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Aspects of powder technology in ancient and medieval India
Effect of sintering temperature, Ni concentration (1-20%) and test temperature on microhardness of Mo-Ni alloys investigated. Statistics applied to the results of microhardness testing and effects of test temp e r a t u r e on m i c r o h a r d n e s s . G o o d agreement between measured and predicted data claimed.
target materials. It is concluded that PM p r o v i d e s a s u i t a b l e m e t h o d for the production of sputtering targets in W10%Ti.
PM parts
HIGH TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S OF W-2%Re P M ALLOY
STATUS OF P M S T R U C T U R A L PARTS USED IN A U T O M O T I V E APPLICATIONS
O.G. Radchenko, et al, Poroskovaya Metallurgia, 1989, No 11, 31-35. In Russian Strength and plasticity of W-2%Re alloy c o m p a r e d w i t h u n al lo y e d W and W reinforced with oxides and carbides. Before testing alloys were rolled to a total strain of 93%. It was shown that the Re alloy has greater high temperature strength than unalloyed W and alloys strengthened by additions of Y and Hf oxides.
H. Fengiin, (Beijing Industrial Company of Powder Metallurgy, China), PM Technology, Vol 8, No 2, 1990, 99-113. In Chinese The use of PM in the manufacture of components for automotive applications in engine, transmission, steering systems and other parts is systematically reviewed. The paper shows the growth in the use of PM parts.
R O L L I N G OF Mo AND W WIRE IN GROOVED ROLLS L.A. Barkov, Poroskovaya MetaUurgia, 1989, No 11, 91-96. In Russian Rolling of Mo and W billets in grooved rolls as an alternative to swaging is d i s c u s s e d . 3 - r o l l Kocks a n d 4 - r o l l Chelyabinsk mills are described and their potential reviewed. Design of a continuous mill with 3-roll and 4-roll passes is described. Advantages and disadvantages of both swaging and rolling are discussed. A M IN E T U N G S T A T E S AND T H E I R A P P L I C A T I O N F OR W P O W D E R PRODUCTION Z. Zhiqiang, et al, (PM Research Institute, CSUT, Changsha, Hunan, China), Int J. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 3, 1990, 143-145 A literature review of amine tungstates is presented. The potential use of these compounds in the production of W metal, as an alternative to the use of ammonium paratungstate, is discussed. D E V E L O P M E N T OF W-Ti BINARY ALLOY S P U T T E R I N G TARGETS AND STUDY O F T H E S P U T T E R I N G CH A RA C T ER I S TI C S M. Yamauchi, T. Kibayashi, (Nippon Tungsten Co, Fukuoka, Japan), Int J. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 3, 1990, 146-153 The production of W-10%Ti, for use as sputtering targets, by 3 methods was investigated. The methods were conventional pressing and sintering, hot pressing and a special sintering process. The last of these was considered to be the most suitable for the purpose. Films were sputtered on to a MgO substrate and the v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s e x a m i n e d . The sputtered films were compared with the
& Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 2, June 1990, 104-108 The microalloying of tantalum with silicon has been effectively used on a commercial scale. However, data on effects of m i c r o a l l o y i n g on p r o c e s s i b i l i t y , microstructure and mechanical properties is not readily available. Ta powder with several levels of silicon (0-50 ppm) was processed under identical conditions; sheet s a m p l e s were a n n e a l e d at d i f f e r e n t temperatures and evaluated via microstructural, chemical and mechanical tests. The recrystallization temperature increased with silicon content. It is most probably due to the presence of an intermetallic (Ta3Si) phase. The mechanical properties of unrecrystallized tantalum, are expectedly, significantly different from those of recrystallized tantalum.
S T E A M T H E R M A L OXIDATION OF P M PARTS
MISCELLANEOUS
V. T. Kofee, et al, Poroskovaya Metailurgia, 1989, No 9, 90-94. In Russian Steam thermal oxidation of automotive components is described. Variations in the p r o p e r t i e s of o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s of different composition are studied. Spoilage and the reasons for this are discussed.
