- Email: [email protected]
Analysis of clear hour solar irradiation for seven Canadian stations
07
Alternative energy sources (geothermal energy)
96/02823
Gasification and pyrolysis - Routes to competitive electricity production from biomass in the UK Barker, S. N. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 861-866.
Biomass has the potential to become one of the largest sources of renewable, sustainable energy in the UK and many other parts of the European Union. However, for biomass to reach its full potential in the electricity market generation technologies must be used that maximise the efficiency of conversion to power. The first generation of these advanced technologies will be expensive but, as the market expands, should provide a route to fully commercial electricity from biomass. The paper examines how the economics of advanced biomass power generation technologies might develop from the demonstration stage to commercial plant and shows how they can produce competitive electricity in the future.
96/02830 Heat flow in Albania Cermak, V. et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 91-102. As part of a joint geothermal project between Albania and the Czech Republic, a field expedition was organized to Albania in summer 1993 to measure temperature profiles in selected boreholes and to collect rock samples to determine their thermal conductivity. Fourteen localities were visited and nine detailed temperature-versus-depth profiles were obtained. These results were completed with numerous industrial temperature records from other deep holes. The regional patterns of temperaturesat 100 m depth and of characteristicnear-surface temperature gradients were constructed, and the effect of the topography on the subsurface temperature field was assessed to calculate a total of 49 heat flow density data. 96/02831
96/02824
Non-C02-emlttlng renewable energy sources in india: Paths, realisal:jle potential and requirement of industry related forestry pattern Kumar, S. and Sinha, S. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun-Sep, 1995,36, (6),
885-888. The pattern of the world's energy supply has undergone dramatic changes over the last century and particularly over the last twenty years causing considerable strain to global environment. Particularly in India, the climatological effects of burning fossil-fuels make it necessary to develop and increase the use of non-C0 2-emitting energy sources besides taking up a forestry scheme of specifically developed restrain species. The paper discusses the current states of biomass and renewable eenrgy technologies throughoutIndia and their medium-term potential for carbon-free fuels and electricity is estimated.
96/02825 Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum (Sorghum Blcolour (L.) Moench) CV. 'Keller' in relation to water regime Fernandez, M. D. and Martinez, M. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6), 401-409. The paper discusses how sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has been recognized as an alternative crop for energy purposes.
96/02826 Pyrolysis of blends of biomass with poor coals Pan, Y. G. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1996, 75, (4), 412-418. The paper reports on the pyrolytic behaviour of three different kinds of solid fuel and their blends in order to understand and further improve the performance of fluidized bed gasification of biomass-poor coal blends. Individual feedstocks consisting of pine chips, black coal and waste coal and several biomass-coal blends were pyrolysed in a thermobalance apparatus at atmospheric pressure. Experiments were carried out dynamically by increasing the temperature from 110 to 900°Cwith a heating rate of 100 K min". The data show very poor behaviour of the waste coal compared with pine chips and even black coal. Nevertheless, when a minimum of 40% of pine chips was blended with 60% waste coal and pyrolysed under the same conditions, the rate of mass loss increased sharply and was similar to that of black coal. 96/02827
Single rotation vs coppice systems for short-rotation intensive culture plantations-Optimality conditions for volume production Ribeiro, C. A. and Betters, D. R. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6),
395-400. Short rotation intensive culture plantations can be managed under a single rotation or coppice system. The paper shows the optimality conditions that must exist in order to maximize volume production of short rotation coppice stands. The results indicate the importance of equating the current annual increment of the stand to its mean annual increment whether managing with a single rotation or a series of coppice rotations over a cycle of time.
96/02828
Sweet sorghum: A quality raw material for the manUfacturing of chemical paper pulp Belayachi, L. and Delmas, M. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6),
411-417. After the extraction of sugar in conditions adaptable to the industrialscale, sweet sorghum bagasse is used for the first time to manufacture chemical pulp. The quality of the pulp obtained is excellent for the paper industry.
