a s d e r i v e d ) . F o r t u r p e n t i n e h a v i n g a d e n s i t y a t 2o ° e i t h e r g r e a t e r or less t h a n 0.8640 ~ 1 w a s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m 20 °

m e a n D ~ - a n d m e a n oc 1 of t h e t h r e e l i g h t e s t s a m p l e s a n d m e a n D2o ° -

-

a n d m e a n o¢ 1 of t h e t h r e e h e a v i e s t s a m p l e s .

4° TABLE

III

DENSITY OF LINSEED OIL AT ANY TEMPERATURE BETWEEN IO ° AND 4 °0 C. FROM ITS DENSITY AT 20 ° C. .

Density at

t 0.9260

0.9270

Required

0.9280

0.9290

0.9300

O.9310

0.9320

Density at required temperature.

tempera-

ture. *C. IO II 12 13 14

20° C. (in grams per milliliter).

0.9329 .9322 .9315 .9308 .93Ol

0.9339 .9332 .9325 .9318 .9311

0.9359 •9352 .9345 .9338 .933I

0.9369 .9362 .9355 •9348 .9341

0.9379 .9372 .9365 .9358 .935I

0.9389 .9382 .9375 .9368 .936I

.9294 .9288 .9281 .9274 .9267

.9304 •9298 •929 ! .9284 -9277

.9324 .9318 .9311 .9304 .9297

.9334 .9328 .9321 .9314 .93o7

-9344 .9338 .9331 .9324 -9317

.9354 .9348 •9341 .9334 .9327

20 2I 22 23 24

.9260 .9253

.9239 .9233

.927o .9263 .9256 .9249 .9243

.9290 .9283 .9276 .9269 .9263

.9300 .9293 .9286 .9279 .9273

.931o .9303 .9296 .9289 .9283

.9320 .9313 .9306 .9299 .9293

25 26 27 28 29

.9226 .9219 .9212 .9205 •9198

•9236 .9229 .9222 .9215 .9208

•9256 .9249 .9243 .9235 .9228

.9266 .9259 •9252 .9245 •9238

.9276 ,9269 .9262 .9255 .9248

.9286 .9279 .9272 .9265 .9258

30 3I 32 33 34

•9192 .9185 .9178 .9171 .9164

.9202 .9195 .9188 .9181 .9174

.9222 .9215 .92o8 .9201 .9194

•9232 .9225 .9218 .921I .9204

•9242 .9235 19228 .9221 .9214

•9252 .9245 •9238 .923I .92.24

35 36 37 38 39

.9157 .915o .9144 .9137 •913 o

.9167 .916o .9154 .9147 .914o

.9187 .918o .9174 .9167 .916o

~9197 •919 ° .9184 .9177 •917 °

.9207 .9200 .9194 .9187 .918o

.9217 .92IO .9204 .9197 •919 °

40

.9123

.9133

.9153

.9163

-9173

.9183

15

16 17 18 19

.9246

0.9349 •9342 .9335

(~48

G %

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