TECH N I CA L AND E C O N O M I C C O N S I D E R A T I O N S OF P M SUPERALLOYS
P O W D E R METALLURGY IN GEAR M A N U F A C T U R E - A REVIEW S.D.I~ Saheb, K. Gopinath, (Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India), Powder Metallurgy Science & Technology, Vol 1, No 4, 1990, 43-66 The paper traces the development of the u s e o f PM in g e a r p r o d u c t i o n . I m p r o v e m e n t s in t h e p r o c e s s a r e discussed and it is shown how these have led to the production of components with higher and more uniform densities, better dimensional control and enhanced mechanical properties. The advantages gained by use of PM are outlined.
Tungsten inlllllr
EFFECT OF Ni ON GRAIN G R O W T H IN W WIRE I.H. Moon et al, (Hail Yang University, Korea). J Less Common Metals, Vol 153, No 2, 1989, 275-283 Measurements made of grain growth rate in W wire with addit$ons of Ni. Sintering was at 1400°C. Ni found to accelerate grain growth. EFFECT OF M I C R O A L L O Y I N G W I T H S I L I C O N ON T H E P R O P E R T I E S OF TANTALUM K.D. Moser et al, (Cabot Corp, Boyertown, PA, USA), Int. Journal of Refi'actory Metals
L.W. Lherbier, W.B. Kent (Cytemt Powder Products, Bridgeville, Penn, USA) Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 2, 1990, 131-137. PM superalloys play a critical role in many gas turbine engines. Examples of parts in service include turbine and compressor disks, blade retainers and cooling plates. The materials have been c h o s e n by v i r t u e of t h e i r u n i q u e combination of strength, creep and fatigue characteristics within the operating temperature regime of today's advanced engines. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the current status of PM superalloy technology from both the t e c h n i c a l and e c o n o m i c v i e w p o i n t s . Technical and economic issues have been identified and alternatives suggested for expanding the use of PM superalloys in present and future gas turbine engine systems. P M IN TAIWAN T.T. Wang, C.L. Chu (Taiwan Porite Co, Chu Nun, Taiwan), Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 2, 1990, 167-169 Development, present status, trends in the PM industry of Talwan and research institutes are reviewed. Current activities include production of powders, parts and bearings, magnetic materials and cemented carbides. ASPECTS OF P O W D E R T E C H N O L O G Y IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA R.K. Dube, (Indian Inst. of Technology, Kanpur, India), Powder Metallurgy, Vol 33, No 2, 1990, 119-125
MPR February 1991 55
PM
Reports a literary survey of the production, characterization and applications of metal powders in ancient and medieval India. An experimental study of comminution of silver foil into a flake-like powder is described. Successive hot forging of sponge iron, in making the Delhi iron pillar, is compared to modern powder forging.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
4th International Conference on Isostatic Pressing The following abstracts are of the papers presented at the above conference which was held in Stratford-onAvon, UK, 5-7 November 1990.
P O W D E R METALLURGY AT T H E C A T H O L I C UNIVERSITY LEUVEN, BELGIUM
KEYNOTE PAPER: CURRENT STATUS OF H I P T E C H N O L O G Y AND TH E P R O S P E C T S FOR TH E 1 9 9 0 s
L. Froyen, et al, (Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium), Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 4, 1990, 396-401 The PM research activities of the University are outlined. The topics under active study include mechanical alloying, p l a s m a p r o c e s s i n g of i n t e r m e t a l l i c materials and ceramics, metal injection moulding, superconductors and coatings. The wide range of facilities available is listed together with the names of some of the industrial and governmental sponsors of the researches.
R. Widmer, (Industrial Materials Technology, Andover, MA, USA). The p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s of HIP processing, powder consolidation, diffusion bonding and densification of casting were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the ability of HIP technology to 'customize' materials' properties. Developments in HIP technology, the use of high temperatures and pressures, were highlighted. Possible future developments in terms of equipment capacity and the further use of HIP to engineer a material's properties were discussed.
P O W D E R M E T A L L U R G Y IN INDIA G.S. Upadhaya, (Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India), lnt J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 4, 1990, 391-395 The paper traces the development of the PM industry in India in the period 1988 to 1990 in which there has been significant expansion particularly in the production of larger and more complex automotive components. Current research and development activities are highlighted and there is a brief review of PM in education. The role of g o v e r n m e n t agencies is discussed. ANCIENT B L O O M E R Y IRON PROCESS L. Zude, L. Yang, PM Technology, Vol 8, No 2, 1990, 113-119. In Chinese In the bloomery process iron was produced by reduction of the ore with charcoal. The forge welding of the reduced iron is said to be an embryonic form of the modern PM processes. The relationship of the bloomery process to PM is discussed. P O W D E R M E T A L L U R G Y IN SCANDINAVIA B. Kellock, Machinery and Production Engineering, 21 September 1990, 75-77 An account is given of the findings of an OSTEM (Overseas Science and Technology E x p e r t M i s s i o n ) s p o n s o r e d by t h e Department of Trade and Industry. Visits were made to organizations involved in the p r o d u c t i o n of m e t a l p o w d e r s , PM components and machinery. The paper comments on findings of the Mission in respect of some modern technology such as metal injection moulding.