Larderelio-Farinello·Valle Secolo geothermal area: Exergy analysis of the transportation network and of the electric power plants Bettagli, N. and Bidini, G. Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 3-16.
An energy-exergy study of the geothermal fluid network in the area of Larderello-Valle Secolo-Farinello (Tuscany, Italy) which is currently undergoing modernization and replacement, is described. This study was carried out by selling up a stimulation code, which is able to simulate the entire transportation network beginning with the geothermal wells (with relative connections) through the power plants up to the re-injection of the condensedwater in the reservoir. In this way, the entire geothermal system can be considered as a semi-closed cycle.
96/02832 Modeling studies: The Dachny geothermal reservoir, Kamchatka, Russia Kiryukhin, A. V. Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 63-90. The spatial distribution of pre-exploitation conditions (i.e. temperature and pressure distribution, liquid and vapour saturations, circulation characteristics of high-temperature fluids) in the Dachny field of the Mutnovsky hydrothermal system, obtained using a three-dimensional (3-D) mapping method, are revised on the basis of natural-state simulations performed using the computer code TOUGH2. A 3-D model of the natural-state conditions at the Dachnysite was developed. The fine-tuning of the model was achieved by comparing computer results to the observations made in geothermalwells tested druing 1983-88.Also studied was the behaviour of the field in response to different exploitation scenarios, assuming production from existing and additional welis needed to supply sufficient steam to a proposed 80 MW, power plant.
96/02833
Physicochemical characteristics and leachability of scale and sludge from Bulalo geothermal system, Philippines Peralta, G. L. et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996,25, (1), 17-35.
Scale and sludge from Bulalo geothermal field, Philippines, have been characterized by whole rock analysis, radioactivity counting, size analysis, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Their leachability was assessed by regulatory leaching procedures and by sequential extraction. Both scale and sludge consisted mostly of oxides of Si, AI, and Fe with no radionuclides detected. The scale had 10% S content. Sulphides and silicates were important phases in both samples having size ranges from submicron to 2 mm. Geothermal soils at Bulalo have higher than normal soil levels of As, S, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb but regulatory leaching tests indicated that these elements are not released. However, the sequential extraction showed that As, Cu, and Zn were leachable under extreme conditions.
96/02834
A simple method to compute hydrogen chloride abatement in geothermal power plants Paglianti, A et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 37-62.
One of the most important problems affecting geothermal fields is the abatement of hydrogen chloride contained in the vapor phase. If the chloride concentration exceeds a few ppm.., steam scrubbing must be provided in order to prevent corrosionof the gathering system and turbine failure. In some fields at Larderello, one of the most important geothermal areas in Italy, steam scrubbing is performed by injecting a caustic solution directly into the steam pipeline. In particular, the abatement system depends on absorption with chemical reaction of hydrogen chloride by a sodium hydroxide solution. The paper describes some of the Larderello power plant abatement systems and presents analyses of the different solutions adopted for this purpose.
Solar Energy Geothermal Energy 96/02829 Geothermal energy Dickson, M. H. and Fanelli, M. (eds) John Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 1UD, UK, £19.99, Jun. 1995, 232 pp.
Geothermal energy, the exploitation of heat from the earth, has immense potential as a natural energy resource. The contributing authors of this text each develop a specific area relating to the possible uses of geothermal energy and their effects on the community, taking into account the prevailing social and economic conditions.
198
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
96/02835
Analysis of clear hour solar irradiation for seven Canadian stations Garrison, J. and Sahami, K. Solar Energy, Dec. 1995, 55, (6), 505·512.
Hourly global and diffuse irradiation and corresponding surface meteorological data have been analyzed for the seven Canadian stations at Edmonton, Goose Bay, Montreal, Port Hardy, Resolute, Toronto, and Winnipeg. The variation of the most probable clear hour values of clearness index k., diffuse index kd , direct beam index kb , and Angstrom turbidity coefficient beta with solar elevation, atmospheric precipitable water, and snow depth are obtained.
