- Email: [email protected]
AJO History of Ophthalmology Series
REFERENCES 1. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82(11):844 – 851. 2. Mariotti S, Pascolini D, Rose-Nussbaumer J. Trachoma: global magnitude of a preventable cause of blindness. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:563–568. 3. West SK. Trachoma: new assault on an ancient disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2004;23(4):381– 401. 4. Berhane Y, Worku A, Bejiga A. National Survey on Blindness, Low Vision and Trachoma in Ethiopia. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia: Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia; 2006. 5. Adamu Y, Alemayehu W. A randomized clinical trial of the success rates of bilamellar tarsal rotation and tarsotomy for upper eyelid trachomatous trichiasis. Ethiop Med J 2002; 40(2):107–114. 6. Reacher MH, Munoz B, Alghassany A, Daar AS, Elbualy M, Taylor HR. A controlled trial of surgery for trachomatous trichiasis of the upper lid. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110(5): 667– 674. 7. Woreta TA, Munoz BE, Gower EW, Alemayehu W, West SK. Effect of trichiasis surgery on visual acuity outcomes in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(11):1505–1510. 8. Frick KD, Melia BM, Buhrmann RR, West SK. Trichiasis and disability in a trachoma-endemic area of Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119(12):1839 –1844. 9. West ES, Alemayehu W, Munoz B, Melese M, Imeru A, West SK. Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics to Prevent Recurrence
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(STAR) Clinical Trial Methodology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005;12(4):279 –286. West S, Mariotti SP, Bedri A, Melese M, West E. Certification for Trichiasis Surgery Using the Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004. West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, et al. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery: randomized trial in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(3): 309 –314. West ES, Munoz B, Imeru A, Alemayehu W, Melese M, West SK. The association between epilation and corneal opacity among eyes with trachomatous trichiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(2):171–174. Massof RW. Application of stochastic measurement models to visual function rating scale questionnaires. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005;12(2):103–124. Dhaliwal U, Nagpal G, Bhatia MS. Health-related quality of life in patients with trachomatous trichiasis or entropion. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006;13(1):59 – 66. Rubin GS, Munoz B, Bandeen-Roche K, West SK. Monocular versus binocular visual acuity as measures of vision impairment and predictors of visual disability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(11):3327–3334. Rosen PN, Kaplan RM, David K. Measuring outcomes of cataract surgery using the Quality of Well-Being Scale and VF-14 Visual Function Index. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31(2):369 –378. Mangione CM, Berry S, Spritzer K, et al. Identifying the content area for the 51-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(2):227–233.
AJO History of Ophthalmology Series The Place of Lister in Modern Surgery
T
he common misconception in superficial histories of medicine is that Joseph Lister (1827–1912) singlehandedly revolutionized surgery by applying the new germ theory to the care of the surgical patient, and he did this against the opposition of his peers. In reality, the movement for building well-ventilated hospital wards that could be kept scrupulously clean was begun before Lister came on the scene. Lister’s particular scheme was to rely dogmatically and completely on carbolic acid, already in wide use in Europe as a disinfectant, to be applied to the surgeon’s hands and operative field, as well as used liberally on bandages, even if this led to tissue damage. He was otherwise rather careless in requiring
a clean environment. Later, a host of innovations by others showed the value of strict cleanliness and wound closure rather than total reliance on antisepsis in decreasing wound infection. Lister was able to co-opt the new findings by declaring that this had always been his technique to start with, and was able to convince others that he had pioneered them. REFERENCE Waller, J. Einstein’s Luck: The Truth Behind Some of the Greatest Scientific Discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Submitted by Ron Fishman from the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society.
VOL. 151, NO. 5
IMPACT
OF
TRICHIASIS SURGERY
ON
FUNCTION
857
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
(STAR) Clinical Trial Methodology. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005;12(4):279 –286. West S, Mariotti SP, Bedri A, Melese M, West E. Certification for Trichiasis Surgery Using the Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004. West SK, West ES, Alemayehu W, et al. Single-dose azithromycin prevents trichiasis recurrence following surgery: randomized trial in Ethiopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(3): 309 –314. West ES, Munoz B, Imeru A, Alemayehu W, Melese M, West SK. The association between epilation and corneal opacity among eyes with trachomatous trichiasis. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(2):171–174. Massof RW. Application of stochastic measurement models to visual function rating scale questionnaires. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005;12(2):103–124. Dhaliwal U, Nagpal G, Bhatia MS. Health-related quality of life in patients with trachomatous trichiasis or entropion. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006;13(1):59 – 66. Rubin GS, Munoz B, Bandeen-Roche K, West SK. Monocular versus binocular visual acuity as measures of vision impairment and predictors of visual disability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(11):3327–3334. Rosen PN, Kaplan RM, David K. Measuring outcomes of cataract surgery using the Quality of Well-Being Scale and VF-14 Visual Function Index. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005; 31(2):369 –378. Mangione CM, Berry S, Spritzer K, et al. Identifying the content area for the 51-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116(2):227–233.
AJO History of Ophthalmology Series The Place of Lister in Modern Surgery
T
he common misconception in superficial histories of medicine is that Joseph Lister (1827–1912) singlehandedly revolutionized surgery by applying the new germ theory to the care of the surgical patient, and he did this against the opposition of his peers. In reality, the movement for building well-ventilated hospital wards that could be kept scrupulously clean was begun before Lister came on the scene. Lister’s particular scheme was to rely dogmatically and completely on carbolic acid, already in wide use in Europe as a disinfectant, to be applied to the surgeon’s hands and operative field, as well as used liberally on bandages, even if this led to tissue damage. He was otherwise rather careless in requiring
a clean environment. Later, a host of innovations by others showed the value of strict cleanliness and wound closure rather than total reliance on antisepsis in decreasing wound infection. Lister was able to co-opt the new findings by declaring that this had always been his technique to start with, and was able to convince others that he had pioneered them. REFERENCE Waller, J. Einstein’s Luck: The Truth Behind Some of the Greatest Scientific Discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Submitted by Ron Fishman from the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society.
VOL. 151, NO. 5
IMPACT
OF
TRICHIASIS SURGERY
ON
FUNCTION
857