56 MPR February 1991
CIPS T E C H N O L O G Y FO R MASS P R O D U C T I O N OF DRY CAST-IN CYLINDER LINERS P. Skoglund, (CIPS KB, Hoganas, Sweden). The p a p er draws at t en t i o n to the s u i t a b i l i t y of dry-bag cold i s o s t a t i c p r e s s i n g ( CI P) of n e a r - n e t s h a p e components of complex shape in metals and ceramics, for mass production of, particularly, a u t o m o t i v e co m p o n en t s. Production of structural components in metals and ceramic insulators is reported. PM cylinder liners have been produced and evaluated for their performance in diesel and petrol engines where rigid components, low friction and wear rates are the characteristics required. High production capacity and low manufacturing cost are said to make the process attractive and the technical and commercial aspects of massproduction of cast-in cylinder liners are reviewed.
C e F e L O G - A NEW P R O D U C T F O R
C A L C I U M LADLE M E T A L L U R G Y MADE BY CIP P. Colman, et al, (National Forge Europe, Belgium). Calcium is used in the steel industry for efficient treatment of molten steel in the ladle p r i o r to casting. The steel is d e o x i d i z e d , d e s u l p h u r i z e d and nonmetallic inclusions are modified with resultant improvements in the mechanical properties of the finished steel. CeFe logs can be made by the PM route or by CIP and are more efficient in use other than calcium treatment materials. Both wet and dry-bag CIP can be used for the efficient production of Ca treatment materials.
FLEXIBLE T O O L I N G FOR CIP I~M. Broughton, (Watts Urethane Products, Lydney, UK). The principles of isostatic forming are discussed with reference to the use of polyurethane for tooling in CIP which is compared with rubber. PVC and other tool materials. Tooling design for wet-bag processing is reviewed for a range of part shapes with particular regard to mould closure. For dry-bag tooling the design of multi-cavity moulds, which allow faster p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s , is also reviewed. Properties of polyurethane grades are considered with reference to selection of mould material. USE OF ADVANCED P R O G R A M M A B L E LOGIC C O N T R O L SYSTEMS IN C O N T I N U O U S P R O D U C T I O N CIP PLANTS A. Freeman, (Stanstead Fluid Power Ltd., Stanstead, UK). The operating advantages and some t ech n i cal p r o b l e m s and solutions in control of wet and dry-bag cold isostatic pressing plants were illustrated by means of a movie with commentary. RECENT D E V E L O P M E N T S AND A P P L I C A T I O N S OF H I P AND CIP EQUIPMENT T. Kanda, et al, (Kobe Steel Ltd., Kobe, Japan). Recent p r o g r e s s in HIP a nd CIP e q u i p m e n t is d e s c r i b e d . U l t r a high t e m p e r a t u r e HIP, u s i n g an o p t i c a l p y r o m e t r y system, high t e m p e r a t u r e oxygen HIP and fully au t o m a t e d CIP systems have been developed. A P P L I C A T I O N RELATED H I P AND CIP PLANT T E C H N O L O G Y U. Willmsen, (J. Dieffenbacher GmbH, Germany). Application of CIP to production of large formed parts such as concast crucibles, electrodes and continuous casting nozzles from graphite powder were described. Application of HIP to p r o d u c t i o n of technical ceramics by a flexible process management system was reviewed. H O T ISOSTATIC PRESSES OF M.M.E. T.R. Dick, (Metmachecosse, Hamilton, UK). The paper describes a new range of laboratory and production scale isostatic presses for processing structural ceramics and composite materials by combined action of m e d i u m to high p r e s s u r e reactive gases and temperatures up to 2000°C u n d e r p r e c i s e p r o g r a m m e d control. The pressure vessel is tape wound in a design of Russian invention and a water cooling system allows the attainment of high temperatures and fast cooling after
target materials. It is concluded that PM p r o v i d e s a s u i t a b l e m e t h o d for the production of sputtering targets in W10%Ti.
