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Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae
Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 352 – 354 www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report
Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae Basaran Dulger* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey Received 15 September 2004; accepted 28 February 2005
Abstract The 60% methanolic extracts of ten Lycoperdaceae exhibited antimicrobial activity. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lycoperdaceae; Macrofungus; Antimicrobial activity
1. Plants Ten Lycoperdaceae, Bovista plumbea Pers., Bovista pusilla (Batsch) Pers., Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. per Pers., Lycoperdon molle Pers., Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. ex Pers., Calvatia utriformis (Bull. ex Pers.) Jaap., Geastrum badium Pers., Geastrum fornicatum (Huds. ex Pers.) Hooker and Geastrum sessile (Sow.) Pouzar, were collected from Bursa-Uludag in Turkey between April and June 2001. Voucher specimens of all macrofungi were deposited in the Department of Biology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
2. Uses in traditional medicine Lycoperdaceae, called puffball, are used for sores, abrasion or bruises, deep cut, hemorrhage as well as urinary tract infection [1].
* Fax: +90 286 2180533. E-mail address: [email protected]. 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004
B. Dulger / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 352–354
353
3. Previously isolated constituents Melanins, lipids [2] and lycoperdic acid [3] from L. perlatum. Calvatic acid [4] and azoxyformamides [5] from L. pyriforme. No reports on other macrofungi.
4. Tested material Sixty percent MeOH extracts of B. plumbea (28.2%), B. pusilla. (21.8%), L. echinatum (17.1%), L. perlatum (16.8%), L. molle (20.4%), L. pyriforme (18.7%), C. utriformis (15.4%), G. badium (13.8%), G. fornicatum (14.2%) and G. sessile (14.6%). Phytochemical analyses [6] gave positive test for terpenoids.
5. Studied activity Antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method [7,8].
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae 60% methanolic extracts Microorganisms
Zone of inhibition (mm)a 60% MeOH extracts (25 mg/ml)
Bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Escherichia coli ATCC 11230 Klebsiella pneumonia c Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 Salmonella thyphimurium CCM 5445 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Streptococcus pyogenes c Mycobacterium smegmatis DSM 43465
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Standards (2 mg/ml)b
1
2
17.8 16.4 11.8 9.8
20.4 12.0 14.2 15.6 17.2 10.2 15.4 14.6 12.8 7.0 12.8 14.0 15.2 13.8 14.6 12.4 10.2 9.8 14.2 28.2 12.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 12.8 16.3 14.7 18.4 22.4 11.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.4 10.8 11.2 11.4 8.0
15.2 17.6 12.8 14.8 15.6 15.2 10.8 11.8 15.6 11.2 26.0 20.8 14.2 14.2 13.8 12.8 13.6 14.4 14.8 15.8 15.2 19.8 12.4 15.8 16.2 14.4 17.2 16.6 15.2 19.8 21.8 13.7 16.7 14.4 13.0 13.6
6.0 6.0
6.0 6.0
6.0 6.0
Fungi Candida albicans ATCC 10231 11.8 12.4 13.2 14.7 12.2 15.2 6.0 12.2 14.4 15.8 15.0 Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403 9.6 10.2 9.6 9.8 9.0 11.8 6.0 12.8 11.4 14.8 16.0 Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 9.8 10.4 9.3 10.2 10.2 10.8 10.8 13.8 13.3 12.7 18.0 1: Bovista plumbea, 2: Bovista pusilla, 3: Lycoperdon echinatum, 4: Lycoperdon perlatum, 5: Lycoperdon molle, 6: Lycoperdon pyriforme, 7: Calvatia utriformis, 8: Geastrum badium, 9: Geastrum fornicatum, 10: Geastrum sessile. a Values, including diameter of the filter paper disc (6.0 mm), are means of three replicates. b Gentamicin for bacteria; clotrimazole for fungi. c Isolated from animal specimen.
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B. Dulger / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 352–354
6. Used microorganisms Listed in Table 1.
7. Results Reported in Table 1.
8. Conclusion The 60% methanol extracts of the macrofungi were significantly active against the bacteria Gram(+) and Gram ( ) and the fungi cultures studied. Notably, the extracts of Lycoperdon species were inactive against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Similarly, S. pyogenes and acid-fast bacterium M. smegmatis were resistant to the extracts of Geastrum species. All the extracts of macrofungi except for C. utriformis have antifungal activity against the fungi cultures used in this study. These results may partly justify the traditional use of ten Lycoperdaceae tested.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Buswell JA, Chang ST. Edible mushrooms. Philadelphia7 Gordon and Breach; 1993. Almendros G, Martin F, Gonzalezvila FJ, Martinez AT. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1987;89:533. Rhugenda-Banca N, Welter A, Jadot J, Casimir J. Phytochemistry 1979;18:482. Okuda T, Nakayama N, Fujiwara A. Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 1982;23:225. Kopcke B, Mayer A, Anke H, Sterner O. Nat Prod Lett 1999;13:41. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. 2nd ed. London7 Chapman and Hall; 1984. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherries JC, Truck M. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45:493. NCCLS. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk suspectibility tests. Approved Standard NCCLS Publication M2-A5, Villionova, PA, USA, 1993.
