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An assessment of wave observations from ships in southern oceans
OLR (1985)32 (12)
A. PhysicalOceanography
mathematical model gives results in agreement with the observations. Using the model the ter- and quartodiurnal tides have been tested; observations concerning these constituents are uncertain, due to the small amplitude. Results show a behaviour which agrees with the larger tides, but is more dependent on basin geometry. Cattedra di Misure Oceanograf., Univ. di Trieste, Italy. 85:6933 Seung, Y.-H. and S.-R. Lee, 1984. A numerical experiment of tides in Chinhae Bay [Korea] by the finite element method. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 6(1-2):31-36. (In Korean, English abstract.) Ocean Engrg. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.
A160. Waves, oscillations 85:6934 Aida, Isamu, 1984. An estimate of tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions: the 1741 eruption of Oshima-Ohshima, Hokkaido [Japan]. Earthquake Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Japan. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 59(4):519-531. (In Japanese, English abstract.) 85:6935 Baba, M. and C.M. Harish, 1985. Wave height and period distribution off the southwest coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(1):1-8. Centre for Earth Sci. Studies, Regional Centre, Cochin 682 018, India. 85:6936 Cicconi, Giuseppe, Ignazio Dagnino and Alberto Albert, 1985. Mean length of runs of sea waves recorded in the Gulf of Genoa. Boll. Oceanol. teor. appl., 3(2): 103-112. Investigations in the Gulf of Genoa on sequences of waves exceeding some particular height and the mean length of such runs closely match results obtained by Goda (1976) on the Japanese coast, and Rye (1974) off Norway. Ist. Geofis. e Geodet., Univ. di Genoa, Italy. (fcs) 85:6937 Hatori, Tokutaro, 1984. Behavior of the Tokai tsunamis of 1707 and 1854 in the Kanto and East Izu districts [Japan]. Bull. Earthq. Res. lnsl., Univ. Tokyo, 59(4):501-518. (In Japanese, English abstract.)
997
85:6938 Holyer, J.Y. and L.A. Mysak, 1985. Trench wave generation by incident baroclinic Rnssby waves. J. phys. Oceanogr, 15(5):593-603. We consider the response of a two-layer fluid in a coastal trench to the incidence of low-frequency Rossby waves from the open ocean. In both the lzu and Peru trenches, deep longshore currents are generated by annual-period Rossby waves whose interracial amplitude is 5 m. The longshore current speed is particularly large when the longshore wavenumber and frequency of the incident wave are close to the complex roots of the free trench-wave dispersion relation for a fi-plane. It is conjectured that forced trench waves of the type described here may be detected in the Izu Trench from measurements of subthermocline currents. Sch. of Math., Univ. of Bristol, BS8 1TP, UK. 85:6939 Hsieh, W.W. and V.T. Buchwald, 1985. The scattering of a continental shelf wave by a long thin barrier lying parallel to the coast. J. phys. Oceanogr., 15(5):524-532. In the channel between the barrier and the coast, much of the incident shelf wave energy is transferred to the zero (or Kelvin) mode. Seaward of the barrier. substantial energy transfer from an incident secondmode shelf wave to the first mode is possible. Downstream from the barrier, the incident mode may vanish, leaving a different mode to dominate. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IW5, Canada. 85:6940 Kang, S.W., C.S. Kim and J.K. Choi, 1984. Wave hindcast with the DSA-5 model in the seas adjacent to Korea. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 6(1-2):34-47. (In Korean, English abstract.) Ocean Environ. Engrg. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea. 85:6941 Laing, A.K., 1985. An assessment of wave observations from ships in southern oceans. J. Climate appl. Met., 24(5):481-494. There is very little consistency in the reporting of wind wave and swell periods and swell directions. Heights fare considerably better, although it is shown that one observer still fails to account for at least 50% of the variance in the observations of another observer. Some comparisons of ship-reported wave heights with measurements show a high bias (at least 0.5 m) in the observations. Despite the inconsistencies, the intercomparisons show that the
998
A. Physical Oceanography
data is representative of many of the physical characteristics of wavefields, and therefore can be useful in climatological studies. New Zealand Meteorol. Serv., Wellington, New Zealand. 85:6942 Liu, Fengshu, 1984. An analysis of the fundamental characteristics and variations of storm surges by typhoon no. 8114. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 15(6):568-580. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. 85:6943 Liu, Fengshu and Wenxin Sun, 1984. A study of typhoon surges nearshore. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 15(5):412-429. (In Chinese, English abstract.)