PM parts
HIGH TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S OF W-2%Re P M ALLOY
STATUS OF P M S T R U C T U R A L PARTS USED IN A U T O M O T I V E APPLICATIONS
O.G. Radchenko, et al, Poroskovaya Metallurgia, 1989, No 11, 31-35. In Russian Strength and plasticity of W-2%Re alloy c o m p a r e d w i t h u n al lo y e d W and W reinforced with oxides and carbides. Before testing alloys were rolled to a total strain of 93%. It was shown that the Re alloy has greater high temperature strength than unalloyed W and alloys strengthened by additions of Y and Hf oxides.
H. Fengiin, (Beijing Industrial Company of Powder Metallurgy, China), PM Technology, Vol 8, No 2, 1990, 99-113. In Chinese The use of PM in the manufacture of components for automotive applications in engine, transmission, steering systems and other parts is systematically reviewed. The paper shows the growth in the use of PM parts.
R O L L I N G OF Mo AND W WIRE IN GROOVED ROLLS L.A. Barkov, Poroskovaya MetaUurgia, 1989, No 11, 91-96. In Russian Rolling of Mo and W billets in grooved rolls as an alternative to swaging is d i s c u s s e d . 3 - r o l l Kocks a n d 4 - r o l l Chelyabinsk mills are described and their potential reviewed. Design of a continuous mill with 3-roll and 4-roll passes is described. Advantages and disadvantages of both swaging and rolling are discussed. A M IN E T U N G S T A T E S AND T H E I R A P P L I C A T I O N F OR W P O W D E R PRODUCTION Z. Zhiqiang, et al, (PM Research Institute, CSUT, Changsha, Hunan, China), Int J. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 3, 1990, 143-145 A literature review of amine tungstates is presented. The potential use of these compounds in the production of W metal, as an alternative to the use of ammonium paratungstate, is discussed. D E V E L O P M E N T OF W-Ti BINARY ALLOY S P U T T E R I N G TARGETS AND STUDY O F T H E S P U T T E R I N G CH A RA C T ER I S TI C S M. Yamauchi, T. Kibayashi, (Nippon Tungsten Co, Fukuoka, Japan), Int J. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 3, 1990, 146-153 The production of W-10%Ti, for use as sputtering targets, by 3 methods was investigated. The methods were conventional pressing and sintering, hot pressing and a special sintering process. The last of these was considered to be the most suitable for the purpose. Films were sputtered on to a MgO substrate and the v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s e x a m i n e d . The sputtered films were compared with the
& Hard Materials, Vol 9, No 2, June 1990, 104-108 The microalloying of tantalum with silicon has been effectively used on a commercial scale. However, data on effects of m i c r o a l l o y i n g on p r o c e s s i b i l i t y , microstructure and mechanical properties is not readily available. Ta powder with several levels of silicon (0-50 ppm) was processed under identical conditions; sheet s a m p l e s were a n n e a l e d at d i f f e r e n t temperatures and evaluated via microstructural, chemical and mechanical tests. The recrystallization temperature increased with silicon content. It is most probably due to the presence of an intermetallic (Ta3Si) phase. The mechanical properties of unrecrystallized tantalum, are expectedly, significantly different from those of recrystallized tantalum.
S T E A M T H E R M A L OXIDATION OF P M PARTS
MISCELLANEOUS
V. T. Kofee, et al, Poroskovaya Metailurgia, 1989, No 9, 90-94. In Russian Steam thermal oxidation of automotive components is described. Variations in the p r o p e r t i e s of o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s of different composition are studied. Spoilage and the reasons for this are discussed.
TECH N I CA L AND E C O N O M I C C O N S I D E R A T I O N S OF P M SUPERALLOYS
P O W D E R METALLURGY IN GEAR M A N U F A C T U R E - A REVIEW S.D.I~ Saheb, K. Gopinath, (Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India), Powder Metallurgy Science & Technology, Vol 1, No 4, 1990, 43-66 The paper traces the development of the u s e o f PM in g e a r p r o d u c t i o n . I m p r o v e m e n t s in t h e p r o c e s s a r e discussed and it is shown how these have led to the production of components with higher and more uniform densities, better dimensional control and enhanced mechanical properties. The advantages gained by use of PM are outlined.
