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Apparatus for sampling coal and measuring its caloric value
16
Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)
96/03369 WHO's IPHECA results Nuclear Engineering lnt., Apr. 1996, 41, (501), p. 32. Reports that the World Health Organisation has been involved in a series of activities related to the Chernobyl accident from the very beginning. The WHO has produced a report 'Health consequences of the Chernobyl accident' which summarizes the findings of IPHECA (International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident) pilot projects aimed at studying the impact of the accident on ordinary people in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
16 FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental Science, Analysis, Instrumentation 96/03370 Adsorption Isotherms for mlcroporous adsorbents Aranovich, G. L. and Donohue, M. D. Carbon, 1995, 33, (10), 1369-1375. Adsorption equilibria in slit pores are calculated using an analytic solution of the classical One-Kondo equation with modified boundary conditions. A new equation is developed for isotherms of gas adsorption on microporous adsorbents. This equation describes isotherms of Type I in the !UpAC classification scheme for temperatures below the critical point and also describes the unusual adsorption of supercritical fluids. This new equation predicts an isotherm that follows the behaviour of the DubininRadushkevich (DR) isotherm for relative pressures pip, between 10"1 and 10.5• However, while the DR equation does not give correct behaviour either for very low pressures or for moderate to high pressure, this new equation is valid over the whole range of relative pressures. 96/03371 Analysis of preheated and oxidized coals by pyrolysis techniques Landais, P. et al., Fuel Process. Technol., 1995, 45, (2), 123-133. The effects of industrial preheating and oxidation have been studied on four different vitrinite-rich coals of different rank. Raw, preheated, oxidized and preheated-oxidized coals were analyzed by three different pyrolysis techniques: Rock-Eval analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and confined pyrolysis. The results indicate that gross and molecular parameters are modified during the different treatments. 96/03372 Apparatus for sampling coal and measuring its caloric value Kawahara, N. et al., (Assigned to) Shimadzu Corp; Chubu Electric Power, lAP. Pat. lP.07,209,282, Aug. 1995. The apparatus consists of a robot hand for operating a series of actions, including moving container for weighing before and after drying and absorbing, and a means for sampling certain amounts of coal to the container for measuring, moisture content, a means for measured ash content, and a means for calculating caloric value based on measured contents. 96/03373 Applications of the 13C NMR magic angle turning experiment to coal studies Pugmire, R. J. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995, 40, (3), 411-414. Experiments were carried out on a spectrometer with a IJC frequency of 100.6 MHz. The probe used was a pencil rotor design and samples were spun at ca. 30 Hz in a 95 mm rotor with a specially built low speed drive tip. 96/03374 Asymptotically consistent reflection boundary conditions for diffusion theory Pomraning, G. C. and Ganapol, B. D. Ann. Nucl. Energy, Dec. 1995, 22, (12), 787-817. It is well known that the classic diffusion equation is an asymptotic limit of the one-speed linear transport equation. In this paper, the authors carried out the analysis required to obtain an asymptotically consistent boundary condition for this diffusion equation in the case of partial surface reflection. The specification of this boundary condition requires the transport theory solution to a purely scattering halfspace problem. A variational treatment is used to obtain explicit results for this halfspace problem in the general case. In the special case of purely diffuse reflection, simple considerations give exact halfspace results, and a more involved exact halfspace analysis is presented in the case of specular reflection. These exact results are used to assess the accuracy of the variational treatment. 96/03375 Buoyancy effects on the mass transfer in absorption with a nonabsorbable gas Chen, J. and Herold, K. E. Int. l. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 536-545. The paper describes the vapour side buoyancy effects on the mass transfer in absorption in the presence of a nonabsorbable gas. Experimental results on a diffusion-absorption refrigerator indicate that the vapour side buoyancy effects on the mass transfer are significant when the density of the nonabsorbable gas is significantly less than that of the absorbable gas. A rectangular enclosure absorption problem is first solved to demonstrate the buoyancy effects without the presence of a forced flow.
