- Email: [email protected]
Associations between physical activity motivations and physical activity in middle to older aged women after a 12-week walking intervention
32
Abstracts / Psychoneuroendocrinology 83S (2017) 1–89
Interparental conflict and the child HPA-axis: Insight from an intensive repeated measures study Kate Ryan Kuhlman 1,∗ , Rena L. Repetti 1 , Bridget M. Reynolds 2 , Theodore F. Robles 1 1
UCLA, USA National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (K.R. Kuhlman). 2
Functioning of the HPA-axis is shaped by recent stressors such as changes to the quality of the immediate social environment. Family conflict is a common source of psychosocial stress in the lives of children. This study used intensive repeated measures to examine the role of recent patterns of interparental and parent–child conflict in child HPA-axis functioning. To do this, 47 mothers and fathers completed daily diaries of family conflict for 8 weeks. At the completion of the daily diary phase, 43 of their children (ages 8–13) participated in an acute laboratory stressor (TSST-C). We then computed indices of interparental conflict reflecting mean, variability, and recent pattern of change for both mothers and fathers. We then modeled youth HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress as a function of mother and father-reported indices of interparental conflict. Youth whose fathers reported greater variability in interparental conflict over the past 8 weeks demonstrated attenuated HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Youth whose fathers reported increasing interparental conflict over the past 8 weeks demonstrated exaggerated HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Mother-reported marital satisfaction and daily diary reported interparental conflict were not associated with their child’s HPA-axis reactivity without accounting for fathers’ reports. Results from this and other studies using these data inform the temporal dynamics of child HPA-axis sensitivity to changes in the social environment. Further, the value of intensive repeated measures and multiple reporter approaches to characterizing the psychosocial environment in the lives of children will be discussed.
randomised controlled trial evaluating a home visits intervention in rural India. Methods: We conducted focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with mothers, grandmothers and barbers to explore barriers to sampling, then piloted protocols for collecting six saliva samples over two days (cortisol diurnal rhythm), and one hair sample (chronic cortisol exposure) during 13 home visits with oneyear-old children. Results: There were no cultural barriers to saliva sampling. Logistical barriers included ensuring family acceptability of fieldworkers being in their homes for two days. Our fieldworkers needed to sample in the early morning to capture the cortisol peak. Hair sampling was challenging: the first haircut is a ceremonial occasion, before which cutting is not permissible. Hair-cutting is also strongly associated with the ‘evil-eye’ and is less acceptable on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Conclusions: Measuring the HPA axis required careful community introduction and awareness of local barriers. Investing time in this was crucial to success. We collected over 4000 saliva and 800 hair samples. Results will be available in Autumn 2017. SPRING-ELS is one of the largest studies of the infant HPA axis in a low- and middle-income country and contributes considerably to understanding the role of cortisol in early child wellbeing and development. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.324 Women’s Health Associations between physical activity motivations and physical activity in middle to older aged women after a 12-week walking intervention William K. Goodman ∗ , Ashley M. Geiger, Claire Elling, Jutta M. Wolf Brandeis University, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (W.K. Goodman).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.323 Assessing the infant hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in SPRING, a large community-based cluster randomised controlled trial in rural India assessing the impact of a home visits intervention on early child growth and development (The SPRING-ELS sub-study) Sunil Bhopal 1,∗ , Deepali Verma 2 , Reetabrata Roy 1 , Divya Kumar 2 , Gauri Divan 2 , Betty Kirkwood 1 1
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom 2 Sangath, Goa, India E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Bhopal). Background: 43% of children (250 million) in low- and middleincome countries are at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation links poverty, adversity and impaired development. We overcame scientific, cultural and technical challenges to introduce hair and saliva cortisol measurement in SPRING, a large cluster
Background: Physical activity (PA) is known for its health benefits, yet despite facing health decrements, the majority of middle-aged and older adults are sedentary. One explanation for this discrepancy may be an increasing struggle to turn PA motivations into health behaviors. However, little is known about (1) PA motivations in older, more sedentary adults, (2) how this discrepancy between motivation and behavior may contribute to mental health, and (3) whether a PA intervention affects motivations and their links to mental health. Methods: 53 sedentary women (60 ± 6.6 yrs) were assessed for PA motivations (overall; facets), depressive symptoms (CESD-R), and daily steps (Fitbit) over the course of a 12-week PA intervention. Results: As predicted, PA motivations were not linked to daily steps (all p’s > .12) pre-intervention. However, a 12-week PA program was successful in tying overall PA motivations to actual walking behavior (B = 1290.80, p = .025). Specifically, weight maintenance motivations were further consistently linked with lower depressive symptoms (pre: B = −1.00, p = .018, post: B = −.76, p = .009). In contrast, appearance concerns predicted higher depressive symptoms pre-intervention only (B = −1.01, p = .05), while stress management motivation was linked to higher (B = 1.54, p = .002) and affiliation motivation to lower (B = −.58, p = .012) depressive symptoms post-intervention.