A 3-D linear model with constant eddy viscosity is used to examine typhoon-induced surges and currents. Fourier and Laplace transforms are used to obtain solutions for elevation and horizontal current as vertical coordinate Z. Results are discussed and compared with those of other studies. Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. (msg) 85:6944 Moretti, Mauro, Giancarlo Spezie and Mario Vultaggio, 1985. Observation of near inertial period oscillations in the Gulf of Naples. Boll. Oceanol. teor. appl., 3(2): 145-152. Ist. di Meteorol. et Oceanogr., IUN, Napoli, Italy. 85:6945 WiUmott, A.J., 1985. A note on the steepening of long Rossby waves. Deep-Sea Res., 32(5A):613-617.
An analytical solution is presented for the quasilinear wave equation satisfied by annual and inter-annual long Rossby waves. When the Ekman pumping is independent of the E-W spatial coordinate a criterion can be derived for determining when and where the waves will break. An example is presented in which the Ekman pumping has harmonic time dependence, and breaking occurs closer to the eastern boundary as the distance northward increases. This might explain partially why Rossby wave propagation has been undetected north of 30°N in the Pacific Ocean. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Exeter, North Park Rd., Exeter EX4 4QE, UK. 85:6946 Zheng, Quanan, N.E. Huang and V. Klemas, 1985. Satellite ~ a t l o n s and study on occmrence medlanimm of shear waves along the Gulf Stream
OLR (1985) 32 (12)
north wail. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 16(1): 1-9. (In Chinese, English abstract.)
Shear waves NE of Cape Hatteras had an average wavelength of 75 km, average amplitude of 17 kin, average period of 27 hr, and eastward propagation at 100 cm/s. Their frequency of occurrence can be related to Gulf Stream instability. Meteorological forcing is proposed as the triggering mechanism. First Inst. of Oceanogr., Natl. Bur. of Oceanogr., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. (msg)
A180. Internal waves and tides 85:6947 Kunze, Eric, 1985. Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. J. phys. Oceanogr., 15(5):544565.
An approximate dispersion relation is formulated that includes straining by the mean flow shear. A ray tracing approach is adopted to examine the propagation behavior of near-inertial waves in a model geostrophic jet. Trapping and amplification occur in regions of negative vorticity where near-inertial waves' intrinsic frequency can be less than the effective Coriolis frequency of the surrounding ocean. Intense downward-propagating near-inertial waves have been observed at the base of upper ocean negative vorticity in the North Pacific Subtropical Front, warm-core rings, a Gulf Stream cold-core ring and an anticyclonic eddy in the Sargasso Sea. Waves that are not trapped are focussed into tight beams as they leave the jet. APL, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
A210. Ice 85:6948 Krutskikh, B.A., Yu.A. Vanda and N.V. Mustafin, 1985. A method of complex short-range forecasting of sea--ice and hydrological conditions in the ~ Arctic s e a s . Meteorologiya Gidrol., 3:90-96. (In Russian, English abstract.)
A260. Acoustics 85:6949 Kuperman, W.A. and M.C. Ferla, 1985. A shallow water experiment to determine the source spectrum level of ~ t e d a o t s e . J . acoust. Soc. Am., 77(6):2067-2073. NORDA, NSTL Station, MS 39529, USA.