Alternative energy sources (geothermal energy)
96/02823
Gasification and pyrolysis - Routes to competitive electricity production from biomass in the UK Barker, S. N. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 861-866.
Biomass has the potential to become one of the largest sources of renewable, sustainable energy in the UK and many other parts of the European Union. However, for biomass to reach its full potential in the electricity market generation technologies must be used that maximise the efficiency of conversion to power. The first generation of these advanced technologies will be expensive but, as the market expands, should provide a route to fully commercial electricity from biomass. The paper examines how the economics of advanced biomass power generation technologies might develop from the demonstration stage to commercial plant and shows how they can produce competitive electricity in the future.
96/02830 Heat flow in Albania Cermak, V. et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 91-102. As part of a joint geothermal project between Albania and the Czech Republic, a field expedition was organized to Albania in summer 1993 to measure temperature profiles in selected boreholes and to collect rock samples to determine their thermal conductivity. Fourteen localities were visited and nine detailed temperature-versus-depth profiles were obtained. These results were completed with numerous industrial temperature records from other deep holes. The regional patterns of temperaturesat 100 m depth and of characteristicnear-surface temperature gradients were constructed, and the effect of the topography on the subsurface temperature field was assessed to calculate a total of 49 heat flow density data. 96/02831
96/02824
Non-C02-emlttlng renewable energy sources in india: Paths, realisal:jle potential and requirement of industry related forestry pattern Kumar, S. and Sinha, S. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun-Sep, 1995,36, (6),
885-888. The pattern of the world's energy supply has undergone dramatic changes over the last century and particularly over the last twenty years causing considerable strain to global environment. Particularly in India, the climatological effects of burning fossil-fuels make it necessary to develop and increase the use of non-C0 2-emitting energy sources besides taking up a forestry scheme of specifically developed restrain species. The paper discusses the current states of biomass and renewable eenrgy technologies throughoutIndia and their medium-term potential for carbon-free fuels and electricity is estimated.
96/02825 Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum (Sorghum Blcolour (L.) Moench) CV. 'Keller' in relation to water regime Fernandez, M. D. and Martinez, M. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6), 401-409. The paper discusses how sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has been recognized as an alternative crop for energy purposes.
96/02826 Pyrolysis of blends of biomass with poor coals Pan, Y. G. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1996, 75, (4), 412-418. The paper reports on the pyrolytic behaviour of three different kinds of solid fuel and their blends in order to understand and further improve the performance of fluidized bed gasification of biomass-poor coal blends. Individual feedstocks consisting of pine chips, black coal and waste coal and several biomass-coal blends were pyrolysed in a thermobalance apparatus at atmospheric pressure. Experiments were carried out dynamically by increasing the temperature from 110 to 900°Cwith a heating rate of 100 K min". The data show very poor behaviour of the waste coal compared with pine chips and even black coal. Nevertheless, when a minimum of 40% of pine chips was blended with 60% waste coal and pyrolysed under the same conditions, the rate of mass loss increased sharply and was similar to that of black coal. 96/02827
Single rotation vs coppice systems for short-rotation intensive culture plantations-Optimality conditions for volume production Ribeiro, C. A. and Betters, D. R. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6),
395-400. Short rotation intensive culture plantations can be managed under a single rotation or coppice system. The paper shows the optimality conditions that must exist in order to maximize volume production of short rotation coppice stands. The results indicate the importance of equating the current annual increment of the stand to its mean annual increment whether managing with a single rotation or a series of coppice rotations over a cycle of time.
96/02828
Sweet sorghum: A quality raw material for the manUfacturing of chemical paper pulp Belayachi, L. and Delmas, M. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 8, (6),
411-417. After the extraction of sugar in conditions adaptable to the industrialscale, sweet sorghum bagasse is used for the first time to manufacture chemical pulp. The quality of the pulp obtained is excellent for the paper industry.
