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Affect and impulsivity in daily risky behavior
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284
Energy drink use by adolescents and emerging adults seeking care in the emergency department: Alcohol, drugs, and other risk behaviors Erin E. Bonar, Rebecca M. Cunningham, Svitlana Polshkova, Stephen T. Chermack, Frederic C. Blow, Maureen A. Walton University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Aims: Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks by young people presents concerns about the effects on perceived intoxication and risk behaviors. Emergency Department (ED) visits due to energy drinks have risen drastically. Among youth with past-year alcohol use who visited an ED, we assessed frequency of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks or consuming both on the same occasion (Combined), reasons for and consequences of Combined use, and relationships with drug use and other risk behaviors. Methods: Youth aged 14–20 completed past-year surveys at the ED visit. Among 439 drinkers, mean age was 18.6 years (SD = 1.4), 41% were male and 73% were Caucasian. We grouped patients into those who drank alcohol, but not energy drinks (Non-users; 41%, n = 178), those who drank alcohol and energy drinks on separate occasions (Separate; 23%, n = 103), and those who Combined (36%, n = 158). Results: In Combined users, consequences included feeling jittery (71%), trouble sleeping (46%), and increased energy followed by a crash (35%). Reasons for combining were: hiding the flavor of alcohol (39%), liking the taste (36%), and staying awake (32%). Combined users had the highest rates of risk behaviors (e.g., drug use, multiple sex partners, sex after drinking, driving after drinking, alcohol use severity [AUDIT]). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that compared to Non-users, Combined users were more likely to be male, have had sex after using alcohol/drugs, have used drugs, and have higher AUDIT scores. Combined users, compared to the Separate users, had significantly higher AUDIT scores. Separate users compared to Non-users were more likely to be male, and had lower AUDIT scores. Conclusions: Combining energy drinks and alcohol use is a marker for involvement in other risk behaviors among drinking youth. Future longitudinal studies are needed to determine longitudinal relationships of energy drink use on substance use problem trajectories. Financial support: NIAAA 018122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.081 Affect and impulsivity in daily risky behavior Jacqueline A. Bonsu 1 , Karen J. Derefinko 1 , Richard J. Charnigo 1 , Donald R. Lynam 2 , Richard Milich 1 1 2
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Aims: Urgency (URG) is an aspect of personality defined as the tendency to engage in impulsive behavior under the condition of strong affect. Emerging research has explored this variety of impulsivity in terms of substance abuse (Kaiser et al., 2012). However, questions remain regarding how URG contributes to emotions in the moment to promote risky behavior. The aim of the current study was to explore how urgency interacts with mood states to predict risky behaviors and substance use. Methods: Participants were 115 college undergraduates (57% male) who completed a laboratory protocol including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the UPPS measure of
impulsivity. Participants were then provided palm pilots for one week to gather information about mood states (e.g., I feel sad) and risky behaviors (e.g., Doing something I might regret, Doing something exciting). Samples were gathered at 90-min intervals, between the hours of noon and midnight, with a maximum of 64 assessments. Results: Palm pilot mood data were consolidated and averaged to form a negative affect (NA) and a positive affect (PA) variable. These variables were entered simultaneously with urgency in hierarchical regressions to test main effects and product terms were entered to explore interactive effects. For the variable “Doing something I might regret,” there were main effects for both URG and NA, but no interactive effect. For the variable “Doing something exciting,” there was a main effect for PA, and there was an interactive effect indicating that the relation between engaging in exciting behavior and PA was stronger for those high in URG. For the AUDIT, there was a main effect for NA, and there were two significant interactive effects indicating that the relation between problematic drinking and strong emotions (PA or NA) is stronger for those high in URG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mood states may act as catalysts for the activation of the trait of urgency, and further indicate that for these individuals, emotional regulation may be a key to prevent future risky behavior and substance use. Financial support: NIDA DA005312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.082 Role of projections from ventral subiculum to nucleus accumbens shell in context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking Jennifer M. Bossert, Robyn M. St. Laurent, Nathan J. Marchant, Hui-Ling Wang, Marisela Morales, Yavin Shaham IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse. In rats, exposure to heroinpaired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in different contexts reinstates heroin seeking. This reinstatement is attenuated by inhibition of glutamate or dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens shell or inactivation of ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Additionally, we demonstrated a causal role for the projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell in this reinstatement. Ventral subiculum also sends glutamatergic projections to accumbens shell, and inactivation of ventral subiculum, but not posterior CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, decreases contextinduced reinstatement of heroin seeking. Here, we examine the contribution of glutamatergic projections from ventral subiculum to accumbens shell in this reinstatement using the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). Methods: Rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 12 days; drug infusions were paired with a discrete tone-light cue. Lever pressing was subsequently extinguished in a non-drugassociated context in the presence of the discrete cue. Rats were then tested in the heroin or extinction-associated contexts under extinction conditions. Results: Exposure to the heroin, but not extinction, context reinstated lever pressing. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased Fos expression in ventral subiculum neurons, including those projecting to accumbens shell. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that activation of glutamatergic projections from ventral subiculum to accumbens shell promotes heroin relapse. We are currently exploring a causal role
