An analysis of the relationship between a sand-dollar embryo elutriate assay and sediment contaminants from stations in an urban embayment of puget sound, Washington

An Analysis of the Relationship Between a Sand-Dollar Embryo Elutriate Assay and Sediment Contaminants from Stations in an Urban Embayment of Puget Sound, Washington

J. P. Meador,“* ” FIsherich

B. D. ROSS,~P. A. Dlnnel” 8~ S. J Picquelle’ Rrsrarch

hLIS

Envlronmrnlal

Prolrcllon

ol’ Wnuhlnglon. 1lSA

Serwce, RACE,

Ih January IY90, rewed

Rid, ??! W

7lh Ave

Alaska 9951 \, LISA

Sen~tle, WashIngIon

(Rcwved

%I%,

Agency, Box 19 Frderul

Anchorage,

’ Nullcmal Manne Flshenes

llnlvcrslty

Inslllule, Washmglon

Seu~~le,

vcrslon

Dlvlslon,

rewvcd

,4 BSTR,4C’T

7b(W) Sand Poml Way.

9X I 14, LISA 1

lulv

IU90, xup~ed

H July 1990)

.‘4’

L

IN’TRC)DCIC’TIC)N One 01’ Ihe mosl difficult eslabllshmenl results.

1ask5 In ~U~IIC

ol’correla~~~n

Several

bioassay

helween

kchmques

IO~ICII~ ~rs~~ng has her11 the

srdlment

cc.)nlumlnanls

and honsstiv

are ava~l~~hle I’or assessing

IOXICIIY. Some melhods are spec~iic I’or sedlmenls

(Chapman

sedlmenl

& Morgan.

198 I, Swartz, t’/ ul., IWS, Carr t’/ d., 1989) while cbthersare more general and can be used loussaydlflcrenl Wr chose the slrnddollar on IIS senslllvlty organisms, relolive

malrlcrs( Dlnnel CSL Sloher. I9XS. AS’TM. 1989) (L)twtituv/tv~ tl \t~tw/rwus) emhrvo assav bud

IO sdlmenl-asocIaled

the ah1111y IO roullnrly

ease 01 idrnlil’yinp,

Correlalion Inl’requenlly

conlamlnanls, obraln

ahnc.~rm~lllics

hlp,h-qualIly

thr YV~II~~IIIIY gametes.

01

and Ihe

and mc.)rlalily

ol’ Iox~c~ly Iesl rrsulls lo environnienldl reullz,ed. Because 01’ myriad chemicals

pollul~nl loading and cnvlronmenlal

1s

condilionh, ascrIbIng uny one I‘aclor (t’.&! chemlc,al) lo explain h~orrssuy resulls IS usurllly l’ul~le. A more rigorous approach might enlall analysis 01’ varlance(ANOVA)or ohserved blolog,ical

regressIon unulysls using several l’aclors ~oexpla~n the etkcls in a well-dr~lf,nd I’aclorlal rxprrimenl

Analyang survey dlrlu wllh regrrsslon anulys~s IS dlen unprcducllve hecuuse many chemicals co-occur, which conl’ounds their etkc~s Rqresslon analysis

ol’ survey

du~a can only show ct\rrelallon helwren independenl and

dependent vurlahles and not cause and etkc~

Adcllllonally,

more Independenl

which,

anslysls

he reduced slullons hecause g,enerally

vurluhle~

than ohservnllons

Imposslhle.‘Therel’c.,re inlo

logical groups.

the number

oI’~ndependrn~

One way IO achieve

there may he

ol’L’c)ursc,

make the

vorlohles

needs lo

thlh IS by grouping

Ihe

by their slmllorllle~ In conlamtnanl lozllng,. ‘This IS reasonable many sludges have shown lhal the rHrcls 01’ IOXIC mixlures are addllive

(Konrmann.

19x1, Hermens

tl/ (I/,

I9X4. Swlrrlz

tl/ trl,

198X) One method oI’asslrylng sedlmenl-assoclnled contamlnanls

IS an elulrlate

hio;1ssay. Several embryo and larval lesls are ~lvu~luhle and muy hr used lo assess sedimenl elulrlale IOXICII~ (Woelke, 1972; Chapman Sr Moraan, 19X.3, Chapman & Fink, 1984; Dlnnel cfi Sloher, 1985, ASTM, 19X9) We chose a tilled-elulrlale

I~SI method (llSEPA/ACOE,

I9’77)since sa.iImenl pat-Ides

may inlerltre with orgamsm drvelopmenr and I’uncllon (Davis. 1960; Davis Ji Hdu. 1969). Sold-phase expc.)surescan albo make II difficult IO recover all embryos because uhnormnl and cled lndlvduals can sink Inlo the sedlmenl ‘This wc~uld skew any rslimalc 01 response ~CL’LIUSC01 the low relrleval 01’ lhese lndlvduals compared IO the I’rre-swImmIng, embryos. In addilion, the short-term elulrlule lesl mlnlmlzeb rxlraneous I’uclors (e g,. slarvallon ol’lesl animals, anoxla and other !dresb,es). ‘The sorpllon behavior (.)I c’c~nlamlnanls appears IO be conlrolled by

organic

time ol’ contact.

carbon,

and other physical-chemlcol

rtaported that the concentration sorption

contaminant

and Honeyman sorption

surface, pH, lonlc strength

type (JInorgamc attributes.

AddItionally,

some authors

01’ suspended pnrtlclt‘s

has an effect on

hehavlor (see revle+s by Morel and Gxhwend

and Santschl

Several

(IWX)).

(KurlckhoiT&

Morris,

( lY87)

sludges have slaled

processes are slow (days ICI weeks) I’or metal5 (Nyfkler

Nyffeler 111ul, IYKh; Honeyman Jlr Santschl,

have

that

(‘I ~1. IWl.

IYSX) and cqanlc cr.bmpoun&

IYH5), esprc~~lly In natural sedlmrnts

In prneral,

the

approach IO sorptlve equlllhrlum I’or hydrophohlc orgunlc c-ompounds mat he slow, although there is a rrlutlvely I’asl (hours) and ;1 slow (days lo weeks) borptlc.,n component (K:BrIckhof & Morris, IYXS). ‘The percentugr dlstrlhutlon between the I’~sI (lub~le) and slow (non-llrblle) l’ructlon IS related 10 the qulhhrlum psrtltlon coefficient (A’,,), the higher the K,, the higher the percentup,r ol’ thr chemlcul sorbed In the non.lahlle slu~e (KarlckhotT & Morris,

198s). Addltlonally.

as the org,anlc

Increased. the k’,~ncrellses(KarlckhoH;

01’ the sediment

content

IYHC)) ‘Thtxsorptlon

IS

l~utureswc)uld

tend IO l’uvor very slow desorption (.)I’ hydrophobic from sediment slurries with high lotal organic carbon

organic contamlnunts loads Sorp1lc.m kinetics

~.~l‘mctnls. on the other hand, are more compltcutrd.