Larderelio-Farinello·Valle Secolo geothermal area: Exergy analysis of the transportation network and of the electric power plants Bettagli, N. and Bidini, G. Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 3-16.
An energy-exergy study of the geothermal fluid network in the area of Larderello-Valle Secolo-Farinello (Tuscany, Italy) which is currently undergoing modernization and replacement, is described. This study was carried out by selling up a stimulation code, which is able to simulate the entire transportation network beginning with the geothermal wells (with relative connections) through the power plants up to the re-injection of the condensedwater in the reservoir. In this way, the entire geothermal system can be considered as a semi-closed cycle.
96/02832 Modeling studies: The Dachny geothermal reservoir, Kamchatka, Russia Kiryukhin, A. V. Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 63-90. The spatial distribution of pre-exploitation conditions (i.e. temperature and pressure distribution, liquid and vapour saturations, circulation characteristics of high-temperature fluids) in the Dachny field of the Mutnovsky hydrothermal system, obtained using a three-dimensional (3-D) mapping method, are revised on the basis of natural-state simulations performed using the computer code TOUGH2. A 3-D model of the natural-state conditions at the Dachnysite was developed. The fine-tuning of the model was achieved by comparing computer results to the observations made in geothermalwells tested druing 1983-88.Also studied was the behaviour of the field in response to different exploitation scenarios, assuming production from existing and additional welis needed to supply sufficient steam to a proposed 80 MW, power plant.
96/02833
Physicochemical characteristics and leachability of scale and sludge from Bulalo geothermal system, Philippines Peralta, G. L. et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996,25, (1), 17-35.
Scale and sludge from Bulalo geothermal field, Philippines, have been characterized by whole rock analysis, radioactivity counting, size analysis, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Their leachability was assessed by regulatory leaching procedures and by sequential extraction. Both scale and sludge consisted mostly of oxides of Si, AI, and Fe with no radionuclides detected. The scale had 10% S content. Sulphides and silicates were important phases in both samples having size ranges from submicron to 2 mm. Geothermal soils at Bulalo have higher than normal soil levels of As, S, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb but regulatory leaching tests indicated that these elements are not released. However, the sequential extraction showed that As, Cu, and Zn were leachable under extreme conditions.
96/02834
A simple method to compute hydrogen chloride abatement in geothermal power plants Paglianti, A et al., Geothermics, Feb. 1996, 25, (1), 37-62.
One of the most important problems affecting geothermal fields is the abatement of hydrogen chloride contained in the vapor phase. If the chloride concentration exceeds a few ppm.., steam scrubbing must be provided in order to prevent corrosionof the gathering system and turbine failure. In some fields at Larderello, one of the most important geothermal areas in Italy, steam scrubbing is performed by injecting a caustic solution directly into the steam pipeline. In particular, the abatement system depends on absorption with chemical reaction of hydrogen chloride by a sodium hydroxide solution. The paper describes some of the Larderello power plant abatement systems and presents analyses of the different solutions adopted for this purpose.
Solar Energy Geothermal Energy 96/02829 Geothermal energy Dickson, M. H. and Fanelli, M. (eds) John Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 1UD, UK, £19.99, Jun. 1995, 232 pp.
Geothermal energy, the exploitation of heat from the earth, has immense potential as a natural energy resource. The contributing authors of this text each develop a specific area relating to the possible uses of geothermal energy and their effects on the community, taking into account the prevailing social and economic conditions.
198
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
96/02835
Analysis of clear hour solar irradiation for seven Canadian stations Garrison, J. and Sahami, K. Solar Energy, Dec. 1995, 55, (6), 505·512.
Hourly global and diffuse irradiation and corresponding surface meteorological data have been analyzed for the seven Canadian stations at Edmonton, Goose Bay, Montreal, Port Hardy, Resolute, Toronto, and Winnipeg. The variation of the most probable clear hour values of clearness index k., diffuse index kd , direct beam index kb , and Angstrom turbidity coefficient beta with solar elevation, atmospheric precipitable water, and snow depth are obtained.