Author index and Subject index

Author Index Altman, R.B., 179, 180 Cheatwood, J.L., 94 Chinchar, V.G., 27 Clubb, S.L., 217 Cooper@E, 153 Crawshaw, G.J., 165 Dinkies, R.R., 115 Divers, SJ., 113, 153 Donnelly, T,M., 82 Doolen, M., 221 Forbes, N.A., 197 Griffiths, R., 14 Harris, J.M., 184 Jacobson, E.R., 94

Jaensch, S., 126 Jones, M.E, 52 Joseph, V., 66 Khoo, L., 102 Lackner, EA., 82 LaFortune M., 113 Lublin, A., 43 Macwhirter, E, 211 Mao,J., 27 Maxwell, L.K., 94 Meredith, A., 146 Messmer, T., 36 Moroney, J.E, 36 Mulenga, S., 43

Murray, M.J., 225 Orosz, S.E., 52, 59 Powers, L., 51 Rayment, L., 146 Redrobe, S., 136 Ritchie, B.W., 36 Rosenthal, K.L., 204 Rush, E.M., 82 Speare, DJ., 174 Speed; B.L., 189 Tully, T.N., 36 Vanloock, M., 43 Vanrompay, D., 1, 2, 43 Velasco, M.C., 75 Weinkle, T.K., 165

Subject Index Abdominocentesis, in rabbit liver disease, 148 Abscesses, liver, in rabbits, 150 Absidia infection, in chelonia, 96 Accipiter cooperi. See Cooper's hawks Accipiter gentilis. See Goshawks Accipiter nisus. See European sparrow hawk Acetic acid, antifungal therapy with for birds adverse effects and side effects of, 79 dosage and administration of, 78, 79 indications for, 79 for fish, 106 Achyla infection, in fish, 103-106 Acinetobacterspp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Acipenser galdenstadi. See Russian sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. See White sturgeon Acyclovir, for avian viral disease, 140 Adenoviruses avian liver disease caused by, 121,122 avian vaccine against, 140 AegyptianeUapuUorum, avian liver disease caused by, 120 Aeromonas infection, in amphibians, 169 Atlatoxicosis in amphibians, hepatic neoplasia caused by, 172 in rabbits, 151-152 Aflatoxin B1, production of, by Asperg{llusflavus, 69, 120 African fish eagle, mycobacteriosis in, and aspergillosis, 68 African Grey parrots adverse effects of antifungal agents in, 61, 62 aspergillosis in, 53, 56 treatment of, 62 grooming perch use by, 193 liver disease in, congenital, 115 lymphoid neoplasia in, treatment of, 143 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 wing clips for, 193 African pygmy hedgehog. See Central African hedgehog Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), in avian aspergillosis, 56, 59, 70 Agkistrodon contortrix. See Copperhead Air sac worm, and avian fungal infections, 68 234

Manine aminotransferase, plasma in amphibians, 168 in avian liver disease, 129-130 in rabbits, 146, 147 in reptiles, 155-157 Mbendazole, for avian parasitic disease, 140 Mcohol dehydrogenase, plasma, in amphibians, 168 Mdabra tortoise Candida albicans infection in, 95 Paecilomyces lilicanus infection in, 95 Alkaline phosphatase, plasma in amphibians, 168 in avian liver disease, 129-130 in rabbits, 146-147 in reptiles, 155-157 Allantoinase, plasma, in amphibians, 168 Alligator mississippiensis. SeeAinefican alligator Alpha-interferon, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Amastigomycota, 94 Amazona aestiva aestiva. SeeBlue-fronted Amazon parrots Amazon parrots lymphoid neoplasia in, treatment of, 143 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 Amazon tracheitis virus, 121 Ambystoma mexicanum. SeeAxolotl Ambystoma tigrinum. See Tiger salamander American alligator Beauvaria bassiana infection in, 96 fungal pneumonia in, 96 mixed necrotizing dermatitis in, 96 American bullfrogs, viral liver disease in, 169 American crocodile fungal pneumonia in, 96 mixed necrotizing dermatitis in, 96 Amikacin for amphibian bacterial infections, 172 for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Amoxicillin, for avian hepatic fibrosis, 144 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Alnoxicillin sodium, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139

Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol 9, No 4 (October), 2000: pp 234-252