Changes

pH, sallnlty

and other

physIcal-chemical

I’actc)rs can alter

organic compounds may be released from sediments Jt Schlelchert,

‘The primary

1977) which

purpose

01’ this

I-WIWWI~ h~dop~cul responses h~ou~y

a recently (Dinnel

relined

CSL Stober.

mdlcutor 01 contumlnnted were lrsled

01’

could

when ;1 slurry

liprm complexes

with

IS made

metals and

h~oava~lnh~l~~ylo lest organisms.

decrease their

employed

the amounts

t’/ ul., 1976). It IS also possible that some humlc-llkr

metals sorbed (Gambrel1 (Mullet-

In redox ~,~ale.

In serial

sludy

was IO examine

and c,hemical IondIng,

h~olrssay technique, 19HS), In order

the sand-dollar

We

embryo

IO rvuluu~e its usel’ulness ;1s un

sedlmenls. Addltlonully,

dilullon

the relationshlp In sediments.

;L I’ew 01’ the sediments

lo assess the dose-response

nalure 01 the

embryo assay A mutor goal ol’ this study was IO reduce the enormous chemical data WI IO a manageable SIX and relate the chemical contaminutlon 01’ each statIon

IO ;I h~olog~cal endpolnt.

MATERIALS

AND

METHODS

Sedlmrnt samples were collected with a modified 0 I m’ van Veen grab from 19 deposltlonal SII~S In Ihe: Elliott Bay/Duwamlsh Head area and from two addltlonol SII~S the Seahurst area (StatIon 31) and Eagle Harbor (two statIons, 36 and 37)( Fig I ) The Seahurst SII~ was chosen IO correlate with a previous study (Dlnnel CI ul.. 1984) and Eagle Harbor was Included because

470

N

10’

ol’ IIS high degree ol’contumlnallon. corner ol’ Whldhey Island which

West Beach, an area ol’ the northwest IS remole from urban Intluence, was the

control SII~ (Stallon 32). A sediment sample for each slallon consisted ol’ the I’rom three repllcale grabs All sedlmtnl I’or h~oassays lop Zcm removed from a SII~: was thoroughly

retalned Ice(nol

exceeding

analyses

IC) h). then frozen

was laken

mixed, divided

Inlo plastic hags, kepl on

AI the same lime, sediment

I’rom the homogenlz,ed

sedlmtnl

with

for chemical

;1 letIon

spoon,

placed Into a glass Jar sealed wllh a tetlon IId, and sent on Ice( unfrozen) lo I he lab Ibr unalysls. All slrmphng gear for chemical samples was acid-washed and

cleaned

samphng.

ol’

Sediment

organic

contomlnonts

wllh

for h~oassays was I’rcbzranI,r

dlchloromelhane

‘The physlcnl appearance ol’the thawed sedlmenls was not dlflerenl ol’ fresh sediment Although redox potenllal In the sedlmenis measured

31

the lime

ol’ sumpllng.

II

was

More

‘10 days, thawed and tested

expected

that

than Ihul was nol

those sedlmenls

conslsllng mainly ol’ clay were C)XIC only In the lop few milllmelers SItdIments were analyz,ed I’or the 1JS EPA Priority Pollutants.

‘This

Included I10 org,anlc cahemlcols and I4 meluls. Volatile compounds were srlec~ed by a modllied Bcllar.L,lchtenberg, purge-and.trap method, and the extractable maierlals were colleclrd by methylene chlonde/melhanol solvent exlractlon and cleaned up wllh a series ol’ high pressure lquld ‘The organic prlorlly pollulanl large1 chromalographlc separullons compounds were Idenllfied and qunntlfied by use ol’slohle isolope dilullon

and represenlallve

compound

these trace organic capillary

surrogate

compounds

gus chromatography

selective

detectors

subsequent

gruphlle

speclromelry

prolocol

liar anulysls

blanks

und malrlx-spiked

‘The dralerrmnallon

furnace,

pollulanls

replicate

drlecllon

grease, organic

carbon,

(‘Table

acldiperoxldr

consisled

onalyseh

In(c>rrnallon

In tiddillon

loconvenllonal

chrmlcal

I .‘T’hecomple~r IISI ol’prlority pc.)llulunls 2, which also shows which correlalrd based on Pearson correlation

‘The procedure dllullon,

enllrlled lilterlng

lestlng, the tillralr

on l(.)‘fi, lo I S’!O 01’

oulllned

preparlng,

In I.lSEPA/ACOE

placed In a cleun, 4lller added and mixed

analysesare

chemlctils

analysls IS presenled

were

lo the lesl

creale

the slack

(1977)

lo sedlmenl,

ol’lox~conls ptirllcles

;I I.Z/rrn

rtlulrlalrt.

Filtered

hy volume)

to a

dllullon

and

Removing

(5 krm) seawaler

was

slir blades. A

or ‘33 3%‘(v/v)

slack slurry elulnnle dllullon IS

GF/C

IO decanting,

glass microfber

the srdlmtrnls

lo ellminale

as

from

thr

the

IO

tiller slurry

was

the possibilily ol’desorplion physIcal eflds cd the sedlmenl

embryos.

lesl was used lo mimic the slluallon cd resuspended ilnillogous lo dredging operalions and lurhidily Hews due lo

elulrltile

srdimenls

currents

resuspending

was ulso used as ;I surrogate and

Whatman

during, the lesl and lo mlnnnize

on the drveloplng

Thlh

sample

sample was thawed and

A sedlmenl

polyethyleneconlalner.

becuuse II was deslrahle

prclkrred

slrong

through

spatially

ralu~r~n~rs Ibr the b~oassays were prepared

was prepared I;.)r each SII~ (the standard llSEPA/ACOE 4 I) All slurries were tillowed lo sellle I’or one hour prior supernalonl

highly

analysis. a slurry ol’ ;I sdlmenl ad)usllng

oxygen pollutanl

l~sled In Table

I’or 3Omln al high speed with slaInless-steel

(seawaler

2. I dllullon

IO standard EPA nllro~,en. 1~1 und priorlly

used In clusler

oul the parllcles,

Sedlmenl

Selecled

IVr(4).

tit ul.,

In ‘Table

known

then

()I’ field and method

perl’ormed

solids, groin siz,e and b~ologicol

volalile

I ) (Romberg

various

t’/ ul.. 1984) Samples

nllrlc

the samples. ‘The qua111y conlrcd measures were equlvalenl required prolocol AddItIonal analyses Included lolol demand

wllh

flame, hydride or cold-vapor atomic assurance et ul.. 19X4). The quu111y

(Romberg

of’ pnorlly

with

ol

high resolullon,

wllh

(Romberg

und digested

were dried

by elIher

absorption

and

and mass spectromrlry

l’or [race mrrlals analyzed

techniques

was oc,compllshed

on

srdlmenls

sedlmenls

Into

I’or lnverlebrale

We expected

lhal

the water column seltllng

the elulrlote

‘The assay

and metamorphosis

In

lesl was essenllnlly

assessing the eflecls dur IO Inlerstitlal-water conlamlnanls because 01 the short lime lrtime I’or ~dhorplton or desorpllon ol’contnmlnunlsond removal (II the solid phase ‘The protocol oI’ Dlnnel and Siobcr ( 1985) was I’ollowed I’or the sand-dollar embrvc.) ~lssay Sand dollars (Devrdrus~t~r t~~ctw/rums) were collected lnlerlldallv Irom South Alkl Polnl on central Pugel Sound, and maIntaIned