96/03376 Characterization of carbon materials using quantitative optical microscopy Crelling, J. C. and Bensley, D. Prepr. Pap-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995, 40, (3), 435-438. The paper describes how both reflectance mapping and density gradient centrifugation analysis can be used to quantatively assess vitrinite and carbon composite heterogeneity. By combining these analyses the spacial distribution of reflectance and density can be determined enabling assessment of physical properties within a morphology context. 96/03377 Characterization of Na-X, Na-A, and coal fly ash zeolites and their amorphous precursors by IR, MAS NMR and XPS Shigemoto, N. et al., 1. Mater. Sci., 1995, 30, (22), 5777-5783. By fusion with sodium hydroxide followed by a hydrothermal reaction, fly ash and Al-enriched fly ash were converted into Na-X and Na-A zeolites, respectively. 96/03378 Collaborative study of quantitative coal minerai analysis using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy Galbreath, K. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1996,75, (4), 424-430. Six laboratories collaborated in an international study of the computercontrolled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) method of quantitative coal mineral analysis. A total of five analyses were performed by most of the laboratories on three bituminous coal samples: Pittsburgh No.8, Illinois No.6 and Prince. Improvement in the interlaboratory agreement of CCSEM results will require the development of a standardized calibration procedure. 96/03379 Comparison of infrared and impedance spectra of petroleum fractions Tjornsland, T. et al., Fuel, Feb. 1996, 75, (3), 322-332. For continuous process monitoring of opaque, heavy petroleum fractions and crude oils, a need for robust measurement systems has emerged. A proposed non-optical system, based on impedance spectroscopy (10), is presented which can be considered in combination with optical methods. To evaluate the performance of the different methods, some initial analysis is performed using infrared (i.r.) spectroscopic and impedance spectroscopic measurements on a set of fractionated crude oils. Multivariate analysis is used to correlate the different spectra with the density of the petroleum fractions, Correlations between the 10 and i.r. spectra are also undertaken. 96/03380 Comparison of irradiance measurements made with the multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer and firstclass thermopile radiometers Zhou, C. et al., Solar Energy, Dec. 1995, 55, (6), 487-491. The multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) uses a silicon photodiode sensor to measure shortwave global and diffuse horizontal irradiance from which direct normal irradiance is calculated. Silicon sensors are rugged, stable, and have a fast time response. However, silicon sensors are both thermally and spectrally sensitive. In addition they, as do all pyranornetric sensors, have an imperfect cosine response, especially at high solar-incidence angles. 96/03381 A comparison of the creep rupture behaviour of new and service exposed low alloy steels Ennis, P. J. er at., Materials at High Temperatures, 1995, 13, (2), 87-92. 96/03382 Conjugate natural convection from an array of discrete heat sources: Part 1 - Two- and three-dimensional model validation Heindel, T. J. et al., Int. 1. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 501-510. Describes two- and three-dimensional numerical models which have been developed for conjugate natural convection in a discretely heated cavity. 96/03383 Conjugate natural convection from an array of discrete heat sources: Part 2 - A numerical parametric study Heindel, T. J. et al., Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 511-518. Coupled conduction and natural convection transport within a discretely heated cavity have been investigated numerically. 96/03384 Determination of germanium in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and continuous flow hydride generation in dilute perchloric acid solution Zhe-Ming, N. and Bin, H. 1. Anal. At. Spectrom, 1995, 10, (10), 747-751. Describes the development of a method for the sensitive determination of germanium by continuous flow hydride generation electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with trapping in a graphite atomizer pretreated with palladium. 96/03385 Determination of incomplete combustion products in discharged coal containing lime Hayashida, N. and Yamaguchi, T. (Assigned to) Mitsubishi Heavy Ind.
