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Apple Intake Reduces Hypertension and Cardiac Pathology in Obese Rats with Metabolic Syndrome
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 8
POSTER SESSION: SCIENCE/EDUCATION/MANAGEMENT/FOODSERVICE/CULINARY/RESEARCH Cultivation of Cordyceps Militaris in Solid and Liquid Culture
Apple Intake Reduces Hypertension and Cardiac Pathology in Obese Rats with Metabolic Syndrome
Author(s): I. Shih, S. Chang, Y. Chen; Environmental Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
Author(s): E. M. Seymour,1 H. C. Spink,2 M. G. Kondoleon,1 D. E. Urcuyo-Llanes1, S. F. Bolling1; 1Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Learning Outcome: Cultivating medicinal mushroom and analyzing the active ingredients This study investigated the factors affecting the cultivation of Cordyceps militari in submerged and solid state culture. The maximum of mycelium biomass and extracellular polysaccharide(EPS) production was obtained when sucrose was used as carbon source and 1% Yeast Extract (YE) as nitrogen source. All vegetable oils enhanced the production of mycelium biomass and extracellular polysaccharide. However, the addition of plant oil has no apparent assistance on the production of cordycepin and adenosine. In shaken culture, high mycelium biomass and EPS was obtained when Carbon/ Nitrogen (C/N) ratio was 20:1. The maximum production of cordycepin was obtained when C/N ratio was 5:1, it was 45.15 mg/L. In the extraction of active ingredient from mycelium and fruiting body, ultrasonic shaking followed by hot water extraction improved the dissolution of cordycepin and adenosine. The adenosine of mycelium and fruiting body on solid state culture decreased as culture time increased. However, the production of cordycepin increased as culture time increased. Key words: Cordyceps militaris; Submerged Culture; Solid State Culture; Cordycepin, Adenosine; Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) Funding Disclosure: None
Learning Outcome: Apple intake in a rat model of metabolic syndrome and hypertension reduced blood pressure and cardiac remodeling and improved heart function. These effects were not observed for apple pectin, suggesting mechanisms go beyond the benefits of fiber. Higher intake of fruits and vegetables can reduce cardiovascular mortality. Apples provide pectin and phytochemicals and both components may confer health effects. Apple and pectin intake reduce serum cholesterol in rats. However, the effect of both on hypertension and cardiac function is unknown. In obesity-prone rats with metabolic syndrome (Zucker Fatty rat), we compared the effect of three diets: freezedried apple powder (APP, 10% w:w), pectin (PEC), or control (CON). Diets were matched for sugar and calorie content, and animals were provided equivalent food per day. For health relevance, fat content was elevated (7% above normal for rats) and contained an innovative lipid profile based upon NHANES-“What We Eat in America” 2006. Body weight, fat mass and lean mass were not significantly different among groups. However, APP rats displayed progressive reductions in systolic blood pressure while PEC rats showed only transient reductions. After 120 days, APP but not PEC rats showed reduced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, improved diastolic function and increased cardiac output. APP rats also showed reduced plasma oxidative stress. However, APP and PEC rats had reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol and fasting glucose and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid content. Results suggest that apple intake reduced key risk cardiac factors in obese rats with metabolic syndrome, and that blood lipid reduction by pectin does not correlate with reduced blood pressure. In addition, reduced oxidative stress by apple intake may be critical to the cardiac-specific effects. In summary, broader cardiac benefits were obtained from apple versus apple pectin intake. Funding Disclosure: U.S. Apple Association/Apple Products Research and Education Council
How Pistachios May Favorably Influence an Individual’s Metabolic Profile and Risk for Chronic Diseases Associated with Inflammation Author(s): L. Herzig,1 M. Perez2; 1Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, 2Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno - Graduate Student, Fresno, CA Learning Outcome: Participants will be able to describe the effect of substituting 20% (3.0oz) caloric intake with pistachio nuts on individuals with METs, DM, CVD on BP, TChol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, hsCRP, Glucose. In the United States there is an increasing trend in Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Cardio Vascular Disease. One way of determining an individual’s risk for developing these diseases is by evaluating their metabolic profile. Metabolic syndrome is used to describe an unhealthy metabolic profile such as: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, low High Density Protein, high blood pressure and glucose intolerance. The risk of developing these diseases and MetS can be minimized through diet such as the Mediterranean diet. Studies have shown that pistachios, walnuts and almonds can reduce the risk of developing CVD and HTN due to their favorable fatty acid profile and nutrient dense composition. Pistachios have been shown to reduce the risk of CVD by improving the metabolic profile in the following ways: lowering Total Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein and increasing HDL. This parallel, controlled, randomized study evaluated the effects of daily consumption of 3 oz pistachios over 8 weeks on 12 subjects with MetS. No significant changes were detected in the following variables: Fasting Plasma Glucose, TC, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, LDL, Blood pressure, high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and HDL. It is important to note that no negative changes were observed, despite the additional 510 kcal per day from pistachios. This study supports previous research on pistachios and the claim that: although they are energy dense pistachios can be incorporated into the diet of a high risk subject such as an individual with MetS, without any harmful side effects such as elevated TC and LDL. Funding Disclosure: Western Pistachio Association