1, I,,’

“O,,“,!,

ofsand

on beds

In ambient,

a 16.7O/u (v/v) elulriak chosen

i-lowmg filtered

(I. I dllullon

based on screening

controls

Included

F’rldoy

Harbor

seawater

ol’ stock

seawater I’rom Klncaid

IS collected

elulnrrk).

from

a per

An addlilonol In

September sedlmenl

non-frozen, parallel.

were

from

WA,

the same sumpIe in order

and

is used

Hall for

was prepared

during

the

month

analyses were perl’ormed

01’ wllh

IO reduce varlablllty. exist

since sediments from multIpIe Thus, our replicates for each

determine the varlablllly ol’ the lrasl When this study desired lo lesl a range ol’elulrlale dllulions per stallon slatIons

Klncaid

ol’ West Polnl s(t3wtiler was

sedlmenl sample gave informalion about the varlablhty not Ihe area sampled. However, a number of dllulions

EC50 values among

was

with the others. ‘The above with the sediment samples.

conduckd

1984. Both bioassay and chemical

True replicales for each station did noI grabs i11 each slollon were composlkd.

dilullon

ofZ~oology)and

sedlmenl-r:lulrlote

non-ctlulnvleconlrol

B~oassays

test used

non-elulrlak

(CIW)). The

In Anacorles,

from Wesl Beach sediment and tested along controls were: rroz,en and processed concurrently assayed

This

Holl(Depar~menl

ol’ Washington

al 1IW. A conlrol

sludies

‘The elutnate

assays (Ross t’t al., 1984) Two

Labs (Ilmverslty

embryological

seawater

ol’ the technque, were replicaied to was desIgned. it was In order ICI compare

(Ross e’/ al., 1984).

Data analysis All embryo

abnormalily

p = 0.5 * [arcsln where p = Iranslbrmed per

sample

and

data were transformed

by

{ Jc v/(w t I))} t arcsin (J(( dependent

I = number

vanable, responding

v t I)/@ t I))}]

n = lolal

number

(Zar,

1984). This

ol’ organisms particular

transformation is beneficial for data close IO 0% and loO%, which occurred frequently. All ANOVAs were performed on transformed dala which were transformed The

back IO percenl

lisl ol’ chemicals

for reporting

analyzed

and graphing.

was pared down

from

the original

130

organic compounds and I4 metals IO a final IISI of 29 organic compounds and I2 melals (Table 2). A large number organic contaminants (80) were

of

not delecled

a~ any ol’ the slatIons

sampled

and were thus excluded

I’rom

statistIcal analyses. Twenty-one organicchemicalsexhibited a concentration of less than 2&dry kg sediment al greater lhan 95% of the slatIons and were deleted because it was beheved that this was the mmimum bulk concentration that should be considered for sediment loxicily due lo probable low interslillal waler concentralions. The mean and standard devlstlon of these 21 means IS O-2 f 0.24&drykg; n = 21. Based on the model ol’ Slaples t’t al. (1985) and the 167% lest dilution, lhe expecled

TABLE P~I~HII~

2

Pollulanls llsrd In Clus~cr An;llvhrh

L,PAH *Acenaphlhrnr lAnlhrarcnr *Al,rnophl hvlenc +Fluorrne +Phrnanlhrcne *Naphlhalene

HPAH +Benzc~(a)pvrrnr * knzo( h)Huoran~ henr *Benzc.,(e,h,r)~~rvl~n~ *Benzo(kIHuclrunlherlr Thrvsene *Drlxnzc.,(o h)anlhraccnr *Fluoranlhene ‘InJcnc~( I,!,1 c.d)pvrenc +Benro(a)anlhruccne ‘Pvrene

Ollrtv orgurrrc corrrp~wd,~ Aroclor I254 ArtxaIor 1248 DDE: J-4’. Drrthvlphlholalr Dr.n-octylphthalalr Nrlrophenol ! Phenol A”l&ll,\ Arsenic C’udmium C’l~hilll *LeaI Nlckrl V3nildium

Aroclor I !hO Benzrnr Ch n-hulvl phlhalalr Drmrlhvlphrnol 24 Mrlhvlrnr chlondr Prn~achlorophenol

Brr vllium Chromium ‘Coppr Mrrcury Silver %inc

+ = a suhsrl ol’all chrmlcals In which 75% 01 all pair comhrnallons have a Pearson corrrluliun coetlicienl (r) - lb 75 (02% 01 all pairs. r 0 5). L,PAH = Ic)w molecular wrlghl polyaromnllr hydrtrarhons, HPAH = hrp,h molecular wrlphl polvoromalrc hvdrcrarhons l

inlerslltlal

wnkr

concenlrallon

I’or each excluded chemical would

he

approxlmalely

CWS ng/liler (purls per Irllhon) and the lolaI inkrsllllal

waler

concentration approximnkly

for all ol’ the 21 excluded compounds would have been I ng/likr. II was anllclpaled that the prohahle addlllve

lnlrrsllllal waler concenlrallon ol’ lhese conlamlnanls was loo low lo explain ohserved IOXICI~~ At the same lime II was believed that their rllmlnallon would enhance the nh1111y ol’lhe cluster technique and ANOVA procedure IO dekc~ u IOXICII~ trend among Ihe slatIons. ‘The meals ulumlnum und manganese were d&led because [hey are molar, natural components ol’ the sedlmenls and are considered non-toxic al ambient concentrullons (Konasewlch PI LI/, 1982).

”0 uh,romru/

SE'hf

“0 uhn1mrul I’,

40

I

\

llM,O

lb

VV h

I7

1cn,o 2x0

x4

0 I

IH

hl

2.0

20

4

0

1511

IV

b4l

lot)0

!I

X’7 I

!!

I(H)0

09

21

V’7 \

i 0 -

11

I(W)0 25 0

-

24

V’7h

-

-

29

‘70 J

!X

Icn,n

-

!b

120

1’7

2x0

h

24 (1

1 H

!X

bl 0

-

JVO

-

1’)

VOb

-

v

lcnlo

0

10

l(M)0

IO

‘,5&I HVI

-

II

40 ‘7

22

11

VV II

04

Ih

IOI~O

0

11

1111)O

0

100

II I’&

hll

I4

I(W)0

0

Rrsponseh ol’snnd dollar embryos the slundard

error

confidence relallvely

Ihal

10 srdlmenl

01 Ihr mean, N = numhrr

the lox~c~ly

value

free from measurement

I’or the bioassay

were wllhln

elu~na~

when ksccd ;II lb 7% v/k’ SE,M

01’ rrphcale~

calculated

error.

All

the ranges

N

.SE’h!

=

Dash = not compuled

for any

ol’ the

given

stallon

was

waler qua111yparameters

allowed

by ASTM

(1989)

‘The

temperature I’or lhlsexperlmenl was between 13.1 and 137”C, the dissolved oxygen was between S-4 and 6.0 mg,/llkr, and the salinlly was helween 27.5 and 2&S parls per Ihousund. The dendrogram Ibr all conlamlnnnk groups

(FIR.