Subject Index

Amphibians hepatocyte vacuolation in, 171 iridovirus infections in. See Iridovirus infections liver disease in, 114, 167-173 bacterial, 169, 172 chlarnydial, 169-170 diagnosis of, 167-168 fungal, 170-17t, 172 mycobacterial, 169, 170, 172 neoplastic, 172 parasitic, 171,172 pathology of, 168-169 protozoal, 171 signs of, 167-168 toxic, 172 traumatic, 171-172 treatment of, 172 viral, 169 liver of anatomy of, 165-166 function of, 166-167 histology of, 166 physiology of, 166-167 Amphotericin B antifungal properties of, 71 in birds, therapy with adverse effects and side effects of, 61, 79 for aspergillosis, 61-62 for candidiasis, 78, 79 for cryptococcosis, 79, 80 dosage and administration of, 61-62, 79, 140 indications for, 79 drug interactions with, 100 pharmacokinetics of, in birds, 61-62, 139 in reptiles, therapy with, 99-100 Ampicillin sodium, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Ampicillin trihydrate, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Amplified fragment length polymorphs (AFLP), for sex identification in birds, 18 Amyloidosis, in birds, 124 treatment of, 142 Anaconda, phaeohyphomycosis in, 97 Anas platyrhynchos. See Peking ducks Anesthesia, for small mammals and reptiles, 208-209 Antifungal agents, therapy with for amphibians, 172 for avian aspergillosis, 79. See also Amphotericin B; Itraconazole for avian candidiasis, 78, 79 for avian cryptococcosis, 79 drug interactions with, in small exotic pets, 89 for reptiles, 99-100 for turtles, 100 Anurans iridovirus infections in. See Iridovirus infections liver of anatomy of, 165-166 biopsy of, 167 viral liver disease in, 169 Apaloneferox. SeeFlorida softshell turtles

235

Aphanomyces astaci, crayfish plaque caused by, 106 Aphanomyces infection, in fish, 106-107 diagnosis of, 107 fungal isolation and culture in, 107 histopathology of, 107 pathology of, 107 prevention of, 107 treatment of, 107 Aphanomyces invadans, 106 Aphanomyces invaderis. See Aphanomyces invadans Aphanomyces piscicida. See Aphanomyces invadans Apophysomyces infection, in chelonia, 96 Apteryx australis manteUi. SeeKiwis Aquila chrysaetos. See Golden eagles Ara spp. See Macaws Arthroderma benhamiae, 82 infection by, in hedgehogs, 87 Arthroderma gypseum, 82 Arthrodermatacae, 82 Ascites, in birds, 124 clinical management of, 137-138 L-Asparaginase, for avian 1}maphoid neoplasia, 143 Aspartate aminotransferase, plasma in amphibians, 168 in avian liver disease, 129-130 in rabbits, 147 in reptiles, 155-157 Aspergillosis avian. See also Raptors, aspergillosis in chronic, 70 clinical examination in, 52-53 clinical signs of, 53 cytologic evaluation in, 54 diagnosis of, 52-58, 70-72 advances in (future directions for), 57-58 disseminated, 69 endoscopic findings in, 54-55 environmental factors and, 52-53, 66-67 gastrointestinal involvement in, 69 hematologic findings in, 53-54 liver disease caused by, 120 microbiology of, 55 pathogenesis of, 59-61 plasma biochemical analysis in, 54 plasma/serum protein electrophoresis in, 55-56 prevention of, 63, 72 radiologic findings in, 54 secondary to another disease, 68 serological tests in, 56-57, 59 clinical use of, 57 signalment in, 53 stages of, 69-70 subacute, 70 treatment of, 61-63, 70-72, 79, 139, 140. See also Amphotericin B; Itraconazole advances in (future directions for), 63 in chelonia, 95-96 in chuckwallas, 96 in crocodilians, 96 diagnosis of, 51 in fish, 108 human, 58, 69, 70