Abstracts / Psychoneuroendocrinology 83S (2017) 1–89
Conclusions: The current findings highlight that for women across the lifespan, failure to engage in PA for weight maintenance reasons is the most consistent correlate of depressive symptoms. In contrast, time point-dependent differential associations suggest that to understand mental health in a physical activity context, it is important to distinguish between hypothetical motivators and motivations tied to actual behavior. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.325 Cortisol reactivity correlates with subjective stress in women in their luteal phase but not in women using oral contraceptives or men Catherine Raymond 1,2,∗ , Marie-France Marin 1,2 , Robert-Paul Juster 2,3 , Sonia Lupien 1,3 1
Université de Montréal, Canada Centre for Studies on Human Stress, United States 3 Columbia University, New York, United States E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Raymond). 2
Background: Various parameters influence cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a psychosocial stressor. Notably, whether the judges are inside or outside the room (panel in vs. out), and whether the experimenter exhibits a neutral vs. affiliative behavior with the participant. Sex differences have also been found, where men react more than women. Importantly, hormonal status partly explains this difference. It remains unclear whether the above-mentioned task parameters interact with hormonal status. Methods: This study merged data from 290 individuals and aimed to test the interaction between hormonal status (oral contraceptives (OC) vs. luteal phase vs. men), panel (in vs. out), and experimenter’s behavior (regular vs. affiliative) on cortisol and subjective stress reactivity to the TSST. Results: For cortisol reactivity, only a main effect of hormonal status was found (p = 0.014), where women using OC exhibited significantly lower stress reactivity than the other two groups. For subjective stress reactivity, only a main effect of hormonal status was found (p = 0.002), where women using OC reported higher stress. Follow-up analyses revealed a significant correlation between the increase in both subjective stress and cortisol levels in response to the stressor, but only in women in their luteal phase. Conclusions: Results suggest that women in their luteal phase may be more physiologically reactive partly because they are more in tune to their subjective state. Given that studies assessing the relationship between physiological and psychological stress have found mixed results, our findings highlight the importance of considering hormonal status. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.326
33
Exploring the optional criterion of cyclical impairment in DSM-5 premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A marker of symptom severity? Katja M. Schmalenberger 1,∗ , Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul 2 , Susan S. Girdler 2 1
Institute of Medical Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (K.M. Schmalenberger). Background: Since the new DSM-5 diagnosis premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) no longer explicitly requires the presence of cyclical impairment, women with cyclical distress who manage to “suffer silently” (i.e., high distress, low impairment) can receive the DSM-5 PMDD diagnosis. The present study investigates if and to what degree cyclical distress occurs without cyclical impairment in women undergoing prospective assessment for PMDD in an effort to further clarify the role of impairment in this new disorder. Methods: Across 1–4 menstrual cycles, 267 naturally cycling women with retrospectively reported premenstrual problems provided daily ratings of all DSM-5 PMDD symptoms and functional impairment using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (N = 563 cycles). Results: Cycle-level diagnosis of PMDD (≥five total cyclical symptoms) was made with the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System. Results indicate that the majority (80%) of cycles meeting criteria for DSM-5 PMDD were also characterized by cyclical impairment. Degree of cyclicity in PMDD emotional symptoms was strongly positively correlated with degree of cyclicity in impairment; PMDD cycles with concurrent cyclical impairment showed higher levels of mean premenstrual severity and mean relative premenstrual elevation in the four core emotional symptoms than PMDD cycles without concurrent impairment. Conclusions: The findings suggest that cyclical distress and impairment tend to covary and that the subgroup of women with PMDD who manage to “suffer silently” may have less severe cyclical changes in mood. Further work is needed to clarify the significance of impairment for providing a sensitive and specific PMDD diagnosis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.327 Positive opinions of one’s body functions, but not body image, are linked to physical activity in middle to older-aged women Claire E. Elling 1,∗ , William K. Goodman 1 , Ashley M. Geiger 1 , Idelle Vaynberg 1 , Dahiana Loaiza 1 , Natalie Sabik 2 , Jutta M. Wolf 1 1
Brandeis University, USA University of Rhode Island, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (C.E. Elling). 2
Background: In younger women, body image consistently drives physical activity behavior. Since body image is relatively stable across the lifespan, it is unlikely that it is involved in age-related physical activity decreases. Instead, other body image-related processes may be relevant for motivating physical activity in later adulthood. One promising yet understudied factor are body function concerns.