2(a))

Stallon

.I1 (control)

produced

only

was conspicuously

three dlscrrnlhle dlfTeren1 I’rom the

other statIonsand not Included In a cluster or the ANOVA. ‘The ANOVA I’or these three ‘lreulmenls’ reveals Ihot there was a slgnlficanl dlikrence between the clusters (F,,,, = 3.70, p = 0 (13.5). Schefk’s multIpIe comparison Indlcukd Ihal the mean abnormallly ol’cluskr one (lowest chemical loudIng), wllh 20 slatIons, was slgnllicanlly lower than the mean ol’lhe other two clusters. ‘The means and L)S% contidencr: Intervals are plotled In FIN. Z(h). The null hypothesis I’or Barllell’s lest ol’equal vnnances (homogeneous variance) was ikplrd (p = 0~10). When cluster analysis was perl’ormed with only the orgunlc pollulnnls, Ihe WI

GROUP

t 20

SCHEFFE’S

0

1

T

6

I

GROW

2

I

fu

l

c

s

2

1

CO~AM[NANT

cLimms

Ih)

Fig. 2. Curlis

la) Dendrogram dlsslmllarlly

ahnorrnollly lnlerval

Henihle

and all conlammanls

versus Ihe cluslers

which groups clusters Number

01 cluslor analysis or all conlammanls.

measure and

ol’ slallons

Mean percenl uhnormal

lor lolul conlummanls.

(underlined)

In each cluskr

Ihnl IS

C’onhlrurkd

wllh Ihe Bray.

I’uslon slrolegv (/I = - 0 24). (h) Sand-dollar Schetk’s

were nol qnticanlly shown

C = West

number 01 repltcalrs

emhrvo

embryos and VP/~ confidence IS

Ihe mulllplc dtkrrni

Beach control

comparison al Ihe 95%

sedlmenl

with

I~SI

lrvcl Ihr

results were more sInkIng.

lnspecllon ol’ihe dendrogram (FIR

organic compounds reveals lhul four mnpr cluskrs ofstullons

.3(a))Ibr the were I’ormed

‘Three slatIons (I I, IS and 26), as well as the control slallon (II!), did nol tit Inlo any cluskr I’or Barllelt’s

and were excluded from the ANOVA

‘The null hypolhesls

I~SI oI’equnl vunances (homogeneous variance) w;lb

(p = 0.07) and Ihe ANOVA

ol’ embryo abnorrnuhty

accep~rd

and organic clusler

determined

lhal the clusters hud LI slgnikanl impact on embryo obnorrnnlily ( F,,2, = 5.52; p = C)4H)S). The mulliple compareon lesl 01’ Schelk shows Ihal the slatIons In cluskr I (lowesl conlumlnallon) produced slgmiicanlly lower ohnormalIty In embryos than the other slallc.m!, (clusters Z-4). The means and 95%

conlidence Interval are plolled

should also be nokd Ihal the abnorrnullry

In FIR

J(b) II

exhIbIted In the control was very

low when compared IO all clusters The slollons In the Cjrganlc cluster!, tire oulllned wllh lsoplelhs in Fig. I IO show their peogrophlcal grouplnp, based on similar organic conlamlnanl loading. The cluster routine also grouped statIons Inlo three major clusters bused on the metal conlen (Fig 4(n)) ‘The ANOVA cornparIng sand-dollar embryoabnormallly between metal clusters was noI slgnilicanl ( F2,2, = (1.49, p = 062) and th e results ure plo~kd In Fig. 4(b). The null hypothesis for Barlletl’s

I~SI ol’equal variances (homogeneous variance) was also nccepled

(p = 072) which vaIldoled lhls assumption The plols prttsrnkd

oI’ the ANOVA.

of the sum loyal, log orglrnlc and log melal concenlrallons In Fig.

conlnmlnank

S(a) and (b). II IS clear Ihal

In the higher-numbered

there were more

are 1o1a1

clusters. ‘The results ol’ the ANOVA

for each were highly slgnllicant (orpnics,

F,,,,

= 45.46, p K WHOI;

melals,

F .‘,zfj = 2.3 17; p < 0(HX)I) ‘These analyses resulted loodIngs. The

Bruy-CurlIs

amount ol’conlomlnanls

in cluskrs cluster

ol’ slatIons

routine

wllh

grouped

similar

the slatIons

chemical by the

measured In rhe sediments, which was upproprink

because all the prlorlty pollulanls were considered poknllally IOXIC. Other lypes ol’cluskrlng roullnes were noI examined; they may lead lo shghlly dilkrent results but probably would noI change the conclusion. Although the cluslers slallons could rotale LII their hghesl branch pvmg ;1 different

of

order, Ihc final dendrogram conlaminalion. A dose-response

drawn IS In the order ol increasIng chemical

relalionshlp

was determIned I’or several slatIons (Fig. 6)

In every case the percent abnormality response declined wllh increased dilution (reduced exposure). Stallon 32 was the control sedlmenl elulrlale For comparison, thedilutIon factor I’or the I~SI reported In TobIt: 3 was60 II can be seen In Fig. 6 that four ol’the slatIons produced 100% abnormahly al a dllullon factor of6, but when they were retested LII a higher dilullon faclor their lrue loxicIly potential was revealed

I

CRCNIP 2

-

100

II

75

II

-

g

IO

14

g _,

ss it&

¶O-

8% P 9

SCHEF’FE’S

-

25

0

l-2-J

+6 C

‘3

2

I

METAL CLUSTERS (h)

Fig. 4.

(a) Dendrogram

ubnormahly lnkrval

ol’clus~er ;Inalysw ol’ melal conlamlntints

and metal conlammanla

Mean perccnl abnormal

versus Ihc clus~crs I’or metal conlamlnonls

(b) Sanddollar

embryo

embryos and 95% confidence

See FIN, 2(b) caplIon

I’or delalls

2

I

’ *

‘3

2

1

ORGANIC CLlIsrERS (aI

I a

2

I

7

METAL CLlIS’T’ERS

Fig. 5.

‘Tolo

conlamrnont

confidcncc mkrval Schetk’s

conrrnlrallon

Ibr each clus~rr

IS Ihe muhlple

hv clusler

IS plolled

Mean log,,,, concenlralron

Ibr (a] orpnlc

and 05%

and (h) mclal conlammanls

comparison ks~ which pxq~ cluskrs (underlmed) srgnlhcantly drfiercnl 111Ihe r)+% level

Ihat were nul

IO

2

100

SEDIMENT Chrr rrsponse

ELIJTRIATE

curve id sand dollar

emhrvo

IQ00

DILUTION ahnormalily

and elulriale

Jilulicbn

DISCllSSION ‘The sun&dollar cc.mlclminaled

embryo hy

assay appears

organic

sedlmenls

or dredp

sedimenl

samples

produced

the hlp,hesl embryo

p,enerally

believed

prionly

IO he a good Indlcalor

pollulunls

d~syosal). ‘The ANOVA wllh

the highest

Ihot loxicIly

cc.,mpc~unds1slldd111ve(Kl~nemL1nn,

ahnorrnal~~y. caused

(mimicking

resulls

amount

ol’sedimenls

d

‘This

Ioxic IS

resuspended

show that. In general. orpanlc

noI surprising

hy chemlcol

mIxlures

1981; Herrnenstvul,

chemlculs hence ol’