A. PhysicalOceanography
mathematical model gives results in agreement with the observations. Using the model the ter- and quartodiurnal tides have been tested; observations concerning these constituents are uncertain, due to the small amplitude. Results show a behaviour which agrees with the larger tides, but is more dependent on basin geometry. Cattedra di Misure Oceanograf., Univ. di Trieste, Italy. 85:6933 Seung, Y.-H. and S.-R. Lee, 1984. A numerical experiment of tides in Chinhae Bay [Korea] by the finite element method. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 6(1-2):31-36. (In Korean, English abstract.) Ocean Engrg. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea.
A160. Waves, oscillations 85:6934 Aida, Isamu, 1984. An estimate of tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions: the 1741 eruption of Oshima-Ohshima, Hokkaido [Japan]. Earthquake Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Japan. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 59(4):519-531. (In Japanese, English abstract.) 85:6935 Baba, M. and C.M. Harish, 1985. Wave height and period distribution off the southwest coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(1):1-8. Centre for Earth Sci. Studies, Regional Centre, Cochin 682 018, India. 85:6936 Cicconi, Giuseppe, Ignazio Dagnino and Alberto Albert, 1985. Mean length of runs of sea waves recorded in the Gulf of Genoa. Boll. Oceanol. teor. appl., 3(2): 103-112. Investigations in the Gulf of Genoa on sequences of waves exceeding some particular height and the mean length of such runs closely match results obtained by Goda (1976) on the Japanese coast, and Rye (1974) off Norway. Ist. Geofis. e Geodet., Univ. di Genoa, Italy. (fcs) 85:6937 Hatori, Tokutaro, 1984. Behavior of the Tokai tsunamis of 1707 and 1854 in the Kanto and East Izu districts [Japan]. Bull. Earthq. Res. lnsl., Univ. Tokyo, 59(4):501-518. (In Japanese, English abstract.)
997
85:6938 Holyer, J.Y. and L.A. Mysak, 1985. Trench wave generation by incident baroclinic Rnssby waves. J. phys. Oceanogr, 15(5):593-603. We consider the response of a two-layer fluid in a coastal trench to the incidence of low-frequency Rossby waves from the open ocean. In both the lzu and Peru trenches, deep longshore currents are generated by annual-period Rossby waves whose interracial amplitude is 5 m. The longshore current speed is particularly large when the longshore wavenumber and frequency of the incident wave are close to the complex roots of the free trench-wave dispersion relation for a fi-plane. It is conjectured that forced trench waves of the type described here may be detected in the Izu Trench from measurements of subthermocline currents. Sch. of Math., Univ. of Bristol, BS8 1TP, UK. 85:6939 Hsieh, W.W. and V.T. Buchwald, 1985. The scattering of a continental shelf wave by a long thin barrier lying parallel to the coast. J. phys. Oceanogr., 15(5):524-532. In the channel between the barrier and the coast, much of the incident shelf wave energy is transferred to the zero (or Kelvin) mode. Seaward of the barrier. substantial energy transfer from an incident secondmode shelf wave to the first mode is possible. Downstream from the barrier, the incident mode may vanish, leaving a different mode to dominate. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T IW5, Canada. 85:6940 Kang, S.W., C.S. Kim and J.K. Choi, 1984. Wave hindcast with the DSA-5 model in the seas adjacent to Korea. Bull. Korea Ocean Res. Dev. Inst., 6(1-2):34-47. (In Korean, English abstract.) Ocean Environ. Engrg. Lab., KORDI, Seoul, Korea. 85:6941 Laing, A.K., 1985. An assessment of wave observations from ships in southern oceans. J. Climate appl. Met., 24(5):481-494. There is very little consistency in the reporting of wind wave and swell periods and swell directions. Heights fare considerably better, although it is shown that one observer still fails to account for at least 50% of the variance in the observations of another observer. Some comparisons of ship-reported wave heights with measurements show a high bias (at least 0.5 m) in the observations. Despite the inconsistencies, the intercomparisons show that the
998
A. Physical Oceanography
data is representative of many of the physical characteristics of wavefields, and therefore can be useful in climatological studies. New Zealand Meteorol. Serv., Wellington, New Zealand. 85:6942 Liu, Fengshu, 1984. An analysis of the fundamental characteristics and variations of storm surges by typhoon no. 8114. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 15(6):568-580. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. 85:6943 Liu, Fengshu and Wenxin Sun, 1984. A study of typhoon surges nearshore. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 15(5):412-429. (In Chinese, English abstract.)
