- Email: [email protected]
Age based differences in factors motivating masters athletes
Thursday 1 November Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S127–S187
information may assist clinicians with early prognostic indicators for people presenting with patellar tendinopathy and help guide the use of interventions which target pain or muscle function. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.344 342
S143
343 The who, where and how.. Understanding hamstring injuries in the AFL T. Pizzari 1,2 , R. Taylor 1,3,∗ , P. Coburn 2 1
La Trobe University Mill Park Physiotherapy 3 Alphington Sports Medicine 2
Reasons for sport participation and dropout among Australian junior cricketers and netballers E. Siesmaa 1,∗ , C. Finch 2 , J. Blitvich 1 1 2
University of Ballarat Monash University
Introduction: Participation in sport makes an important contribution to children’s overall health and well-being through a range of well-documented physical and psychosocial health benefits. It provides an opportunity for children to increase their energy expenditure, enhancing a child’s likelihood of attaining sufficient levels of physical activity for good health, while reducing the risk of conditions such as childhood overweight and obesity. Despite some recent Australian data suggesting that many children are active in sport, evidence of ‘regular’ child sport participation in Australia has shown a decline over the past two decades. Methods: This research aimed to investigate the self-reported reasons why children chose to participate or dropout of organised sport among a sample of junior cricketers and netballers aged 9–17 years. A total of 284 cricketers (predominantly male) and 279 netballers (predominantly female) completed a validated survey instrument during a scheduled training session to collect information about their cricket/netball participation, reasons for continued sport involvement, injury history and reasons for sport dropout. Results: Enjoyment was the most frequently reported reason (over 90% of respondents) for ongoing sport participation among both samples. Cricketers (54%), more frequently than netballers (34%, p = 0.002), reported improving skill/ability or competition for continued sport involvement, while netballers (67%) reported peer influence as sport motivators more frequently than cricketers (49%, p < 0.001). Few children in the sample reported planned sport dropout (4% of cricketers and 16% of netballers). Of these children from both samples, the most frequently reported reason for dropout was a lack of enjoyment (64% cricketers, 85% netballers), followed by having other things to do (approximately 37%), and sport injury (approximately 20%). Discussion: Although not investigated in the study, it may be likely that factors, such as injury occurrence, indirectly contribute to a reduction in enjoyment, hence the reported frequency of this factor in children’s planned sport dropout. This area warrants further research. This study demonstrates a range of factors contributing to sport uptake and dropout that are consistent with other research. However, it has raised awareness of potential factors impacting children’s sport participation that have, until now, been relatively overlooked in the literature. The findings and recommendations from this study can inform sporting bodies of how to promote sport participation among Australian children, and identify areas for future research, particularly in the realm of injury prevention. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.345
Introduction: Hamstring muscle strain injury is the most common injury and cause of missed games in the Australian Football League (AFL). Over the last 20 years, the average number of new hamstring injuries has remained high at 5.9 and 6.2 per club for 10 and 20 years respectively. A substantial amount of research has been conducted into factors associated with such injury, however little consensus exists and many potential risk factors have not been examined. The purpose of this exploratory study was to gain a more in-depth understanding of hamstring injuries in the AFL. Method: For every hamstring muscle strain injury that was reported in the 2011 AFL season, data was collected on player factors, injury details, extrinsic factors, past history and recovery information associated with injured player and the injury. Results: All AFL clubs participated in the study and 91 hamstring injuries were reported. Backline players were most commonly injured (36%) and the majority of injured players had a past history of a hamstring strain (57%). More than half of the injured players reported hamstring or lower back symptoms just prior to the injury and 27% had a previous history of groin pain. The biceps femoris muscle was injured in 83% of cases. Of the 62 injuries that occurred during a game, the majority occurred in the third quarter (32%) and 16% of injuries occurred on the MCG. Interestingly, 23% of injured players had played on Etihad stadium in the round prior to sustaining the injury. On average training loads measured in both RPE x time and percentages increased incrementally in the three weeks prior to the injury. Information on game hardness data, ground conditions, and mechanism of injury will be presented. Discussion: The results of this study highlight some potential risk factors that have not been studied extensively in past research. Hamstring and lower back symptoms prior to the injury and the ground conditions and training loads in the lead up to the injury may warrant further investigation. Further analysis of the data might provide more direction for future research and assist in the identification of at risk players. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.346 344 Age based differences in factors motivating masters athletes I. Heazlewood 1,2,∗ , M. Climstein 2 , J. Walsh 2,3 , M. DeBeliso 2,4 , K. Adams 2,5 , J. Kettunen 2,6 , K. Munro 1,2 1
Charles Darwin University Bond University 3 Independent Researcher 4 Southern Utah University 5 California State University Monteray Bay 6 Arcada University of Applied Sciences 2
Background: Previous research has identified psychological factors considered by masters athletes to be significant in motivating their sport participation. This population does, however represent a range of age groups. Identifying any differences existing between age groups might assist in directing strategies for increasing sports participation.