II

IS

orpnlc

IL)H4;Swnr1z,t~rul,

IOM), although chemical synergism cannol he ruled oul. Conlumlnanl may therel’ore

concentrallons in statIons grouped hy clusler kchnquras he a g,ood indicalion ol’ areas a~ risk from organic

ct~nlaminanls ‘Theexception In lhlscase isorganlccluskr 2, which exhIbIted ;1 1o1a1 concrnlrallon that was similar lo cluster I (FI~,s I and S(;1)) hul produced slgnllicanlly higher uhnormallly In thr embryos (Fig. 3(h)). In the c;l~, II IS probably the quahtative difkrences between the IWO groups and/or hioavulluhillly factors that are Imporlanl. In general, the slotions I’rom Ihe central area (.,I’ Ell~orl Bay conlained rhe leasl amounl ol’ orgamc conlumlnanls, probably hrctiuse lhls area IS further from Induslrlal Inpul.

,SuntCtMlar

twrhr 1’0 thirrart~

u,ssu 11urrd ,dfmtwr

37

cwnfummunl.\

Because thls wasu survey and noI an expenmenl, and many variables were highly correlakd,

the melal and orpanIc conlamlnunl

dala could not he

sepvrakd lnlo lndependenl variables I’or slal~slical analysis. II was observed lhlrl the metals copper and lead ore correlated wllh cerlaln orpanIc compounds(Table

2), Iherel’ore their ccmlrlhullon

10 the pallern observed In

cannel he ruled oul. In I’xI. II’ the mean copper and lea_i concenlrallons ore examined for each cd’thr orpnlc cluskrb. II will he seen Fig.

3(h)

Ihat the concenlratlon

ol’ each melal Increases In each succcsslvc clublrr with

the hlphest mean concenlrallon In cluster 4 AI the llmr IhIs sludy was conducted (IC)H4), II was

not susprtc~ed rhal

I’reezlnp the sdlmenk would hove an efkc~ on the h~oasslrv resulls ‘The resulls lndlcaled lhal I’recrzlng and thawing d’ sedImenls was noI conlrihulory lo Ihe response because the conlrol sedimenl (Slallon 12) response was no grealer than that I’rom the unl’roz,en

waler

(Wesl

conlrol

Poinl) (Table 3) However, CIfew recenl sludies have Indlcaled thul I’reez,lng, the sedlmenl may alter Ihe h~oassay results (Moleug t’/ ul., I9)Hh; Schuykma t’/ d,

1989) Both ol’ these sludges

lndlcakd

Ihal the IOXICII~

wah

lrhs when

I’roxn sediment was used and that more cqanlc carbon was In the overlying waler from the I’rozen-stored sedlmenls. Schuylema t’t al. ( IWN) dd not hnd any slgnlticanl difference In ~~XICII~ I’rom Endrln when I’roz,en and ccbld. stored sediment were c,ompared, hug the resulk I’or DD’T’ Indlcaled less ~OXICII~

(LCSO ahoul lwice

one OUI ol’lhree

as high) I’rom I’rozen-slored sedImenls (all houph

locatIons produced no dllkrence).

( IcSHh) indiculed 3 grealer loxicily c&i-slored

Although

Maleug t’/ al.

I’rorn copper und organic carbon spiked

sedimenls, the comparrahle frcxen-slored

lesls had II suhslanll-

ally hlg,her pH which makes the results difficult IO Inkrprel All things considered, I’reezlng may have had a slight amelIoratIng, eflkc~ on IOXICIIY In the presenl

s~ucly, possibly

have reduced a Ioxlcanl’s cold

and i’roxn-stored

sllghl

In relallon

In rxlrupcdullng

due IO the relelrse ol’orpnlc bloavalllrbility.

‘The dlkrcnccs

sedlmenl reported

carbon which

In IOXICII~ helween

In the Ilkralure

are considered

IO the large range in IOXICII~ from these sedlmenls (Fig. from the laboratory

may

6).

IO the field, our study would lend IO

undrarestlmale the lrut: IOXICII~ poknllal 01’ the IN sedlmrnls II is eenerally hel~evd Ihal lnlersllllnl waler IS the primary exposure lo organisms from non-polar orglrnic compounds (Adam5 t’/ ~71.. 1985; Adams, 19X7). We assumed Ihal Ihr

route 01

In sedlmrtnls rlulrlok lesl

rtxposed the orgunlsms lo the sedlmenl porr waler, which may have been In equlllbrlum wllh sedlment.bound cc.mlamlnants UI the [Ime ol’ collectIon. Because these sediments had a reInlIvely high tolal orgunlc curbon load, II was hypothesized that the proporllon ol’ hydrophobic orgamc compounds In the labile I’racllon was low and desorplion I’rom the non-labile fraction was slow (KarIckhoH& Morris, I9NS). Hence, the short lime-l’rame( 1.S h) I’or

elu~na~e preparation

and the removal

ol’the solid phase would

Ihvor llmllecl

desorptlon. In consderatlon ol’the above polnls. we sugpes~thal very 11111~ ol’thesolid-phaseoreanlcconlamlnonlsdesorhecl Inlo Iheelulr~a~ctsolullon The metals In this sludy, expressed as 101al sedlmenl concenlrallons, do noI appear toexplaln theobserved IOXICII~. II ha5 been previously noted Ihat lo101 melal concenlrallons do noI correlale well with blouccumulullon or IOXICII~(Thompson emul., 19L(O).When IOIOImelal conlrnl was considered. sdImenls

producing

low abnorrnalily

were noI dlsrlnguishable

from

[hose

prociuclng high abnormullly (FIR. 4(b)). ‘This 15 nor IO say lhal elevu~ed concenlralions ol’ melals are unlmporlanl 3s cc.mlaminanls in sedimenl Other

metal I’aclors may he imporlanl

areas

wllh

bioavailnhilily

higher

~o(al

concrnlrallon!, an&or dlfkrrnl Becausr II was demonslraled bv

IOXIC

Dint-d TVLII (1984) thal varmus 01 relallvely low concenlrallons,

metals will UHCCIsand-dollar embryo5 we fully exprcl lhls assay IO respond when

melnls occur al 10x1~ concenlralionh. Because Ihesorpllon klnellcsol’melalsnre amounl

adsorbed

preparallon, compared

we dd

noI

lo inlersllllal

nol complrlely

IS noI rasrly

or &sorbed

waler

rn Ihe receiving column

waler

(Windom,

from

IO receiving ol’ lnlerstlllal

some cases exhibited

a decline

eHecI may br due IO a change condillons

sllp,hllv

bound

rn dissolved

so) al

preparslion

the

would

and

In the

(4 I waler

metals (Brannon

bloussay

melals.

ol’ sampling,

cause

elulriales

cd’ IOI~I melal concenlrollon

humics)

lime

Imporlanl

‘This was nolrd

lo

t’/ LI/. 1976. and blologlc

In the redox SI~I~ ol’~he sedlmenis

oI’ samphng (e.g

the

rlulrlale

walers (Lee et/ ul 1 1976; Shuba t’/ LI/, 1976). waler and slandurd elulrlale~. which In

I#C); Peddicord, I9HO) ‘The generally poor correlallon

org,anlcally

ol’~ox~colo~~c~lly

dredge malerral

1973, IL)76), in sli3ndard

sedimenl) compared or In ~1comparison

dltierenl

underslood.