Abstracts / Psychoneuroendocrinology 83S (2017) 1–89
Interparental conflict and the child HPA-axis: Insight from an intensive repeated measures study Kate Ryan Kuhlman 1,∗ , Rena L. Repetti 1 , Bridget M. Reynolds 2 , Theodore F. Robles 1 1
UCLA, USA National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (K.R. Kuhlman). 2
Functioning of the HPA-axis is shaped by recent stressors such as changes to the quality of the immediate social environment. Family conflict is a common source of psychosocial stress in the lives of children. This study used intensive repeated measures to examine the role of recent patterns of interparental and parent–child conflict in child HPA-axis functioning. To do this, 47 mothers and fathers completed daily diaries of family conflict for 8 weeks. At the completion of the daily diary phase, 43 of their children (ages 8–13) participated in an acute laboratory stressor (TSST-C). We then computed indices of interparental conflict reflecting mean, variability, and recent pattern of change for both mothers and fathers. We then modeled youth HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress as a function of mother and father-reported indices of interparental conflict. Youth whose fathers reported greater variability in interparental conflict over the past 8 weeks demonstrated attenuated HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Youth whose fathers reported increasing interparental conflict over the past 8 weeks demonstrated exaggerated HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Mother-reported marital satisfaction and daily diary reported interparental conflict were not associated with their child’s HPA-axis reactivity without accounting for fathers’ reports. Results from this and other studies using these data inform the temporal dynamics of child HPA-axis sensitivity to changes in the social environment. Further, the value of intensive repeated measures and multiple reporter approaches to characterizing the psychosocial environment in the lives of children will be discussed.
randomised controlled trial evaluating a home visits intervention in rural India. Methods: We conducted focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with mothers, grandmothers and barbers to explore barriers to sampling, then piloted protocols for collecting six saliva samples over two days (cortisol diurnal rhythm), and one hair sample (chronic cortisol exposure) during 13 home visits with oneyear-old children. Results: There were no cultural barriers to saliva sampling. Logistical barriers included ensuring family acceptability of fieldworkers being in their homes for two days. Our fieldworkers needed to sample in the early morning to capture the cortisol peak. Hair sampling was challenging: the first haircut is a ceremonial occasion, before which cutting is not permissible. Hair-cutting is also strongly associated with the ‘evil-eye’ and is less acceptable on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Conclusions: Measuring the HPA axis required careful community introduction and awareness of local barriers. Investing time in this was crucial to success. We collected over 4000 saliva and 800 hair samples. Results will be available in Autumn 2017. SPRING-ELS is one of the largest studies of the infant HPA axis in a low- and middle-income country and contributes considerably to understanding the role of cortisol in early child wellbeing and development. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.324 Women’s Health Associations between physical activity motivations and physical activity in middle to older aged women after a 12-week walking intervention William K. Goodman ∗ , Ashley M. Geiger, Claire Elling, Jutta M. Wolf Brandeis University, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (W.K. Goodman).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.323 Assessing the infant hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in SPRING, a large community-based cluster randomised controlled trial in rural India assessing the impact of a home visits intervention on early child growth and development (The SPRING-ELS sub-study) Sunil Bhopal 1,∗ , Deepali Verma 2 , Reetabrata Roy 1 , Divya Kumar 2 , Gauri Divan 2 , Betty Kirkwood 1 1
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom 2 Sangath, Goa, India E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Bhopal). Background: 43% of children (250 million) in low- and middleincome countries are at risk of not meeting their developmental potential. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation links poverty, adversity and impaired development. We overcame scientific, cultural and technical challenges to introduce hair and saliva cortisol measurement in SPRING, a large cluster
Background: Physical activity (PA) is known for its health benefits, yet despite facing health decrements, the majority of middle-aged and older adults are sedentary. One explanation for this discrepancy may be an increasing struggle to turn PA motivations into health behaviors. However, little is known about (1) PA motivations in older, more sedentary adults, (2) how this discrepancy between motivation and behavior may contribute to mental health, and (3) whether a PA intervention affects motivations and their links to mental health. Methods: 53 sedentary women (60 ± 6.6 yrs) were assessed for PA motivations (overall; facets), depressive symptoms (CESD-R), and daily steps (Fitbit) over the course of a 12-week PA intervention. Results: As predicted, PA motivations were not linked to daily steps (all p’s > .12) pre-intervention. However, a 12-week PA program was successful in tying overall PA motivations to actual walking behavior (B = 1290.80, p = .025). Specifically, weight maintenance motivations were further consistently linked with lower depressive symptoms (pre: B = −1.00, p = .018, post: B = −.76, p = .009). In contrast, appearance concerns predicted higher depressive symptoms pre-intervention only (B = −1.01, p = .05), while stress management motivation was linked to higher (B = 1.54, p = .002) and affiliation motivation to lower (B = −.58, p = .012) depressive symptoms post-intervention.