236

Subject Index

invasive, in immunocompromised patients, 58, 69 mouse model of, 63 in rabbits, 70 in raptors. See Raptors, aspergillosis in in teguexin, 96-97 Aspergillus spp. biological characteristics of, 51 infection. See Aspergillosis ochratoxins produced by, 120-121 Aspergillusflavus, 52, 57-59, 66, 69. See also Aspergillosis aflatoxin B1 production by, 69, 120, 151-152 avian liver disease caused by, 120 AspeTgillusfumigatus, 52, 58-61, 66, 69. See alsoAspergillosis avian liver disease caused by, 120 gliotoxin of, 61, 69 pneumonia, in alligator, 96 Aspergillus glaucus, 66 Aspe~gillus nidulans, 52, 66. See a/s0Aspergillosis Aspergillus nig~ 52, 57, 59. See also Aspergillosis avian liver disease caused by, 120 infection by, in crocodiles, 96 oxalic acid production by, 69 AspergiUus parasiticus, aflatoxin B1 production by, 151152 AspergiUus terreus, 52, 57, 66. See also Aspergillosis infection by, in chuckwallas, 96 Asper~illus ustus pneumonia, in alligator, 96 Ateletrix albiventris. See Central African hedgehog Atoxoplasma serinii, avian liver disease caused by, 117118 Atoxoplasmosis, avian, treatment of, 140 Aureobasidium infection, in fish, 108 Australian frogs, fungal infection in, 171 Aviary visits, 219 Aviculture addition of, to practice, 217 aviary visits in, 219 diet and nutrition in, 220 emergency care in, 219 endoscopy in, 217 equipping a practice for, 217-218 getting started in, 217 health maintenance in, 220 incubation in, 219 new bird examination in, 218-219 pediatric problems in, 218, 219 pest control in, 220 and practice enhancement, 217-220 practice philosophy and, 218 preventive medicine program in, 191-192, 219, 220 quarantine in, 219 reproductive failure in, 219-220 Axolotl, liver of, anatomy of, 165-166 Azoles, therapy with for avian candidiasis, 78, 79 in reptiles, 100 Bacterial infections in amphibians, 169 avian liver disease caused by, 119 treatment of, 138-139

Bagasse, and avian fungal infections, 66 Bald eagles, aspergillosis in, 53, 63 Banded rock rattlesnakes, trichosporonosis in, 97 Barramundi fish, iridovirus disease in, 32 Bearded dragon, mucormycosis in, 97 Beauvaria bassiana infection, in alligator, 96 Beauveriosis, in crocodilians, 96 Benzalkonium chloride, antifungal therapy with, in fish, 108 Bereavement, of bird owner, 187-188 Bile acids endogenous serum, clearance of, in birds, 131 plasma in rabbits, 147 in reptiles, 156-157 Bilirubin, plasma in amphibians, 168 in rabbits, 147 Biliverdin, plasma, in reptiles, 156-157 Biopsy in amphibian liver disease, 167 liver in birds, 132-133 in reptile hepatic lipidosis, 156-157 in mycotic disease of reptiles, 97-98 radiosurgery for, 182-183 Birds. See also Aviculture amyloidosis in, 124 aspergillosis in. SeeAspergillosis, avian blood transfusion for, 136 for breeding, preventative health management for, 191-192,219,220 candidiasis in, 75-78 client education about, 185, 189-190 client registration form for, 185 cloaca of. See Cloaca, avian companion. See also Psittacines diet for, 195-196 diet review for, 195 identification of, 195 preventative health management for, 124 cryptococcosis in, 78-80 death of, and owner's bereavement, 187-188 dehydration in, 136 diet for, 195-196, 220 and hepatic lipidosis, 115,142 and liver disease, 116-117 egg binding in, 187 emergency medicine for, 186-187 endoscopy in, 228-229 euthanasia for, 187-188 examination of, 185-186, 190, 191-195 external genitalia of, 14 first visit of, 185 fluid deficit in, calculation of, 136 foreign bodies in, gastrointestinal, removal of, 142 fungal infections in. See also specific infection liver disease caused by, 120-121 treatment of, 139, 140 secondary to another disease, 68 gallinaceous, visceral gout in, 116 general practice for, practice enhancement, 184-185