A Novel Approach to Estimating Food Consumed by Americans in Terms of Retail Food Commodities Author(s): S. Bowman,1 C. Martin1, J. Friday1, A. Moshfegh1, J. Clemens1, B. Lin2; 1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 1USDA, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC Learning Outcome: The attendee will learn about: (1) the process of converting foods as consumed to commodities and (2) several applications of the Food Intakes as Retail Commodities database in nutrition research and nutrition and agriculture policy developments. The purpose of our research has been to develop a Food Intakes as Retail Commodities (FIARC) database that converts foods and beverages reported as consumed by respondents in What We Eat In America, the dietary component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, into respective amounts of retail food commodities. Eight major categories have been assigned in FIARC: dairy; fruits; grains; nuts; caloric sweeteners; fats and oils; vegetables and legumes; and meat, fish, poultry and eggs. Each has several subgroups representing 65 food commodities. In developing FIARC, foods reported in the surveys have been separated into their ingredients where necessary and assigned to an appropriate commodity. Next, conversion factors were applied to adjust for food processing losses to convert foods back to respective commodities. For example, refuse such as peel and core were added back to the edible portions of fruit and vegetables. Using the new database for the 2001-2002 WWEIA survey, selected commodity profiles estimated from food intakes of persons 2 years and older are: the major contributors for fruit, 42% are oranges, 16% apples, and 7% each of bananas, melons, and grapes; for vegetables, 31% are tomatoes and 26% potatoes. This is the first time a national database has been developed to convert food intakes into respective amounts of commodities. Using the database, national estimates of commodity use by various socio-economic groups can be estimated. Further, it can be linked with economic data to determine food cost. Funding Disclosure: ARS & ERS, USDA
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-51
POSTER SESSION: SCIENCE/EDUCATION/MANAGEMENT/FOODSERVICE/CULINARY/RESEARCH Cultivation of Cordyceps Militaris in Solid and Liquid Culture
Apple Intake Reduces Hypertension and Cardiac Pathology in Obese Rats with Metabolic Syndrome
Author(s): I. Shih, S. Chang, Y. Chen; Environmental Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
Author(s): E. M. Seymour,1 H. C. Spink,2 M. G. Kondoleon,1 D. E. Urcuyo-Llanes1, S. F. Bolling1; 1Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Learning Outcome: Cultivating medicinal mushroom and analyzing the active ingredients This study investigated the factors affecting the cultivation of Cordyceps militari in submerged and solid state culture. The maximum of mycelium biomass and extracellular polysaccharide(EPS) production was obtained when sucrose was used as carbon source and 1% Yeast Extract (YE) as nitrogen source. All vegetable oils enhanced the production of mycelium biomass and extracellular polysaccharide. However, the addition of plant oil has no apparent assistance on the production of cordycepin and adenosine. In shaken culture, high mycelium biomass and EPS was obtained when Carbon/ Nitrogen (C/N) ratio was 20:1. The maximum production of cordycepin was obtained when C/N ratio was 5:1, it was 45.15 mg/L. In the extraction of active ingredient from mycelium and fruiting body, ultrasonic shaking followed by hot water extraction improved the dissolution of cordycepin and adenosine. The adenosine of mycelium and fruiting body on solid state culture decreased as culture time increased. However, the production of cordycepin increased as culture time increased. Key words: Cordyceps militaris; Submerged Culture; Solid State Culture; Cordycepin, Adenosine; Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) Funding Disclosure: None
Learning Outcome: Apple intake in a rat model of metabolic syndrome and hypertension reduced blood pressure and cardiac remodeling and improved heart function. These effects were not observed for apple pectin, suggesting mechanisms go beyond the benefits of fiber. Higher intake of fruits and vegetables can reduce cardiovascular mortality. Apples provide pectin and phytochemicals and both components may confer health effects. Apple and pectin intake reduce serum cholesterol in rats. However, the effect of both on hypertension and cardiac function is unknown. In obesity-prone rats with metabolic syndrome (Zucker Fatty rat), we compared the effect of three diets: freezedried apple powder (APP, 10% w:w), pectin (PEC), or control (CON). Diets were matched for sugar and calorie content, and animals were provided equivalent food per day. For health relevance, fat content was elevated (7% above normal for