S144
Thursday 1 November Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S127–S187
Aim: To identify age group differences in the factors motivating masters athletes to participate in sport. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. An online survey was used in order to investigate athletes competing at the 2010 Pan Pacific Masters Games. In total 1547 masters athletes (age 30–69, mean = 48.7, SD ± 8.2) completed the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS). The MOMS questionnaire assessed the salience of the following psychological factors: general health orientation, weight concern, personal goal achievement, competition, recognition, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning and self esteem, as related to sport participation. Prior to data analysis, participants were split into 4 age groups which ranged from 30–39 to 60–69. An ANOVA and subsequent post-hoc tests (Tukey’s test) were conducted in order to assess any differences in the importance given to psychological factors present in the MOMS. Results: ANOVA indicated differences (p < 0.05) under the factors of psychological coping, general health orientation and competition. Post-hoc testing found no differences under the factor of competition, but differences between the 30–39 and the 50–59 age groups under psychological coping. Likewise, the Tukey’s test identified differences between the 40–49 and both the 50–59 and 60–69 age groups under general health orientation. Discussion: Despite differences in the importance placed on the factor psychological coping, it was apparent that greater consideration of this was not warranted as it is considered unimportant by all age groups. Older masters athletes tended to place greater importance on the general health aspect of sport, though this was still considered as important by all age groups. Conclusion: Of the nine factors analysed, two demonstrated differences between age groups. One of these two factors “psychological coping” was considered unimportant by all groups. The other factor, the general health aspect of sport was considered important by all groups, however athletes 50 and older placed a greater emphasis on this factor. Based on these findings, that are specific to the factors assessed by MOMS, strategies aimed at increasing sports participation and adherence in individuals aged between 30 and 69, do not necessarily need to be tailored to more specific age groups. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.347 345 Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Incidence and risk factors for graft failure and contralateral rupture K. Webster 1,∗ , J. Feller 1,2 , A. Richmond 2 1 2
Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University OrthoSport Victoria
Background: Graft rupture or injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the contralateral knee is a devastating outcome following ACL reconstruction surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the rates of graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury and investigate patient characteristics that may be associated with these. Methods: A consecutive cohort of 750 patients who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction surgery with a minimum 3 year follow-up was identified. All were sent an on-line questionnaire with telephone follow-up regarding the incidence of ACL graft rupture, contralateral ACL rupture, family history of ACL injury and current activity level. Further information obtained from patient databases included demographic information (age, gender), original injury mechanism and meniscus or articular surface injury.
Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the measured variables and the risk of ACL graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury. Results: Responses were received from 558 patients (74%) at a mean follow up time of 4.8 (1.1) years. ACL graft ruptures occurred in 25 patients (4.5%) and contralateral ACL injuries occurred in 41 patients (8%), noting that 44 patients with prior contralateral ACL injury were excluded from this analysis. The odds for sustaining an ACL graft rupture increased five-fold for patients that were under 20 year of age. A contact mechanism of initial injury increased the risk of graft rupture by a factor of three. A return to cutting and pivoting sports also led to a three-fold increase in contralateral ACL injury. Patients who were under 20 years of age had double the risk of sustaining contralateral ACL injury. Conclusion: Patients that have ACL reconstruction who are under 20 year of age are at significantly increased risk for both graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury. This has implications for the preoperative advice that is given to these younger patients and may also influence the timing of their return to sport. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.348 346 Propensity for emotion rehearsal, body image estimation and metabolic health in Chinese children F. Ling 1 , A. McManus 2 , G. Knowles 3 , R. Polman 1,∗ 1
Institute of Sports, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University 2 Institute of Human Performance (IHP), University of Hong Kong 3 School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham Introduction: Body size misperception are shown to be linked to psychopathology and related weight control behaviours in adolescents, with growing evidence that body dissatisfaction can emerge as early as childhood. However, little is known about children’s body size perception and the possible psychological self-regulatory mechanisms behind the prolongation of the misperception into adolescence. With emotional dysregulation found to be related to body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviours in adolescence, the current study aims to investigate if body size estimation is linked to rehearsal (the propensity to rehearse over adverse experiences over the past, present and future) and cardiovascular (CV) risk status in Hong Kong Chinese children. Methods: Children, aged 8–12 years, were recruited from a local government-aided primary school in Hong Kong (n = 370; mean age = 10.31yr ± 1.11; 48.2% boys). Height and weight were recorded followed by the completion of the Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS) and the Rehearsal Scale for Children–Chinese (RSC-C). Participants were categorized into ‘at risk’ or ‘not at risk’ of three or more CV diseases based on age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs for Hong Kong Chinese children. Results: Propensity for rehearsal is significantly related to boys’ body size estimation but not girls, with the greatest rehearsal tendencies in the overestimators, followed by the accurate estimators and then the underestimators. Chi-square analysis shows a notable link between body size estimation and CV risks, with fewer overestimators (7.0%) and accurate estimators (19.6%) in the ‘at risk’ group and an equally high percentage of at-risk (31.1%) and not-at-risk (29.7%) children underestimating their body size. Discussion: Inaccurate body size estimation can pose considerable risks on the development of inappropriate weight control behaviours. While overestimation may prompt a normal-weight
information may assist clinicians with early prognostic indicators for people presenting with patellar tendinopathy and help guide the use of interventions which target pain or muscle function. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.344 342
S143
343 The who, where and how.. Understanding hamstring injuries in the AFL T. Pizzari 1,2 , R. Taylor 1,3,∗ , P. Coburn 2 1
La Trobe University Mill Park Physiotherapy 3 Alphington Sports Medicine 2
Reasons for sport participation and dropout among Australian junior cricketers and netballers E. Siesmaa 1,∗ , C. Finch 2 , J. Blitvich 1 1 2
University of Ballarat Monash University
Introduction: Participation in sport makes an important contribution to children’s overall health and well-being through a range of well-documented physical and psychosocial health benefits. It provides an opportunity for children to increase their energy expenditure, enhancing a child’s likelihood of attaining sufficient levels of physical activity for good health, while reducing the risk of conditions such as childhood overweight and obesity. Despite some recent Australian data suggesting that many children are active in sport, evidence of ‘regular’ child sport participation in Australia has shown a decline over the past two decades. Methods: This research aimed to investigate the self-reported reasons why children chose to participate or dropout of organised sport among a sample of junior cricketers and netballers aged 9–17 years. A total of 284 cricketers (predominantly male) and 279 netballers (predominantly female) completed a validated survey instrument during a scheduled training session to collect information about their cricket/netball participation, reasons for continued sport involvement, injury history and reasons for sport dropout. Results: Enjoyment was the most frequently reported reason (over 90% of respondents) for ongoing sport participation among both samples. Cricketers (54%), more frequently than netballers (34%, p = 0.002), reported improving skill/ability or competition for continued sport involvement, while netballers (67%) reported peer influence as sport motivators more frequently than cricketers (49%, p < 0.001). Few children in the sample reported planned sport dropout (4% of cricketers and 16% of netballers). Of these children from both samples, the most frequently reported reason for dropout was a lack of enjoyment (64% cricketers, 85% netballers), followed by having other things to do (approximately 37%), and sport injury (approximately 20%). Discussion: Although not investigated in the study, it may be likely that factors, such as injury occurrence, indirectly contribute to a reduction in enjoyment, hence the reported frequency of this factor in children’s planned sport dropout. This area warrants further research. This study demonstrates a range of factors contributing to sport uptake and dropout that are consistent with other research. However, it has raised awareness of potential factors impacting children’s sport participation that have, until now, been relatively overlooked in the literature. The findings and recommendations from this study can inform sporting bodies of how to promote sport participation among Australian children, and identify areas for future research, particularly in the realm of injury prevention. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.345
Introduction: Hamstring muscle strain injury is the most common injury and cause of missed games in the Australian Football League (AFL). Over the last 20 years, the average number of new hamstring injuries has remained high at 5.9 and 6.2 per club for 10 and 20 years respectively. A substantial amount of research has been conducted into factors associated with such injury, however little consensus exists and many potential risk factors have not been examined. The purpose of this exploratory study was to gain a more in-depth understanding of hamstring injuries in the AFL. Method: For every hamstring muscle strain injury that was reported in the 2011 AFL season, data was collected on player factors, injury details, extrinsic factors, past history and recovery information associated with injured player and the injury. Results: All AFL clubs participated in the study and 91 hamstring injuries were reported. Backline players were most commonly injured (36%) and the majority of injured players had a past history of a hamstring strain (57%). More than half of the injured players reported hamstring or lower back symptoms just prior to the injury and 27% had a previous history of groin pain. The biceps femoris muscle was injured in 83% of cases. Of the 62 injuries that occurred during a game, the majority occurred in the third quarter (32%) and 16% of injuries occurred on the MCG. Interestingly, 23% of injured players had played on Etihad stadium in the round prior to sustaining the injury. On average training loads measured in both RPE x time and percentages increased incrementally in the three weeks prior to the injury. Information on game hardness data, ground conditions, and mechanism of injury will be presented. Discussion: The results of this study highlight some potential risk factors that have not been studied extensively in past research. Hamstring and lower back symptoms prior to the injury and the ground conditions and training loads in the lead up to the injury may warrant further investigation. Further analysis of the data might provide more direction for future research and assist in the identification of at risk players. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.346 344 Age based differences in factors motivating masters athletes I. Heazlewood 1,2,∗ , M. Climstein 2 , J. Walsh 2,3 , M. DeBeliso 2,4 , K. Adams 2,5 , J. Kettunen 2,6 , K. Munro 1,2 1
Charles Darwin University Bond University 3 Independent Researcher 4 Southern Utah University 5 California State University Monteray Bay 6 Arcada University of Applied Sciences 2
Background: Previous research has identified psychological factors considered by masters athletes to be significant in motivating their sport participation. This population does, however represent a range of age groups. Identifying any differences existing between age groups might assist in directing strategies for increasing sports participation.
S144
Thursday 1 November Posters / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S127–S187
Aim: To identify age group differences in the factors motivating masters athletes to participate in sport. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. An online survey was used in order to investigate athletes competing at the 2010 Pan Pacific Masters Games. In total 1547 masters athletes (age 30–69, mean = 48.7, SD ± 8.2) completed the Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS). The MOMS questionnaire assessed the salience of the following psychological factors: general health orientation, weight concern, personal goal achievement, competition, recognition, affiliation, psychological coping, life meaning and self esteem, as related to sport participation. Prior to data analysis, participants were split into 4 age groups which ranged from 30–39 to 60–69. An ANOVA and subsequent post-hoc tests (Tukey’s test) were conducted in order to assess any differences in the importance given to psychological factors present in the MOMS. Results: ANOVA indicated differences (p < 0.05) under the factors of psychological coping, general health orientation and competition. Post-hoc testing found no differences under the factor of competition, but differences between the 30–39 and the 50–59 age groups under psychological coping. Likewise, the Tukey’s test identified differences between the 40–49 and both the 50–59 and 60–69 age groups under general health orientation. Discussion: Despite differences