Subject Index

grooming perches for, 193-194 hemochromatosis in, 116 treatment of, 141-142 hepatic fibrosis in, 124 treatment of, 144 hepatic lipidosis in, 115-116 treatment of, 143 hepatopathy in, 124 history questionnaire for, 185 history-taking for, 189-190 hospice for, 187-188 housing of, in hospital, 186 hyperuricemia in, 116, 142-143 juvenile (chicks) nidiculous, 14 nidifugous, 14 sexing of, 14-15 laboratory database collection for, 195 leg bands for, 195 liver disease in. See Liver disease, avian liver function tests in, 126, 131-132 lymphoid leukosis in, 122-123 clinical management of, 140 microchip identification tag for, 195 new, in aviculture, examination of, 218-219 offspring of, control of sex of, 20-22 oil-soaked, aspergillosis in, 59 oxygen therapy for, 186 passerine Atoxoplasma serinii liver disease in, 117-118 chlamydiosis in, 120 mycoplasmal disease in, 120 polyomavirus infection in, 121 pet species, liver disease in, neoplastic, 123 preventative health management for, 189-196, 219220 pulmonary oxalosis in, 69 radiography of, 186 radiosurgery in, indications for, 182 for resale, preventative health management for, 190-191,219, 220 self-mutilation in, 187 sex chromosomes of, 15-17 sex identification in, 14-26, 196 CHD1 gene and, 19-21 cytological, 15-16 DNA evolution and, 19 DNA in, 16-17 from moulted feathers, 22-24 surgical, 15 and zoo breeding programs, 24-25 towel restraint for, 194-195 trauma to, 187 liver injury in, 115 tube feeding of, 137 vaccination status of, 195 visceral gout in, 116, 117, 142-143 visceral larva migrans in, 118-119 vitamin A deficiency in, 116, 143-144 zoo breeding programs for, sex identification and, 24-25

93 7

Birds of paradise aspergillosis in, 53 hemochromatosis in, 116 Bitis arietans. See Puff adder Black Guillemot, sex identification in, CHD1 gene and, 21 Black-pointed teguexin, aspergillosis in, 96-97 Blastoomyces infection, in birds, treatment of, 139 Bleach, for dermatophytosis, in small exotic pets, 90 Block perch, for raptors, 201,202 Blood collection, from small mammals and reptiles, 207 Blood transfusion, for birds, 136 Blue and gold macaws, neonatal hepatic lipidosis in, 115 Blue-fronted Amazon parrots, aspergillosis in, 53 treatment of, 62 Blue jays, parasite infestation in, and fungal infection, 68 Blue Tit, sex identification in, CHD1 gene and, 21 Boa constrictor, chromoblastomycosis in, 97 Bohle iridovirus (B1V), 31-32 Boiga dendrophila. See Mangrove snake Books, on exotic animal medicine, 140 Borrelia spp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Bowerbirds, hemochromatosis in, 116 Bow perch, for raptors, 201 Box turtle, iridovirus disease in, 33 Branchiomycosis, in fish, 107-108 British Molt, 215 Broad-winged hawks amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139 Bubo virginianus. See Great horned owls Budgerigar fledgling disease, 121 Budgerigars candidiasis in, 75 Marek's disease in, 121 mycobacteriosis in, treatment of, 139 neoplastic disease in, 122-123 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 polyomavirus infection in, 121-122 viral liver disease in, 123 visceral gout in, 116 Bufo marinus. See Marine toad Bullfrogs, liver disease in signs of, 167 viral, 169 Buteo jamaicensis. See Red-tailed hawks Buteo lagopus. See Rough-legged hawks Buteo platypterus. See Broad-winged hawks Caimans Candida albicans pneumonia in, 96 fungal infections in, 96 Caiman sclerops, fungal pneumonia in, 96 Calicivirus, hemorrhagic disease caused by, in rabbits, 151 Campylobacterspp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Canaries Aegyptianella pullorum liver disease in, 120 Atoxoplasma serinii liver disease in, 117 candidiasis in, 77

238

Subject Index

diet for, 195 lymphoid neoplasia in, treatment of, 143 Marek's disease in, 121 Canary herpesvirus, 121