rats) and contained an innovative lipid profile based upon NHANES-“What We Eat in America” 2006. Body weight, fat mass and lean mass were not significantly different among groups. However, APP rats displayed progressive reductions in systolic blood pressure while PEC rats showed only transient reductions. After 120 days, APP but not PEC rats showed reduced cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, improved diastolic function and increased cardiac output. APP rats also showed reduced plasma oxidative stress. However, APP and PEC rats had reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol and fasting glucose and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid content. Results suggest that apple intake reduced key risk cardiac factors in obese rats with metabolic syndrome, and that blood lipid reduction by pectin does not correlate with reduced blood pressure. In addition, reduced oxidative stress by apple intake may be critical to the cardiac-specific effects. In summary, broader cardiac benefits were obtained from apple versus apple pectin intake. Funding Disclosure: U.S. Apple Association/Apple Products Research and Education Council
How Pistachios May Favorably Influence an Individual’s Metabolic Profile and Risk for Chronic Diseases Associated with Inflammation Author(s): L. Herzig,1 M. Perez2; 1Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, 2Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno - Graduate Student, Fresno, CA Learning Outcome: Participants will be able to describe the effect of substituting 20% (3.0oz) caloric intake with pistachio nuts on individuals with METs, DM, CVD on BP, TChol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, hsCRP, Glucose. In the United States there is an increasing trend in Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Cardio Vascular Disease. One way of determining an individual’s risk for developing these diseases is by evaluating their metabolic profile. Metabolic syndrome is used to describe an unhealthy metabolic profile such as: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, low High Density Protein, high blood pressure and glucose intolerance. The risk of developing these diseases and MetS can be minimized through diet such as the Mediterranean diet. Studies have shown that pistachios, walnuts and almonds can reduce the risk of developing CVD and HTN due to their favorable fatty acid profile and nutrient dense composition. Pistachios have been shown to reduce the risk of CVD by improving the metabolic profile in the following ways: lowering Total Cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein and increasing HDL. This parallel, controlled, randomized study evaluated the effects of daily consumption of 3 oz pistachios over 8 weeks on 12 subjects with MetS. No significant changes were detected in the following variables: Fasting Plasma Glucose, TC, Very Low Density Lipoprotein, LDL, Blood pressure, high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and HDL. It is important to note that no negative changes were observed, despite the additional 510 kcal per day from pistachios. This study supports previous research on pistachios and the claim that: although they are energy dense pistachios can be incorporated into the diet of a high risk subject such as an individual with MetS, without any harmful side effects such as elevated TC and LDL. Funding Disclosure: Western Pistachio Association
A Novel Approach to Estimating Food Consumed by Americans in Terms of Retail Food Commodities Author(s): S. Bowman,1 C. Martin1, J. Friday1, A. Moshfegh1, J. Clemens1, B. Lin2; 1USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 1USDA, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC Learning Outcome: The attendee will learn about: (1) the process of converting foods as consumed to commodities and (2) several applications of the Food Intakes as Retail Commodities database in nutrition research and nutrition and agriculture policy developments. The purpose of our research has been to develop a Food Intakes as Retail Commodities (FIARC) database that converts foods and beverages reported as consumed by respondents in What We Eat In America, the dietary component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, into respective amounts of retail food commodities. Eight major categories have been assigned in FIARC: dairy; fruits; grains; nuts; caloric sweeteners; fats and oils; vegetables and legumes; and meat, fish, poultry and eggs. Each has several subgroups representing 65 food commodities. In developing FIARC, foods reported in the surveys have been separated into their ingredients where necessary and assigned to an appropriate commodity. Next, conversion factors were applied to adjust for food processing losses to convert foods back to respective commodities. For example, refuse such as peel and core were added back to the edible portions of fruit and vegetables. Using the new database for the 2001-2002 WWEIA survey, selected commodity profiles estimated from food intakes of persons 2 years and older are: the major contributors for fruit, 42% are oranges, 16% apples, and 7% each of bananas, melons, and grapes; for vegetables, 31% are tomatoes and 26% potatoes. This is the first time a national database has been developed to convert food intakes into respective amounts of commodities. Using the database, national estimates of commodity use by various socio-economic groups can be estimated. Further, it can be linked with economic data to determine food cost. Funding Disclosure: ARS & ERS, USDA
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-51