Tungsten inlllllr
EFFECT OF Ni ON GRAIN G R O W T H IN W WIRE I.H. Moon et al, (Hail Yang University, Korea). J Less Common Metals, Vol 153, No 2, 1989, 275-283 Measurements made of grain growth rate in W wire with addit$ons of Ni. Sintering was at 1400°C. Ni found to accelerate grain growth. EFFECT OF M I C R O A L L O Y I N G W I T H S I L I C O N ON T H E P R O P E R T I E S OF TANTALUM K.D. Moser et al, (Cabot Corp, Boyertown, PA, USA), Int. Journal of Refi'actory Metals
L.W. Lherbier, W.B. Kent (Cytemt Powder Products, Bridgeville, Penn, USA) Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 2, 1990, 131-137. PM superalloys play a critical role in many gas turbine engines. Examples of parts in service include turbine and compressor disks, blade retainers and cooling plates. The materials have been c h o s e n by v i r t u e of t h e i r u n i q u e combination of strength, creep and fatigue characteristics within the operating temperature regime of today's advanced engines. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the current status of PM superalloy technology from both the t e c h n i c a l and e c o n o m i c v i e w p o i n t s . Technical and economic issues have been identified and alternatives suggested for expanding the use of PM superalloys in present and future gas turbine engine systems. P M IN TAIWAN T.T. Wang, C.L. Chu (Taiwan Porite Co, Chu Nun, Taiwan), Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 2, 1990, 167-169 Development, present status, trends in the PM industry of Talwan and research institutes are reviewed. Current activities include production of powders, parts and bearings, magnetic materials and cemented carbides. ASPECTS OF P O W D E R T E C H N O L O G Y IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA R.K. Dube, (Indian Inst. of Technology, Kanpur, India), Powder Metallurgy, Vol 33, No 2, 1990, 119-125
MPR February 1991 55
PM
Reports a literary survey of the production, characterization and applications of metal powders in ancient and medieval India. An experimental study of comminution of silver foil into a flake-like powder is described. Successive hot forging of sponge iron, in making the Delhi iron pillar, is compared to modern powder forging.
LITERATURE
REVIEW
4th International Conference on Isostatic Pressing The following abstracts are of the papers presented at the above conference which was held in Stratford-onAvon, UK, 5-7 November 1990.
P O W D E R METALLURGY AT T H E C A T H O L I C UNIVERSITY LEUVEN, BELGIUM
KEYNOTE PAPER: CURRENT STATUS OF H I P T E C H N O L O G Y AND TH E P R O S P E C T S FOR TH E 1 9 9 0 s
L. Froyen, et al, (Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium), Int J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 4, 1990, 396-401 The PM research activities of the University are outlined. The topics under active study include mechanical alloying, p l a s m a p r o c e s s i n g of i n t e r m e t a l l i c materials and ceramics, metal injection moulding, superconductors and coatings. The wide range of facilities available is listed together with the names of some of the industrial and governmental sponsors of the researches.
R. Widmer, (Industrial Materials Technology, Andover, MA, USA). The p r e s e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s of HIP processing, powder consolidation, diffusion bonding and densification of casting were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the ability of HIP technology to 'customize' materials' properties. Developments in HIP technology, the use of high temperatures and pressures, were highlighted. Possible future developments in terms of equipment capacity and the further use of HIP to engineer a material's properties were discussed.
P O W D E R M E T A L L U R G Y IN INDIA G.S. Upadhaya, (Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India), lnt J Powder Metallurgy, Vol 26, No 4, 1990, 391-395 The paper traces the development of the PM industry in India in the period 1988 to 1990 in which there has been significant expansion particularly in the production of larger and more complex automotive components. Current research and development activities are highlighted and there is a brief review of PM in education. The role of g o v e r n m e n t agencies is discussed. ANCIENT B L O O M E R Y IRON PROCESS L. Zude, L. Yang, PM Technology, Vol 8, No 2, 1990, 113-119. In Chinese In the bloomery process iron was produced by reduction of the ore with charcoal. The forge welding of the reduced iron is said to be an embryonic form of the modern PM processes. The relationship of the bloomery process to PM is discussed. P O W D E R M E T A L L U R G Y IN SCANDINAVIA B. Kellock, Machinery and Production Engineering, 21 September 1990, 75-77 An account is given of the findings of an OSTEM (Overseas Science and Technology E x p e r t M i s s i o n ) s p o n s o r e d by t h e Department of Trade and Industry. Visits were made to organizations involved in the p r o d u c t i o n of m e t a l p o w d e r s , PM components and machinery. The paper comments on findings of the Mission in respect of some modern technology such as metal injection moulding.