A 3-D linear model with constant eddy viscosity is used to examine typhoon-induced surges and currents. Fourier and Laplace transforms are used to obtain solutions for elevation and horizontal current as vertical coordinate Z. Results are discussed and compared with those of other studies. Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. (msg) 85:6944 Moretti, Mauro, Giancarlo Spezie and Mario Vultaggio, 1985. Observation of near inertial period oscillations in the Gulf of Naples. Boll. Oceanol. teor. appl., 3(2): 145-152. Ist. di Meteorol. et Oceanogr., IUN, Napoli, Italy. 85:6945 WiUmott, A.J., 1985. A note on the steepening of long Rossby waves. Deep-Sea Res., 32(5A):613-617.
An analytical solution is presented for the quasilinear wave equation satisfied by annual and inter-annual long Rossby waves. When the Ekman pumping is independent of the E-W spatial coordinate a criterion can be derived for determining when and where the waves will break. An example is presented in which the Ekman pumping has harmonic time dependence, and breaking occurs closer to the eastern boundary as the distance northward increases. This might explain partially why Rossby wave propagation has been undetected north of 30°N in the Pacific Ocean. Dept. of Math., Univ. of Exeter, North Park Rd., Exeter EX4 4QE, UK. 85:6946 Zheng, Quanan, N.E. Huang and V. Klemas, 1985. Satellite ~ a t l o n s and study on occmrence medlanimm of shear waves along the Gulf Stream
OLR (1985) 32 (12)
north wail. Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 16(1): 1-9. (In Chinese, English abstract.)
Shear waves NE of Cape Hatteras had an average wavelength of 75 km, average amplitude of 17 kin, average period of 27 hr, and eastward propagation at 100 cm/s. Their frequency of occurrence can be related to Gulf Stream instability. Meteorological forcing is proposed as the triggering mechanism. First Inst. of Oceanogr., Natl. Bur. of Oceanogr., Qingdao, People's Republic of China. (msg)
A180. Internal waves and tides 85:6947 Kunze, Eric, 1985. Near-inertial wave propagation in geostrophic shear. J. phys. Oceanogr., 15(5):544565.
An approximate dispersion relation is formulated that includes straining by the mean flow shear. A ray tracing approach is adopted to examine the propagation behavior of near-inertial waves in a model geostrophic jet. Trapping and amplification occur in regions of negative vorticity where near-inertial waves' intrinsic frequency can be less than the effective Coriolis frequency of the surrounding ocean. Intense downward-propagating near-inertial waves have been observed at the base of upper ocean negative vorticity in the North Pacific Subtropical Front, warm-core rings, a Gulf Stream cold-core ring and an anticyclonic eddy in the Sargasso Sea. Waves that are not trapped are focussed into tight beams as they leave the jet. APL, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
A210. Ice 85:6948 Krutskikh, B.A., Yu.A. Vanda and N.V. Mustafin, 1985. A method of complex short-range forecasting of sea--ice and hydrological conditions in the ~ Arctic s e a s . Meteorologiya Gidrol., 3:90-96. (In Russian, English abstract.)
A260. Acoustics 85:6949 Kuperman, W.A. and M.C. Ferla, 1985. A shallow water experiment to determine the source spectrum level of ~ t e d a o t s e . J . acoust. Soc. Am., 77(6):2067-2073. NORDA, NSTL Station, MS 39529, USA.