Candida albicans biology of, 75 infection by. See Candidiasis pneumonia, in crocodilians, 96 Candida infection, in crocodiles, 96 Candida parapsilosis, 75 Candida tropicalis, 75 Candidiasis avian, 75-78 clinical signs of, 76-77 diagnosis of, 77 risk factors for, 75-76 systemic, 77 treatment of, 77-78 in chameleons, 97 in chelonia, 95 in crocodile tegu, 97 in crocodilians, 96 in fish, 108 nystatin for, in reptiles, 100 Cape sheldncks, aspergillosis in, 57 Cardiac glycoside therapy, in birds, 142-143 Caretta caretta. See Loggerhead sea turtle Carnitine, for reptile hepatic lipidosis, 162 Carpet pythons, geotrichosis in, 97 Catfish epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in, 28-29 saprolegniasis in, 103, 104 winter kill syndrome of, 103-106 Cefotaxime, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Ceftazidime, for bacterial infections in amphibians, 172 in birds, dosage and administration of, 139 Centers for Disease Control, guidelines for pet owners with reptiles, 209-210 Central African hedgehog Arthroderma benhamiae infection in, 87 ringworm unreported in, 84, 87 Cephalexin monohydrate, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Cephalosporium infection, in crocodilians, 96 Ceratobatrachus guentheri, chlamydiosis in, 170 Chameleo bitaeniatus. See Two-banded chameleon Chameleons candidiasis in, 97 hyalohyphomycosis in, 96 CHD1 gene, avian, and sex identification, 19-21 Chelation therapy in avian heavy metal toxicosis, 142 deferoxamine, in avian hemochromatosis, 141 Chelonia fungal infections of, 94-96 mucormycosis in, 96 Chelonia mydas. See Green sea turtles Chemotherapy, for lyinphosarcoma, in birds, 143

Chenopodium, hepatic neoplasia caused by, in amphibians, 172 Chickens Aeffyptianella pullorum liver disease in, 120 cryptococcosis in, 78 lymphoid leukosis of, 122 reovirus infections in, 122 sex identification in, CHD1 gene and, 21 Chilo iridescent virus (CIV), major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Chinchillas dermatophytosis in, 84, 86 endoscopy in, 230-231 fur chewing in, 86 radiosurgery in, indications for, 182 Chlamydia spp. prevention of, in new birds, 218 screening for, in new birds, 218 Chlamydiaceae differentiation of, by PCR, 36-42 major outer membrane protein (MOMP), recombinant, in enzyme immunoassay, 43, 45-49 vaccine against, development of, for psittacines, 40 Chlamydia pneumoniae, and C. psittaci, differentiation of, using PCR, 39, 40, 41

Chlamydia psittaci. See Chlamydophila psittaci Chlamydiosis, 215 in amphibians, 169-170 avian. See also Psittacosis clinical features of, 37 pathology of, 37 outbreaks of, applications of PCR in, 39-40 Chlamydophila psittaci. See also Psittacosis avian liver disease caused by, 120 treatment of, 138-139 vaccine against, 139 biologic characteristics of, 36-37, 45 and C. pneumoniae, differentiation of, using PCR, 39, 40, 41 in psittacines, serology of, 4349 transmission of, 37 Chloramphenicol succinate, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Chlorhexidine for birds, contraindications to, 78 for reptiles, therapy with, 100 Chloriridovirus, 27 Chloroquine for avian parasitic disease, 141 hepatic neoplasia caused by, in amphibians, 172 Cholera, avian, 119 Choline, for reptile hepatic lipidosis, 162-163 Chromoblastomycosis in boa constrictor, 97 in python, 97 Chromomycosis, in frogs, 171 Chrysosporium keratin@hilum infection, in iguanas, 96 Ciprofloxacin for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 for avian mycobacteriosis, 139

Subject Index

Circovirus infection, 215 in psittacines, 123 Cisplatin, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Ci trobacterinfection in amphibians, 169 avian liver disease caused by, 119 Cladosporium infection, in reptiles, 97 Clavicepspurpurea, ergot produced by, 120-121 Clavithromycin, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Clemmys insculpta. SeeWood turtles Client education, about birds, 185, 189-190 Clindamycin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Clinical pathology, for small mammals and reptiles, 2O7-208 Cloaca, avian, 14 Clofazimine, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Clostridium piliformis, hepatic infection, in rabbits, 150-151 Clotrimazole antifungal properties of, 71 for avian aspergillosis, 139 for avian fungal disease, dosage and administration of, 140 therapy with, in reptiles, 99 Clotting factor assays, in birds, 131,132 Cloxacillin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Coagulation. See Radiosurgery Coagulation testing, in birds, 132 Coccidioides infection, in birds, treatment of, 139 Coccidiosis, hepatic, in rabbits, 150, 151 Cockatiels aspergillosis in, 56 cancerndidiasis in, 76 candidiasis in, 75 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 viral liver disease in, 123 visceral gout in, 116 Cockatoos candidiasis in, 75 clingy behavior in, 192 lymphoid neoplasia in, treatment of, 143 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 wing clips for, 193 Colchicine, for avian hepatic fibrosis, 144 Cold-blooded animals, iridovirus infections in. See Iridovirus infections Colibacillosis, in rabbits, 151 Columba livia. See Pigeons Complement fixation (CF) test, in diagnosis of psittacosis, 37 Congestive heart failure, avian, treatment of, 142-143 Constrictor constrict~ See Boa constrictor Continuing education, 223 Conures, paramyxovirus infection in, 123 Cooper's hawks, aspergillosis in, 56 Copperhead, fungal infection in, 97 Copper sulfate, antifungal therapy with, in fish, 108 Coppertox, antifungal therapy with, in turtles, 100 Cormorant herpesvirus, 121