56 MPR February 1991
CIPS T E C H N O L O G Y FO R MASS P R O D U C T I O N OF DRY CAST-IN CYLINDER LINERS P. Skoglund, (CIPS KB, Hoganas, Sweden). The p a p er draws at t en t i o n to the s u i t a b i l i t y of dry-bag cold i s o s t a t i c p r e s s i n g ( CI P) of n e a r - n e t s h a p e components of complex shape in metals and ceramics, for mass production of, particularly, a u t o m o t i v e co m p o n en t s. Production of structural components in metals and ceramic insulators is reported. PM cylinder liners have been produced and evaluated for their performance in diesel and petrol engines where rigid components, low friction and wear rates are the characteristics required. High production capacity and low manufacturing cost are said to make the process attractive and the technical and commercial aspects of massproduction of cast-in cylinder liners are reviewed.
C e F e L O G - A NEW P R O D U C T F O R
C A L C I U M LADLE M E T A L L U R G Y MADE BY CIP P. Colman, et al, (National Forge Europe, Belgium). Calcium is used in the steel industry for efficient treatment of molten steel in the ladle p r i o r to casting. The steel is d e o x i d i z e d , d e s u l p h u r i z e d and nonmetallic inclusions are modified with resultant improvements in the mechanical properties of the finished steel. CeFe logs can be made by the PM route or by CIP and are more efficient in use other than calcium treatment materials. Both wet and dry-bag CIP can be used for the efficient production of Ca treatment materials.
FLEXIBLE T O O L I N G FOR CIP I~M. Broughton, (Watts Urethane Products, Lydney, UK). The principles of isostatic forming are discussed with reference to the use of polyurethane for tooling in CIP which is compared with rubber. PVC and other tool materials. Tooling design for wet-bag processing is reviewed for a range of part shapes with particular regard to mould closure. For dry-bag tooling the design of multi-cavity moulds, which allow faster p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s , is also reviewed. Properties of polyurethane grades are considered with reference to selection of mould material. USE OF ADVANCED P R O G R A M M A B L E LOGIC C O N T R O L SYSTEMS IN C O N T I N U O U S P R O D U C T I O N CIP PLANTS A. Freeman, (Stanstead Fluid Power Ltd., Stanstead, UK). The operating advantages and some t ech n i cal p r o b l e m s and solutions in control of wet and dry-bag cold isostatic pressing plants were illustrated by means of a movie with commentary. RECENT D E V E L O P M E N T S AND A P P L I C A T I O N S OF H I P AND CIP EQUIPMENT T. Kanda, et al, (Kobe Steel Ltd., Kobe, Japan). Recent p r o g r e s s in HIP a nd CIP e q u i p m e n t is d e s c r i b e d . U l t r a high t e m p e r a t u r e HIP, u s i n g an o p t i c a l p y r o m e t r y system, high t e m p e r a t u r e oxygen HIP and fully au t o m a t e d CIP systems have been developed. A P P L I C A T I O N RELATED H I P AND CIP PLANT T E C H N O L O G Y U. Willmsen, (J. Dieffenbacher GmbH, Germany). Application of CIP to production of large formed parts such as concast crucibles, electrodes and continuous casting nozzles from graphite powder were described. Application of HIP to p r o d u c t i o n of technical ceramics by a flexible process management system was reviewed. H O T ISOSTATIC PRESSES OF M.M.E. T.R. Dick, (Metmachecosse, Hamilton, UK). The paper describes a new range of laboratory and production scale isostatic presses for processing structural ceramics and composite materials by combined action of m e d i u m to high p r e s s u r e reactive gases and temperatures up to 2000°C u n d e r p r e c i s e p r o g r a m m e d control. The pressure vessel is tape wound in a design of Russian invention and a water cooling system allows the attainment of high temperatures and fast cooling after