ua.,
JAP. Par. JP.07,278,495, Aug 1995.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
231
Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)
96/03369 WHO's IPHECA results Nuclear Engineering lnt., Apr. 1996, 41, (501), p. 32. Reports that the World Health Organisation has been involved in a series of activities related to the Chernobyl accident from the very beginning. The WHO has produced a report 'Health consequences of the Chernobyl accident' which summarizes the findings of IPHECA (International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident) pilot projects aimed at studying the impact of the accident on ordinary people in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
16 FUEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Fundamental Science, Analysis, Instrumentation 96/03370 Adsorption Isotherms for mlcroporous adsorbents Aranovich, G. L. and Donohue, M. D. Carbon, 1995, 33, (10), 1369-1375. Adsorption equilibria in slit pores are calculated using an analytic solution of the classical One-Kondo equation with modified boundary conditions. A new equation is developed for isotherms of gas adsorption on microporous adsorbents. This equation describes isotherms of Type I in the !UpAC classification scheme for temperatures below the critical point and also describes the unusual adsorption of supercritical fluids. This new equation predicts an isotherm that follows the behaviour of the DubininRadushkevich (DR) isotherm for relative pressures pip, between 10"1 and 10.5• However, while the DR equation does not give correct behaviour either for very low pressures or for moderate to high pressure, this new equation is valid over the whole range of relative pressures. 96/03371 Analysis of preheated and oxidized coals by pyrolysis techniques Landais, P. et al., Fuel Process. Technol., 1995, 45, (2), 123-133. The effects of industrial preheating and oxidation have been studied on four different vitrinite-rich coals of different rank. Raw, preheated, oxidized and preheated-oxidized coals were analyzed by three different pyrolysis techniques: Rock-Eval analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and confined pyrolysis. The results indicate that gross and molecular parameters are modified during the different treatments. 96/03372 Apparatus for sampling coal and measuring its caloric value Kawahara, N. et al., (Assigned to) Shimadzu Corp; Chubu Electric Power, lAP. Pat. lP.07,209,282, Aug. 1995. The apparatus consists of a robot hand for operating a series of actions, including moving container for weighing before and after drying and absorbing, and a means for sampling certain amounts of coal to the container for measuring, moisture content, a means for measured ash content, and a means for calculating caloric value based on measured contents. 96/03373 Applications of the 13C NMR magic angle turning experiment to coal studies Pugmire, R. J. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995, 40, (3), 411-414. Experiments were carried out on a spectrometer with a IJC frequency of 100.6 MHz. The probe used was a pencil rotor design and samples were spun at ca. 30 Hz in a 95 mm rotor with a specially built low speed drive tip. 96/03374 Asymptotically consistent reflection boundary conditions for diffusion theory Pomraning, G. C. and Ganapol, B. D. Ann. Nucl. Energy, Dec. 1995, 22, (12), 787-817. It is well known that the classic diffusion equation is an asymptotic limit of the one-speed linear transport equation. In this paper, the authors carried out the analysis required to obtain an asymptotically consistent boundary condition for this diffusion equation in the case of partial surface reflection. The specification of this boundary condition requires the transport theory solution to a purely scattering halfspace problem. A variational treatment is used to obtain explicit results for this halfspace problem in the general case. In the special case of purely diffuse reflection, simple considerations give exact halfspace results, and a more involved exact halfspace analysis is presented in the case of specular reflection. These exact results are used to assess the accuracy of the variational treatment. 96/03375 Buoyancy effects on the mass transfer in absorption with a nonabsorbable gas Chen, J. and Herold, K. E. Int. l. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 536-545. The paper describes the vapour side buoyancy effects on the mass transfer in absorption in the presence of a nonabsorbable gas. Experimental results on a diffusion-absorption refrigerator indicate that the vapour side buoyancy effects on the mass transfer are significant when the density of the nonabsorbable gas is significantly less than that of the absorbable gas. A rectangular enclosure absorption problem is first solved to demonstrate the buoyancy effects without the presence of a forced flow.