in the importance placed on the factor psychological coping, it was apparent that greater consideration of this was not warranted as it is considered unimportant by all age groups. Older masters athletes tended to place greater importance on the general health aspect of sport, though this was still considered as important by all age groups. Conclusion: Of the nine factors analysed, two demonstrated differences between age groups. One of these two factors “psychological coping” was considered unimportant by all groups. The other factor, the general health aspect of sport was considered important by all groups, however athletes 50 and older placed a greater emphasis on this factor. Based on these findings, that are specific to the factors assessed by MOMS, strategies aimed at increasing sports participation and adherence in individuals aged between 30 and 69, do not necessarily need to be tailored to more specific age groups. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.347 345 Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Incidence and risk factors for graft failure and contralateral rupture K. Webster 1,∗ , J. Feller 1,2 , A. Richmond 2 1 2
Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University OrthoSport Victoria
Background: Graft rupture or injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the contralateral knee is a devastating outcome following ACL reconstruction surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the rates of graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury and investigate patient characteristics that may be associated with these. Methods: A consecutive cohort of 750 patients who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction surgery with a minimum 3 year follow-up was identified. All were sent an on-line questionnaire with telephone follow-up regarding the incidence of ACL graft rupture, contralateral ACL rupture, family history of ACL injury and current activity level. Further information obtained from patient databases included demographic information (age, gender), original injury mechanism and meniscus or articular surface injury.
Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the measured variables and the risk of ACL graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury. Results: Responses were received from 558 patients (74%) at a mean follow up time of 4.8 (1.1) years. ACL graft ruptures occurred in 25 patients (4.5%) and contralateral ACL injuries occurred in 41 patients (8%), noting that 44 patients with prior contralateral ACL injury were excluded from this analysis. The odds for sustaining an ACL graft rupture increased five-fold for patients that were under 20 year of age. A contact mechanism of initial injury increased the risk of graft rupture by a factor of three. A return to cutting and pivoting sports also led to a three-fold increase in contralateral ACL injury. Patients who were under 20 years of age had double the risk of sustaining contralateral ACL injury. Conclusion: Patients that have ACL reconstruction who are under 20 year of age are at significantly increased risk for both graft rupture and contralateral ACL injury. This has implications for the preoperative advice that is given to these younger patients and may also influence the timing of their return to sport. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.348 346 Propensity for emotion rehearsal, body image estimation and metabolic health in Chinese children F. Ling 1 , A. McManus 2 , G. Knowles 3 , R. Polman 1,∗ 1
Institute of Sports, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University 2 Institute of Human Performance (IHP), University of Hong Kong 3 School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham Introduction: Body size misperception are shown to be linked to psychopathology and related weight control behaviours in adolescents, with growing evidence that body dissatisfaction can emerge as early as childhood. However, little is known about children’s body size perception and the possible psychological self-regulatory mechanisms behind the prolongation of the misperception into adolescence. With emotional dysregulation found to be related to body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviours in adolescence, the current study aims to investigate if body size estimation is linked to rehearsal (the propensity to rehearse over adverse experiences over the past, present and future) and cardiovascular (CV) risk status in Hong Kong Chinese children. Methods: Children, aged 8–12 years, were recruited from a local government-aided primary school in Hong Kong (n = 370; mean age = 10.31yr ± 1.11; 48.2% boys). Height and weight were recorded followed by the completion of the Children’s Body Image Scale (CBIS) and the Rehearsal Scale for Children–Chinese (RSC-C). Participants were categorized into ‘at risk’ or ‘not at risk’ of three or more CV diseases based on age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs for Hong Kong Chinese children. Results: Propensity for rehearsal is significantly related to boys’ body size estimation but not girls, with the greatest rehearsal tendencies in the overestimators, followed by the accurate estimators and then the underestimators. Chi-square analysis shows a notable link between body size estimation and CV risks, with fewer overestimators (7.0%) and accurate estimators (19.6%) in the ‘at risk’ group and an equally high percentage of at-risk (31.1%) and not-at-risk (29.7%) children underestimating their body size. Discussion: Inaccurate body size estimation can pose considerable risks on the development of inappropriate weight control behaviours. While overestimation may prompt a normal-weight