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284
Energy drink use by adolescents and emerging adults seeking care in the emergency department: Alcohol, drugs, and other risk behaviors Erin E. Bonar, Rebecca M. Cunningham, Svitlana Polshkova, Stephen T. Chermack, Frederic C. Blow, Maureen A. Walton University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Aims: Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks by young people presents concerns about the effects on perceived intoxication and risk behaviors. Emergency Department (ED) visits due to energy drinks have risen drastically. Among youth with past-year alcohol use who visited an ED, we assessed frequency of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks or consuming both on the same occasion (Combined), reasons for and consequences of Combined use, and relationships with drug use and other risk behaviors. Methods: Youth aged 14–20 completed past-year surveys at the ED visit. Among 439 drinkers, mean age was 18.6 years (SD = 1.4), 41% were male and 73% were Caucasian. We grouped patients into those who drank alcohol, but not energy drinks (Non-users; 41%, n = 178), those who drank alcohol and energy drinks on separate occasions (Separate; 23%, n = 103), and those who Combined (36%, n = 158). Results: In Combined users, consequences included feeling jittery (71%), trouble sleeping (46%), and increased energy followed by a crash (35%). Reasons for combining were: hiding the flavor of alcohol (39%), liking the taste (36%), and staying awake (32%). Combined users had the highest rates of risk behaviors (e.g., drug use, multiple sex partners, sex after drinking, driving after drinking, alcohol use severity [AUDIT]). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that compared to Non-users, Combined users were more likely to be male, have had sex after using alcohol/drugs, have used drugs, and have higher AUDIT scores. Combined users, compared to the Separate users, had significantly higher AUDIT scores. Separate users compared to Non-users were more likely to be male, and had lower AUDIT scores. Conclusions: Combining energy drinks and alcohol use is a marker for involvement in other risk behaviors among drinking youth. Future longitudinal studies are needed to determine longitudinal relationships of energy drink use on substance use problem trajectories. Financial support: NIAAA 018122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.081 Affect and impulsivity in daily risky behavior Jacqueline A. Bonsu 1 , Karen J. Derefinko 1 , Richard J. Charnigo 1 , Donald R. Lynam 2 , Richard Milich 1 1 2
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Aims: Urgency (URG) is an aspect of personality defined as the tendency to engage in impulsive behavior under the condition of strong affect. Emerging research has explored this variety of impulsivity in terms of substance abuse (Kaiser et al., 2012). However, questions remain regarding how URG contributes to emotions in the moment to promote risky behavior. The aim of the current study was to explore how urgency interacts with mood states to predict risky behaviors and substance use. Methods: Participants were 115 college undergraduates (57% male) who completed a laboratory protocol including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the UPPS measure of
impulsivity. Participants were then provided palm pilots for one week to gather information about mood states (e.g., I feel sad) and risky behaviors (e.g., Doing something I might regret, Doing something exciting). Samples were gathered at 90-min intervals, between the hours of noon and midnight, with a maximum of 64 assessments. Results: Palm pilot mood data were consolidated and averaged to form a negative affect (NA) and a positive affect (PA) variable. These variables were entered simultaneously with urgency in hierarchical regressions to test main effects and product terms were entered to explore interactive effects. For the variable “Doing something I might regret,” there were main effects for both URG and NA, but no interactive effect. For the variable “Doing something exciting,” there was a main effect for PA, and there was an interactive effect indicating that the relation between engaging in exciting behavior and PA was stronger for those high in URG. For the AUDIT, there was a main effect for NA, and there were two significant interactive effects indicating that the relation between problematic drinking and strong emotions (PA or NA) is stronger for those high in URG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mood states may act as catalysts for the activation of the trait of urgency, and further indicate that for these individuals, emotional regulation may be a key to prevent future risky behavior and substance use. Financial support: NIDA DA005312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.082 Role of projections from ventral subiculum to nucleus accumbens shell in context-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking Jennifer M. Bossert, Robyn M. St. Laurent, Nathan J. Marchant, Hui-Ling Wang, Marisela Morales, Yavin Shaham IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, United States Aims: In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse. In rats, exposure to heroinpaired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in different contexts reinstates heroin seeking. This reinstatement is attenuated by inhibition of glutamate or dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens shell or inactivation of ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Additionally, we demonstrated a causal role for the projections from ventral mPFC to accumbens shell in this reinstatement. Ventral subiculum also sends glutamatergic projections to accumbens shell, and inactivation of ventral subiculum, but not posterior CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, decreases contextinduced reinstatement of heroin seeking. Here, we examine the contribution of glutamatergic projections from ventral subiculum to accumbens shell in this reinstatement using the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). Methods: Rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 12 days; drug infusions were paired with a discrete tone-light cue. Lever pressing was subsequently extinguished in a non-drugassociated context in the presence of the discrete cue. Rats were then tested in the heroin or extinction-associated contexts under extinction conditions. Results: Exposure to the heroin, but not extinction, context reinstated lever pressing. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased Fos expression in ventral subiculum neurons, including those projecting to accumbens shell. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that activation of glutamatergic projections from ventral subiculum to accumbens shell promotes heroin relapse. We are currently exploring a causal role