239

Coronavirus infection, avian, 123 Corticosteroids, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Corynebacterium spp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Crane herpesvirus, 121 Cranes, aspergillosis in, 56 Crayfish plaque, 106 Creatinine kinase, plasma, in avian liver disease, 129130 Crocodile tegu, candidiasis in, 97 Crocodilia Candida albicans pneumonia in, 96 fungal infections in, 96 mixed fungal pneumonias in, 96 mixed necrotizing dermatitis in, 96 Crocodilurus lacertinus. See Crocodile tegu Crocodylus acutus. SeeAmerican crocodile Crocodylusjohnstoni. See Freshwater crocodiles Crocodylus moreleti. See Morelet's crocodile Crocodylus niloticus. See Nile crocodile Crocodylusporosus. See Saltwater crocodiles Crotalus lepidus klaubeti. See Banded rock rattlesnakes Cryptococcosis avian, 78-80 clinical signs of, 78 diagnosis of, 78-80 treatment of, 79, 80 in eastern water skink, 96 in fish, 108 in humans, 78 treatment of, 80 Cryptococcus neoformans, biology of, 78 Cuban tree frog, liver of, histology of, 166 Curvularia lunata varaeria infection, in crocodiles, 96 Cyanocitta cristata. See Bluejays Cyanopsitta spixii. See Spix Macaw Cyclophosphamide, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Deferoxamine chelation therap}; in avian hemochromatosis, 141 Dehydration, in birds, 136 Dermatophytes biology of, 82-83 cuhure of, 88 infection by. See Dermatophytosis Wood's light examination for, 88 Dermatophytosis in reptiles, 94 in small exotic pets clinical features of, 84 clinical management of, 89-90 diagnosis of, 87-88 environmental control measures for, 90 natural history of, 84 pathophysiology of, 82-84 risk factors for, 83-84 Dermocystidium spp., 108-109 Derzsy's disease, 123 vaccine against, 140 Dexamethasone, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Diabetes mellitus, in psittacines, 116

240

Subject Index

Diagnosis. See Gene-based diagnostics; Nucleic acidbased diagnosis Diazepam therapy, in avian liver disease, 137 Dictyuchus infection, in fish, 103-106 Diet, for avian liver disease, 137 Digoxin therapy, in birds, 142-143 Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) chelation therapy, in avian heavy metal toxicosis, 142 Dimetronidazole, for avian parasitic disease, 141 Diphenhydramine, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Djungarian hamsters, dermatophytosis in, 85-86 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). See also Recombinant DNA technology amplification of. See Nucleic acid amplification avian, W-linked, isolation of, 17-19 evolution of, and sex identification test, 19 hybridization of. See Nucleic acid hybridization selfish, 17 in sex identification in birds, 16-17 Doctor fish virus (DFV), 29-31 major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Dot blotting, 3 Doxorubicin, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Doxycycline for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 for bacterial infections, in birds, 138-139 Drymarchon corais couperi. See Eastern indigo snake Duck hepatitis virus, 123 Duck plague virus, 121 vaccine against, 140 Ducks adenovirus vaccine for, 140 Marek's disease in, 121 reovirus infections in, 122 Duck viral hepatitis, 123 Eagle herpesvirus, 121 Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus avian infection with, 123 vaccine against, 140 Eastern indigo snake, fungal infection in, 97 Eastern water skink, cryptococcosis in, 96 Eclectus parrots, sexual dimorphism in, 14-26, 196 Economics, of exotic animal practice, 205-206 Edinburgh Zoo, avian breeding programs in, sex identification and, 24-25 Edwardsiella infection, in amphibians, 169 Egg binding, in birds, 187 Eimeria stiedae infection, in rabbits, 150 Emergency medicine, avian, 186-187, 219 Emus. See also Ratites erysipelas in, treatment of, 138 Fasciola hepatica in, treatment of, 140 western equine encephalitis virus in, vaccine against, 140 Endoscopy, 225-233 in amphibian liver disease, 167, 168 applications of, 225, 227-231 in aviculture, 217 in birds, 228-229