Short report
Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae Basaran Dulger* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey Received 15 September 2004; accepted 28 February 2005
Abstract The 60% methanolic extracts of ten Lycoperdaceae exhibited antimicrobial activity. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lycoperdaceae; Macrofungus; Antimicrobial activity
1. Plants Ten Lycoperdaceae, Bovista plumbea Pers., Bovista pusilla (Batsch) Pers., Lycoperdon echinatum Pers., Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. per Pers., Lycoperdon molle Pers., Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. ex Pers., Calvatia utriformis (Bull. ex Pers.) Jaap., Geastrum badium Pers., Geastrum fornicatum (Huds. ex Pers.) Hooker and Geastrum sessile (Sow.) Pouzar, were collected from Bursa-Uludag in Turkey between April and June 2001. Voucher specimens of all macrofungi were deposited in the Department of Biology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
2. Uses in traditional medicine Lycoperdaceae, called puffball, are used for sores, abrasion or bruises, deep cut, hemorrhage as well as urinary tract infection [1].
* Fax: +90 286 2180533. E-mail address: [email protected]. 0367-326X/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004
B. Dulger / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 352–354
353
3. Previously isolated constituents Melanins, lipids [2] and lycoperdic acid [3] from L. perlatum. Calvatic acid [4] and azoxyformamides [5] from L. pyriforme. No reports on other macrofungi.
4. Tested material Sixty percent MeOH extracts of B. plumbea (28.2%), B. pusilla. (21.8%), L. echinatum (17.1%), L. perlatum (16.8%), L. molle (20.4%), L. pyriforme (18.7%), C. utriformis (15.4%), G. badium (13.8%), G. fornicatum (14.2%) and G. sessile (14.6%). Phytochemical analyses [6] gave positive test for terpenoids.
5. Studied activity Antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method [7,8].
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae 60% methanolic extracts Microorganisms
Zone of inhibition (mm)a 60% MeOH extracts (25 mg/ml)
Bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Escherichia coli ATCC 11230 Klebsiella pneumonia c Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 Salmonella thyphimurium CCM 5445 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Streptococcus pyogenes c Mycobacterium smegmatis DSM 43465
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Standards (2 mg/ml)b
1
2
17.8 16.4 11.8 9.8
20.4 12.0 14.2 15.6 17.2 10.2 15.4 14.6 12.8 7.0 12.8 14.0 15.2 13.8 14.6 12.4 10.2 9.8 14.2 28.2 12.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 12.8 16.3 14.7 18.4 22.4 11.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.4 10.8 11.2 11.4 8.0
15.2 17.6 12.8 14.8 15.6 15.2 10.8 11.8 15.6 11.2 26.0 20.8 14.2 14.2 13.8 12.8 13.6 14.4 14.8 15.8 15.2 19.8 12.4 15.8 16.2 14.4 17.2 16.6 15.2 19.8 21.8 13.7 16.7 14.4 13.0 13.6
6.0 6.0
6.0 6.0
6.0 6.0
Fungi Candida albicans ATCC 10231 11.8 12.4 13.2 14.7 12.2 15.2 6.0 12.2 14.4 15.8 15.0 Rhodotorula rubra DSM 70403 9.6 10.2 9.6 9.8 9.0 11.8 6.0 12.8 11.4 14.8 16.0 Kluyveromyces fragilis ATCC 8608 9.8 10.4 9.3 10.2 10.2 10.8 10.8 13.8 13.3 12.7 18.0 1: Bovista plumbea, 2: Bovista pusilla, 3: Lycoperdon echinatum, 4: Lycoperdon perlatum, 5: Lycoperdon molle, 6: Lycoperdon pyriforme, 7: Calvatia utriformis, 8: Geastrum badium, 9: Geastrum fornicatum, 10: Geastrum sessile. a Values, including diameter of the filter paper disc (6.0 mm), are means of three replicates. b Gentamicin for bacteria; clotrimazole for fungi. c Isolated from animal specimen.
354
B. Dulger / Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 352–354
6. Used microorganisms Listed in Table 1.
7. Results Reported in Table 1.
8. Conclusion The 60% methanol extracts of the macrofungi were significantly active against the bacteria Gram(+) and Gram ( ) and the fungi cultures studied. Notably, the extracts of Lycoperdon species were inactive against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Similarly, S. pyogenes and acid-fast bacterium M. smegmatis were resistant to the extracts of Geastrum species. All the extracts of macrofungi except for C. utriformis have antifungal activity against the fungi cultures used in this study. These results may partly justify the traditional use of ten Lycoperdaceae tested.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Buswell JA, Chang ST. Edible mushrooms. Philadelphia7 Gordon and Breach; 1993. Almendros G, Martin F, Gonzalezvila FJ, Martinez AT. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1987;89:533. Rhugenda-Banca N, Welter A, Jadot J, Casimir J. Phytochemistry 1979;18:482. Okuda T, Nakayama N, Fujiwara A. Trans Mycol Soc Jpn 1982;23:225. Kopcke B, Mayer A, Anke H, Sterner O. Nat Prod Lett 1999;13:41. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. 2nd ed. London7 Chapman and Hall; 1984. Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherries JC, Truck M. Am J Clin Pathol 1966;45:493. NCCLS. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk suspectibility tests. Approved Standard NCCLS Publication M2-A5, Villionova, PA, USA, 1993.