During

expect radical chang,es In elu~nu~e melals as waler. ‘This is supporld by several authors who

I‘ound l~llle or no change In the concenlrallons melols

ascerlarned

3 decrease

or

the

II’ the sedlmenr the c.)xldlz,lng in

soluble

release

under

the

01’ boo-

was anc.jxIc (or

~HWIS ol’ elulrluk

manganese

and

iron

Indlcarlng preclpilallcm (Healon & Dnvul, 1985). Because iI has been shown lhal oxyhydroxdcs ol’lhese elemenls are able I(., scavenge metals (Brannon t’f ul,

1976; Gambrel1

Elderfield

t’/ d,

TV d.,

1976; O’Connor,

1976. Davis

I979), a decrease in melal!, in the rlulrlale

& Leckle.

1978;

IS expecled.

This

Ieds us IO suggesl lhal some ol’ the conlamlntinl melals mav have been under-represented In some elutrlole samples. This scenario 01 reduced melals In the elulrlales may noI occur In every case. but II may be sufficlenlly common thul the lnlerprelolion ol’the du~lr on metals IS susprc~, which Icuds us IO lheconcluslon lhal lheelulrlaleassay may noI beapproprlale for melal conluminnnl assessmenl ‘The Iurges class 01’ organic conlamlnants I’ound In lhls SILI~V were the

polycycl~c (Table

aromatIc

hydrocarbons

2) determIned

belween

lhal

most

(PAHs).

ol’ the chemicals

(r ‘:I 0.75) and hence would

slalions

able. II IY clear that these compounds conlamlnanl

load

appear loexplain ol’correlakd componenl

IOXICII~

observed

relatIonship

response

relationshIp this vuned

from sediment

PAHs IS best prrdlcled chemlculs.

‘The general blologlcol

conlrlhuled in orgunlc

mosl ol’lhe

between

were highly

correlated

IndIstinguish-

In lhesr slatIons.

by the sum lotal sedlmenl

ol’ the

2-4 (‘Table

elulr~a~es thar exhibit

bulk

analysis

a large proporllon clusters

IO be a good one

appears

correlallon

be slal~sl~ca)ly

lo Ihe sediments

IOXICII~

that, In general,

Pearson

I) and

We prrdlcl

B high dqree

concentrallon

01’ the

conlnmlnallon

II IS doublI’uI

and thal

could be Improved with normnllzullon IO organic carbon only slightly I’or the mulorlly ol’ the statIons (Table

this since I) A

normulklrllon approach which considers welphllngy each compound by IIS IOXICII~ may be promlslng but the dala are lacking With Inl’ormullon on the sedlmenl waler content, bulk sediment orgonlc-conlanllnlnnl concenlrallons, und total orgamc carbon content, one could ~heoreliclrlly model the exposure concenlrallon cluster

(Staples tl/ ul., l9HS) in order lo further

technique

IO determine

the pallerns

reline the power ol’the

01’ IOXICII~

‘The dose-response curve In F’lg 6 shows 1hat the dllutlon I’aclor chosen I’or expc.)sure ~scrucial In determimng, the IOXICII~ profile t.)kdImenls. II ~scle~lr Ihal

some sedimenls

produced

more

IOXICII~ than

others

and IheIr true

IUXICII~ polenliul IS revealed only through dllullon It 15 believed thal II’ B larp,er dilution (‘actor had been used, the dose-response feature of FIN, 3(b) would

have been accentuated

‘The only way IO characterize rlulrlalc 1es1II-I serial dllutlon. which

needs IO sctl cnkna

with lower tibnorrnallly

values I’or cluster one

Ihe loxIcily ol’ a sedlmeni IS IO perform the ‘This IS paramount I)r the regulatory process based on excess amounts

olU conlumlnunls

In

sediments.

ACKNOWLEDGEME,NTS We thank the skiff ol’ the Muruclpalily ol’ Metropolitan SeallIe (METRO) and the llnlverslty ol’ WashIngton I’or chemical analyses and logisllc supporl, and Drs Q. Slober and K. Chew lix management ol’the DuwamlshHead survey a~ the University ol’Wa,shlnglon. B~oassays were: conducted 31 the M E’TRC) marine llrboralory located 31 Ihe Wesl Polnl Trtalmenl Plant, Seu~lle. WashIngton. Wr also thank Drs R. Cordwell and .I. Landohl for reviewing the manuscrlpl and provldlngconslrucllveLldvlce. Porllonsol’thls work were completed while J.P.M. held a Nalional Research CouncllNatIonal Oceanic and Almospherlr AdmInistratIon Research Assoclaleshlp.

REF’ERENCES Adams, W. J. (IY87) B~oavu~lah~l~~y conlaid on ~trdlmrnls D review

01’ neulral Irpophillc orgaruc chemicals In F;ir/cn urd E/jtv-/.s of ~Sthwr~/ Btwrtl C’lrtvrrrt~tdv w Aqrrurrt~ ,SI:v/tvrr.v, ed K L, Dlckschn, A W Make & W A Brungs Prrgamon Pres\, New York, pp 1’lY)44

AS’TM ( I%#) Slandard gudr lorccducling, r;lnlic xulc IOP.ICIIV lesls vlarlinp, wilt1 r:mhryc.,s ol’ four spec~rs ot’uollwukr h~valve molluscs E7?~d’O (Rcr’r,\td /%Yv. E7?J-SVj, American Suc~e~y Ior ‘Tesllnp,and Mulenals, Phlladrtphla. PA. IH pp Boesch. D F (lY7’7) Appllcallon 01’ numerical classlticallon In ecological Invesllpnllons 01‘ waler pollu1lc.m EPA-hO0,: 1 77 03 1 aSpr~~~ru/ ,Sc’rtwrr/n Rtlpor I No 77, Vlrgnra Insl. (.)I’ Murrnr Sciences, I I4 pp. Brannon. J M , Engler. R. M , Rose. J R, HunI. P (3 d Smllh. I (1’976) Dlslrlbullon 01’ lon~c’ heavv melul!, In marine and I’reshwaler sedrmenlr In bdg:rng utrri I/.\ Err~vronrrrtvr/u/ E’fltlt,/.y, ed P. A. K renkel, J Harrison & J C Burdock III American Soc~r~y 01 CIVII E,nglnrrra, New York. pp 455-YC. Brannon, J M , Plumb. R H Jr & Smith, I (IYnO) L,ong-lrrm release 01’ heavy metals I’rom sed~menls In C’(,/~/LII)IIIIU/I/.Yuntl ,Std/~//t~~//.qVol !, ed R A Ba kcr Ann Arbor Science Puhllshcrl;, Ann Arbor, MI, pp ??I -78 Carr. R. S, Wrlllams. J W & Frapllr, C ‘T B. (IYHY) Developmen and rvaluallon ol’ a novel marine sedlmrnl pore waler IOXICII~ I~SI with rhe polvchuelr ~~I~~I//II.~ g I~IO~~/U/II,Y Efrlvrorr ‘To ~rtvd C’hnr., 8, 5 1 J4 1 Chapman, P M & Fink, R (IYHJ) E,tTec~s(.,I’ Pugel Sound srdlmenl+ and IheIr elulrlales on I he ldr cyclr d C’up/tVh cx~prru/u Bull. E/w/ror/. CT’or//mr. fro \ red ,

35,45I-Y Chapman,

P M Jt Morgan,

E//l’/ror/

corr/urrr

‘Ti,

J D ( lYkI1) Srdimenl \ wol , JI, 4 IHal

hlolrssays wrlh oyslrr

Iarvlrr.