equipment for, 225-228 historical perspective on, 225 integration into practice, 231-233 in rabbit liver disease, 148, 149 in reptiles, 229-230 with hepatic lipidosis, 156, 158, 159 in small mammals, 230-231 Enilconazole antimycotic applications of, 71 for dermatophytosis, in small exotic pets, 89, 90 Enrofloxacin for amphibian bacterial infections, 172 for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 for bacterial infections, in birds, 138-139 Entamoeba ranarum, 171 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in avian aspergillosis, 59, 70 for detection of antigen, 57 indirect, for detection of antibody, 56-57 recombinant. See Recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serology of avian Chlamydophila infections, 47-49 Epidermophyton, 82 Epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), 28-29 Epizootic ulcerative syndrome, etiologic agent in, 106 Ergot, 120-121 Erinaceus europeaeus. See European hedgehog Erysipelas, in emus, treatment of, 138 Erysipelothrix indiosa infection, in crocodilians, 96 Erythromycin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Escherichia coli, avian liver disease caused by, 119 Ethambutol, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) chelation therapy in birds, 142 in rabbits, 152 Eulamprus quoyii. See Eastern water skink Eunectes murinus. SeeAnaconda European catfish virus (ECV), 28 European eider, parasite infestation in, and fungal infection, 68 European hedgehog, dermatophytosis in, 84, 87 European sheatfish virus (ESV), 28 European sparrow hawk, 202 Euthanasia, for birds, 187-188 Exophilia infection, in fish, 108 Exotic pets antifungal therapy in, drug interactions with, 89 books on, 140 dermatophytosis in, 90 clinical features of, 84 clinical management of, 89-90 diagnosis of, 8%88 enilconazole for, 89, 90 environmental control measures for, 90 natural history of, 84 pathophysiology of, 82-84 risk factors for, 83-84 scales for, 207

Subject Index

veterinary practice including alternative perspectives on, 211-216 economics of, 205-206 exotic animal medicine, 140 reception/waiting area requirements for, 207 referrals and, 211-213 specialists and, 213-214 staff training for, 222-224 Extinctions, 214-216 Falco cherrugi. See Saker falcon Falco columbarius. See Merlins Falco mexicanus. See Prairie falcons Falcon herpesvirus, 121 vaccine against, 140 Falconry. See also Raptor medicine historical perspective on, 19713 I preventative health management in, 191 Falcons aspergillosis in, 56 hepatopathy in, 124 hybrid, aspergillosis in, 56 Marek's disease in, 121 Falco peregrinus. See Peregrine falcons Falco punctatus. See Mauritius kestrel Falco rusticolus. See Gyrfalcons Falco sparverius. See Kestrel Fasciola hepatica in emus, treatment of, 140 in rabbits, 150 Fatty liver-kidney syndrome, in merlins, 116 Fecal analysis, in rabbit liver disease, 148 Fenbendazole for amphibians, therapy with, 172 for avian parasitic disease, 141 Ferrets dermatophytosis in, 84, 86-87 endoscopy in, 230-23i radiosurgery in, indications for, 182 vaccinations for, 208 Finches diet for, 195 estralid, hepatic lipidosis in, 115 polyomavirus infection in, 122 Finch herpesvirus, 121 Fish anoxic injury in, 175-176 Aphanomyces infection in, 106-107 branchiomycosis in, 107-108 fungal diseases in, 102-111 fungal infections in, risk factors for, 102-103 gill rot in, 107-108 hepatic congestion of cardiac origin in, 177 hepatic lipidosis in, 176-177 hepatic necrosis in, 174-176 risk factors for, 175-176 hepatic neoplasia in, 176-177 infectious hepatitis in, 177-178 iridovirus infections in. See Iridovirus infections liver disease in, 114 saprolegniasis in, 102-106 Fish fungus disease, 103-106