96/03376 Characterization of carbon materials using quantitative optical microscopy Crelling, J. C. and Bensley, D. Prepr. Pap-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., 1995, 40, (3), 435-438. The paper describes how both reflectance mapping and density gradient centrifugation analysis can be used to quantatively assess vitrinite and carbon composite heterogeneity. By combining these analyses the spacial distribution of reflectance and density can be determined enabling assessment of physical properties within a morphology context. 96/03377 Characterization of Na-X, Na-A, and coal fly ash zeolites and their amorphous precursors by IR, MAS NMR and XPS Shigemoto, N. et al., 1. Mater. Sci., 1995, 30, (22), 5777-5783. By fusion with sodium hydroxide followed by a hydrothermal reaction, fly ash and Al-enriched fly ash were converted into Na-X and Na-A zeolites, respectively. 96/03378 Collaborative study of quantitative coal minerai analysis using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy Galbreath, K. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1996,75, (4), 424-430. Six laboratories collaborated in an international study of the computercontrolled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) method of quantitative coal mineral analysis. A total of five analyses were performed by most of the laboratories on three bituminous coal samples: Pittsburgh No.8, Illinois No.6 and Prince. Improvement in the interlaboratory agreement of CCSEM results will require the development of a standardized calibration procedure. 96/03379 Comparison of infrared and impedance spectra of petroleum fractions Tjornsland, T. et al., Fuel, Feb. 1996, 75, (3), 322-332. For continuous process monitoring of opaque, heavy petroleum fractions and crude oils, a need for robust measurement systems has emerged. A proposed non-optical system, based on impedance spectroscopy (10), is presented which can be considered in combination with optical methods. To evaluate the performance of the different methods, some initial analysis is performed using infrared (i.r.) spectroscopic and impedance spectroscopic measurements on a set of fractionated crude oils. Multivariate analysis is used to correlate the different spectra with the density of the petroleum fractions, Correlations between the 10 and i.r. spectra are also undertaken. 96/03380 Comparison of irradiance measurements made with the multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer and firstclass thermopile radiometers Zhou, C. et al., Solar Energy, Dec. 1995, 55, (6), 487-491. The multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) uses a silicon photodiode sensor to measure shortwave global and diffuse horizontal irradiance from which direct normal irradiance is calculated. Silicon sensors are rugged, stable, and have a fast time response. However, silicon sensors are both thermally and spectrally sensitive. In addition they, as do all pyranornetric sensors, have an imperfect cosine response, especially at high solar-incidence angles. 96/03381 A comparison of the creep rupture behaviour of new and service exposed low alloy steels Ennis, P. J. er at., Materials at High Temperatures, 1995, 13, (2), 87-92. 96/03382 Conjugate natural convection from an array of discrete heat sources: Part 1 - Two- and three-dimensional model validation Heindel, T. J. et al., Int. 1. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 501-510. Describes two- and three-dimensional numerical models which have been developed for conjugate natural convection in a discretely heated cavity. 96/03383 Conjugate natural convection from an array of discrete heat sources: Part 2 - A numerical parametric study Heindel, T. J. et al., Int. J. Heat & Fluid Flow, Dec. 1995, 16, (6), 511-518. Coupled conduction and natural convection transport within a discretely heated cavity have been investigated numerically. 96/03384 Determination of germanium in environmental samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and continuous flow hydride generation in dilute perchloric acid solution Zhe-Ming, N. and Bin, H. 1. Anal. At. Spectrom, 1995, 10, (10), 747-751. Describes the development of a method for the sensitive determination of germanium by continuous flow hydride generation electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with trapping in a graphite atomizer pretreated with palladium. 96/03385 Determination of incomplete combustion products in discharged coal containing lime Hayashida, N. and Yamaguchi, T. (Assigned to) Mitsubishi Heavy Ind.
ua.,
JAP. Par. JP.07,278,495, Aug 1995.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
231