Bdl

Davis. H. C ( IYhO) EHrcly ol’lurhdlly producing marrrials in seawaler on eggs and larvar 01 I he clam ( I ‘ivrrr.\ (A/tv-tw/ur/tr) wtwtwur/u) B/o/ BM// ~ II& 48-54. Davis, H (.’ d Hdu. H ( IYhY) E,HrcIsol lurhdlly prc.)ducrnesuhsluncrs In seawaler on eggs and larvae ol’lhrrr genera ol’h~volvr mollusks. ‘T//t! I’thgtv-, I I, II&?1 Davis. J A & L,rckIr. J C) (lY7X). EHIXI cd ~dsorhed complcxlng llpnda on Irxr mrlal uplakr hv hydrous oxdrs G/crro~/. St.1 ‘Tt~~~//r/o/ 1 It, I 100 - t s Dlnnd, P A Jt Slohrr. (.) J I lY85) Methodology and analyslkol’seu urchin emhrvo h~oasunvs (‘rr~dur h’r, ,YI 1- School (.)I’ Flshrrlru, llnlversrly 01‘ Washlnplon, lYPP Dlnnrl, P A , C)II, F S & Slohrr,

~on~colop,y Vol. I(.) In Rtvr!rw S/rrtllv, ed (3 J Sloher & K I( Chew Final repor FRI-LIW-K4I.1, Flshrrlrs Research Insllluk. Llnlvrrslry 01’Warhlnpr~~n, IO Munlclpallly 01’Mrlropolllan SealtIe (METRO). I’)! pp Eldrrtirld, H , Hrpworlh, A , E,dwurds, P N B Holiday, L, M (IY’7Y) %Inc In Ihe Conway rivrr and rsluarv. Ev/ u/d C’ou.v/ Alur. St-r., 9, 403-!? Gamhrrll, R P., Khuld, R A & PalrIck, W. H Jr( 1976) Physiochrmlcul puramrler?, Ihol rrg,ulak mohlllzollon and Immohlllzullon (.)I’ IOXIC heavy melal% In ,St~wgt~

‘Trtw/rtrtvr/

(;I J (IYH4)

F’lut~r Prop/

Stdrrrr.v/

Marine

Bustht~

urrd i/s Er//:rror/r/rrrr/u/ Efltva/,v. ed P. A K renkel. J Harrison & J C Burdock III. Amencan Sociely ol’ Civil Engineers, New York, pp 41X-14 Healon, M. G &, Dayal. R (1985) Mr~nls In Inrersllrlal walers c)l Ihe New York 111 1hr1 Chwrr, I ‘?)I h. ed B H hlp,hl dredged-malenal deposal In IC~~‘u.v/t~.v Ketchurn, J M. Copuzzo, W V Burl, I W DuedalI, P K Park & I3 R Keler John Wiley, pp 2TS49. Hermens, J., Cunlon, H., Sreyger, N. & Wcgrnan, R ( I9)H4) Join1 rHerts ol’u mlrlurr ol’ I4 chemicals on morlallly and Inhlhlllon ol’rrproduclIcm 01’ Z)up/rrrrtr r,ru,erru ,4yuur Tf~~iC~O/,5. 31 s-22 Honcymun, B D & Sonlschl, P H (IWH). Melal\ In ~IJ~IIC syslema. EIII /rof/ .%I ‘Tt’l~lrrrol., 22. 862-7 I KarlckholT, S W (IVWO). Sorpllon klnerlcs 01 hydrophohlc pollulanls In nulural sedlmenlh In C’OIIIUIIIIIIUIII,Y urrtl Sthr/cv//,v, I ‘id 2. ed R A Baker Ann Arbor Science Puhhshcrs, Ann A&or, MI, pp II)]-105 KarIckhoH, S W blr Morrlh, K R (I%.)) Sorpllon dynamic\ 01’ hydrophohlc pc.,llulibnls in sedlmcnl suspensions. G//~/ror/. ‘Ti~~rtd. C’lrtwr . 4. 4hq-79 Kenlaon, J A (1978) Program Clusler. An aid 11,numerical classlfcallon uslnp, lhr CDC Cyher compuler P/tvrror/vcr/d Propt~/ ‘Ttvdr Rtpwr Nwrrhr 2, Orrpt\n Slale Llnlverslly Sea Granl. Selr Granl Puh 1ORESll H HI(M 12 pp Konasewlch, D E, Chapman, P M., Gerencher, E,, Vlprrs. (3. B ‘Trcloar. N ( I%?) f%xls, pathways, processes,and lranslbrmalion 01’Pugel Sound c’ontamlnunlrr or concern N0,4,4 ‘Ttvhcwl r\~lt~r~rorurr~l~rr~/ C)rZ’4 P,4 20, ,347 pp, Konemonn, H ( 1% I ) F’lsh IOXICIIY I~SIS wllh mIxlures ol’more than IWO chemlcnlq ;I prt.)posaI I’or a quanlllallve approach and experlmcnlal rcaulla ‘T~,rrcac~/rq~‘, 19, 12%38 L,re, G F.. L,opez,, J. M & Powom, M. D (1976) Evalualion 01 Iha l‘aclorr lnfluencmg the results ol’ the elulna~e I~SI Ibr dredged malentil disposal cnlena In Drtdgrrrg urrd //.Y Er//l/ror/lr/tlr//u/ Efltv’/s, cd. P. A K renkel, J HarrIson & J C’ Burdock III Amencan Society ol’ CIVII Engineers, New York, pp 253-8X Muleug, K. W .Schuylemn,G S.& Krawczyk, D F’ (I9Hh) f:Heclsol’sample slorap,r on a copper-spiked I’reshwaler sediment. Enworr ‘T/o ~/co/ C/I~V//.. 5. 1’4C- 5 1 Morel, F. M M CSLGschwend, P. M (lY87).‘Tht: role 01 collo~d!, In the purllllonlnp, 01 solulcs In nalural walers In ,4yrrurrc’ Surfac’t~ C//enr~,v/rI~. ed. W Slumm John Wiley. New York. pp 405-22 Muller. D B Schlelcherl, II. (1977) Release ol’ oxygen-cnnsumlnp and I~~SIC suhslunce rrom unaerohlc sedlmenls hy whlrllng.up and aerallon In /rr/twt~//tw Htvllvtv/ Std/nrcvr/,v m/d Frtdrwu/t~r, cd H L, Goller ma n Dr W Junk BV, ‘The Hape, ‘The Nelherlands, pp 41 S-22 NvRrler, I.1 P. L,I, Y-H & Sunrschl. P H (I9H4) A klncllc approach IO dcscrlhe Irace-elemenl dislrihulion lxlween parlicles and solulion in n;llur;II nqui111c syslems C;t’oc/rrr,r C’oanroch~r Am. 48, I 5 I ‘I- !! NyHelcr, l-1 P. Sanlschl, P. H & L,I, Y-H. (19Hh). ‘The relevance 01‘ scavenging kInerIc IO modelmg ol sedlmenl-waler lnleracllons In natural walera. L~rrrnol d c’)l’l’uII. JI. 177-92 O’C’tmnor. ‘T P (1976) Invesltgallon ol’ the rlulrlate IN In Drtdgq; urrtl I/.Y E’rr~~/rc~rrrrrnr/u/ Efhc/.\, ed P A. Krenkel, J Harrison & J C Burdlrk III American Swely 01 CIVII Engineers, New York. pp 3%318. Peddlcord. R K (1980) Dlrecl eHeclsol’suspe:nded sedlmenlson aquallcorgnnlsms In (‘/,rr/t/r//il/tlll/.\. r/r/J Stvhrtvr/.~, Vo/ 2, cd R. A Baker Ann Arbor Science Puhllahers. Ann Arbor, MI, pp SOl-16 Drtd~/ng