Abstracts / Psychoneuroendocrinology 83S (2017) 1–89
Conclusions: The current findings highlight that for women across the lifespan, failure to engage in PA for weight maintenance reasons is the most consistent correlate of depressive symptoms. In contrast, time point-dependent differential associations suggest that to understand mental health in a physical activity context, it is important to distinguish between hypothetical motivators and motivations tied to actual behavior. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.325 Cortisol reactivity correlates with subjective stress in women in their luteal phase but not in women using oral contraceptives or men Catherine Raymond 1,2,∗ , Marie-France Marin 1,2 , Robert-Paul Juster 2,3 , Sonia Lupien 1,3 1
Université de Montréal, Canada Centre for Studies on Human Stress, United States 3 Columbia University, New York, United States E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Raymond). 2
Background: Various parameters influence cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a psychosocial stressor. Notably, whether the judges are inside or outside the room (panel in vs. out), and whether the experimenter exhibits a neutral vs. affiliative behavior with the participant. Sex differences have also been found, where men react more than women. Importantly, hormonal status partly explains this difference. It remains unclear whether the above-mentioned task parameters interact with hormonal status. Methods: This study merged data from 290 individuals and aimed to test the interaction between hormonal status (oral contraceptives (OC) vs. luteal phase vs. men), panel (in vs. out), and experimenter’s behavior (regular vs. affiliative) on cortisol and subjective stress reactivity to the TSST. Results: For cortisol reactivity, only a main effect of hormonal status was found (p = 0.014), where women using OC exhibited significantly lower stress reactivity than the other two groups. For subjective stress reactivity, only a main effect of hormonal status was found (p = 0.002), where women using OC reported higher stress. Follow-up analyses revealed a significant correlation between the increase in both subjective stress and cortisol levels in response to the stressor, but only in women in their luteal phase. Conclusions: Results suggest that women in their luteal phase may be more physiologically reactive partly because they are more in tune to their subjective state. Given that studies assessing the relationship between physiological and psychological stress have found mixed results, our findings highlight the importance of considering hormonal status. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.326
33
Exploring the optional criterion of cyclical impairment in DSM-5 premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A marker of symptom severity? Katja M. Schmalenberger 1,∗ , Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul 2 , Susan S. Girdler 2 1
Institute of Medical Psychology, Heidelberg University, Germany 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (K.M. Schmalenberger). Background: Since the new DSM-5 diagnosis premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) no longer explicitly requires the presence of cyclical impairment, women with cyclical distress who manage to “suffer silently” (i.e., high distress, low impairment) can receive the DSM-5 PMDD diagnosis. The present study investigates if and to what degree cyclical distress occurs without cyclical impairment in women undergoing prospective assessment for PMDD in an effort to further clarify the role of impairment in this new disorder. Methods: Across 1–4 menstrual cycles, 267 naturally cycling women with retrospectively reported premenstrual problems provided daily ratings of all DSM-5 PMDD symptoms and functional impairment using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (N = 563 cycles). Results: Cycle-level diagnosis of PMDD (≥five total cyclical symptoms) was made with the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System. Results indicate that the majority (80%) of cycles meeting criteria for DSM-5 PMDD were also characterized by cyclical impairment. Degree of cyclicity in PMDD emotional symptoms was strongly positively correlated with degree of cyclicity in impairment; PMDD cycles with concurrent cyclical impairment showed higher levels of mean premenstrual severity and mean relative premenstrual elevation in the four core emotional symptoms than PMDD cycles without concurrent impairment. Conclusions: The findings suggest that cyclical distress and impairment tend to covary and that the subgroup of women with PMDD who manage to “suffer silently” may have less severe cyclical changes in mood. Further work is needed to clarify the significance of impairment for providing a sensitive and specific PMDD diagnosis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.327 Positive opinions of one’s body functions, but not body image, are linked to physical activity in middle to older-aged women Claire E. Elling 1,∗ , William K. Goodman 1 , Ashley M. Geiger 1 , Idelle Vaynberg 1 , Dahiana Loaiza 1 , Natalie Sabik 2 , Jutta M. Wolf 1 1
Brandeis University, USA University of Rhode Island, USA E-mail address: [email protected] (C.E. Elling). 2
Background: In younger women, body image consistently drives physical activity behavior. Since body image is relatively stable across the lifespan, it is unlikely that it is involved in age-related physical activity decreases. Instead, other body image-related processes may be relevant for motivating physical activity in later adulthood. One promising yet understudied factor are body function concerns.