Romherg, C P., Pavlou, S P., S~okrs, R. F., Horn, W., Crecel~us, E A , Hamdlon, P, Gunn. J ‘T., Muench, R. D. Yr Vmclh, J. (19X4) ToxIcan prelrealmenl plannmg SI ud y ‘Ttv-hnrd Rtprt Cl: Prtwnct~, dr.vrrih~r/rwr urrti /uttl o/ IO \ I~WII.Y IW Ptrgt’r SotdarrJ L&t? W’u,s/rrrrg~or~, Mun~c~pallly 01’ Melropolllan Scallle (M E’TRO), 2.11)pp Ross, B D., Meudor, J P., Dlnnel, P A. CsrSlob, ($ J (1984) Marine IOXICO~O~,Y Vol. 9 In Rtvl/on Stwqy ‘Trtw/rwrr/ P/urr/ Propt~r Lhr~~w~d~ Htd, 4 0 J Slohcr & K li; Chew. Final report F’RI-llW-8417, F’lsherlcs Research Inslllulr, Llnlverslly 01’WashIngton, IO Munlclpalllv 01 Melropohlan S~lllr (M E’T’RO), pp ‘29 I - 170 Schuylemu, C; S., Nehrkrr, A V, GnfFis, W L, d Miller, c’ E, (IUW) f%cl~ 01 i’reezlngon IOXICII~ ofseJlmenlsconllrmlnlllrd wllh DDT’and Endrm DII lrtw ‘Ti, \ BYA C//twr , 8, HS1-Y I Shuhu. P J., Carroll, J H Sr ‘Tolrm, H E, (lY’7h) Bloussrssmenl 01 the slandard elulnalr MI. In L)rtvtfgvrg urrd r/,v E~ll~rr,)rlrrlt~,l/u/ Efitv-/s, ed P. A K ren kel. J HarrIson & J. C Burdock Ill, Amencan Soc~ely ol’C1v11 E,nglnrera, New ‘r’orh, pp 645-72 Staples, C A, DIckson. K L,, Rodp,ers, J H Jr & Snleh, F. Y (19HS) A model l’or prrdlcllnp, the Influence ol’ suspended sedlmenls on the h~oava~lah~l~~y 01‘ neutral organic chemicals In the waler comparrmenl. In ,ilqrru!rt~ ‘T~~trcdog~ ud HuzurJ ,4s,st:ssrrltvl/ Stwrl//l S~~XNIIWI, eJ R. D Cardwell, R Purdy & R. C. Bahner Sprc~ul ‘T’echnlcul Puhlxution HS4, Amencan Society lor ‘Trsllnp, and Malerlal~, Phdadelphlu, PA, pp. 417-28 Swarlz,, R C’, DeBen, W A, Jones, J K P. L,amlxrson, 1. 0 & Cole, F’. A (19X5) Phoxocephald amphlpod h~oassay Ibr marine scdlmenl IOXICII~ In A~IIUIII, ‘fij I rt~dog 1’urrd Hazard ,~.v.stl.rsr,rt~rrl’Stwn/h S~w~po.v~rm~, ed R D Cardwell, R. Purdy &, R. C Bahner. Spec~al’Techrucal Puhllcallon 854, Amcncun Soc~rly Ior ‘Testing, and Malerlols, Phlladrlphln, PA, pp 2&l- 107 Swarlz, R c’. Kemp. P F’, Schulls, D W, Dllsworth, G R & Lumberson. J 0 ( l9rCX) Efkc~s 01 mIltlures 01’ srdlmrnl conlamlnunls on the marrne rnlaunal amphlpod9 R/q) \ IWII,F uhrorr~uv E~rworl. ‘To rrd C’htwr , 7, IOI I-20 ‘T’hompscm. E A 1 Luoma, S. N, Cain, D J & Johunsson, C (19MO).‘The etk‘ec~01 sample sloragr on the ertlrarllon ol’Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and orpnlc malerltil I’rom ouidlzed c5lulrrine sedimenls Il’urtv. Air ufd Sorl Poll. 14, ?IS- 11 US E,nvlronmenlul Prc,lrcllon Agency and Army Corps ol’ Engineer> (CISEPA: ACOE,) (1077). E,colop~ci~l evaluallon ol’ proposed dlschurge 01’ dredged nilrlcriul inlcb ocean wulers Irrrpl. Mm. for Sri’ 1O.f of PL Y?-,SJ?, E,nviron EKWIS L,ah Walerways Experrmenl Slallon, Vicksburg, MS, 24 pp pluv appendices Wrndom, H L (10’7.1) Waler quality ~lspec~s ol’dredglng and dredge-spoil d~sposlrl In esluarlne cnvlronmenls In E.v/rrurrrw Rt~stwt~h, I”o/ 2 C;tdog 18 UM/ E’rrgrrrtvwng, ed. L. E. C’ronln Academic Press, pp Ir!i9-71. Wlndom, H L (197h). Envlronmcnlal aspects ol’drrdging In the coastal zone C’rrr Rt’l’ III /Z,rl~ C’o,rrro/, 6, 9 I - IO9 Worlke, C’ E,. ( 1472) Develt,pmenl cd’ a recelvlng water qua111y h~oasruy crllerlon based on the 48 hour Pacl hc oysler (C‘rus.vo.vWu grgu.v) emhr yo ‘Ttd~md Rtpv/ 0, WashingIon Deparlmcnl ul’ F’lsherxs, Olympia, WA, 91 pp %;lr, .I H. ( I984), Bmv/u/r,~/rt~u/ ANU/I~.W.YPrenllce Hall, Englewood Cl~tTs, NJ, 7 I n pp