241

Florida softshell turtles, mucormycosis in, 96 Fluconazole adverse effects and side effects of, in birds, 79 antifungal properties of, 71 for avian candidiasis, 78, 79 for avian cryptococcosis, 79, 80 for avian fungal disease, dosage and administration of, 140 dosage and administration of, in birds, 79 indications for, in birds, 79 Flucytosine adverse effects and side effects of, in birds, 79 for avian fungal disease, dosage and administration of, 140 dosage and administration of, in birds, 79 indications for, in birds, 79 therapy with, in reptiles, 100 Fluid deficit, in birds, calculation of, 136 Fluid therapy in avian liver disease, 136, 137 in reptile hepatic lipidosis, 161-162 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 4 5-Fluorocytosine, antifungal properties of, 71 Foodstuffs, hepatotoxic, 117 Foreign bodies, in birds, gastrointestinal, removal of, 142 Formaldehyde, for dermatophytosis, in small exotic pets, 90 Formalin, antifungal therapy with in fish, 105, 106, 108 in turtles, 100 Fowler's toads, iridovirus diease in, 31 French moult, 122, 215 Freshwater crocodiles, Fusarium solani infection in, 96 Frogs chlamydiosis in, 169-170 chromomycosis in, 171 chronic active hepatitis in, 169 iridovirus diease in, 31-32 nematodes in, 172 protozoal infestation in, 171 Frog virus 3 (FV3), 27, 29-31,169 major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Fulvicin. See Griseofulvin Fungal infections in amphibians, 170-171 avian. See also Aspergillosis, avian liver disease caused by, 120-121 treatment of, 139, 140 secondary to another disease, 68 in chelonia, 94-96 in crocodilians, 96 diagnosis of, 51 in fish, 102-111 mixed, in chelonia, 96 in reptiles, 94-101 Fungi classification of, by disease manifestations of, 82, 83 identification of, 94 taxonomy of, 94, 95, 102 Fungicides, for avian environments, 71

242

Subject Index

Furosemide, therapy with for amphibians, 172 in birds for cardiac disease, 142 for liver disease, 137, 138 Fusarium spp. infection by in caiman, 96 in crocodiles, 96 in fish, 108 in reptiles, 97 trichothecenes produced by, 120-121 Fusarium solani infection in chelonia, 95 in crocodilians, 96 Galactose, exogenous, metabolism of, in birds, 131,132 Galliformes, aspergillosis in, 56 Gamebirds chlamydiosis in, 120 polyomavirus infection in, 121 Gamma glutamyltransferase, plasma in avian liver disease, 129 in rabbits, 147 in reptiles, 155-157 Gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, plasma, in amphibians, 168 Geese Derzsy's disease in, 123, 140 Marek's disease in, 121 Gene-based diagnostics. See also specific method advances in, 2-13 limitations of, 1 Gentamycin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Gentian violet, antifungal therapy with, in turtles, 100 Gentoo Penguins aspergillosis in, 67 zoo breeding programs for, 24-25 Geocheloneg4gantea. SeeAldabra tortoise Geochelonepardalis. See Leopard tortoise Geotrichosis in pythons, 97 in water snake, 97 Gerbils, ringworm unreported in, 84, 86 Gill rot, 107-108 Ginseng, for avian hepatic fibrosis, 144 Gliotoxin, in avian aspergillosis, 61, 69 Glucocorticoids, for avian lead toxicity, 142 Glutamyl dehydrogenase, plasma, in avian liver disease, 129 Golden eagles, aspergillosis in, 53, 67 Golden hamsters, dermatophytosis in, 85 Gopher snake, fungal infection in, 97 Gopher tortoises, ketoconazole pharmacokinetics in, 99 Gopherus polyphemus. See Gopher tortoises Goshawks, 201 aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 67 Gout, visceral, in birds, 116, 117, 142-143 Gracula religiosa. See Indian hill mynah birds Granulomatous mycosis, etiologic agent in, 106

Great horned owls amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139 aspergillosis in, and pulmonary oxalosis, 69 Great Tit, sex identification in, random amplification ofpolymorphic DNA (RAPD) for, 18-20 Green iguanas, hyalohyphomycosis in, 96 Green lizard, fungal infection in, 97 Green sea turtles, mixed mycoses in, 96 Griseofulvin for dermatophytosis, in small exotic pets, 89-90 drug interactions with, in small exotic pets, 89 hepatic neoplasia caused by, in amphibians, 172 therapy with, in reptiles, 100 Grooming perches, 193-194 Guatopo virus, 31 Guinea fowl, viral liver disease in, 123 Guinea pigs dermatophytosis in, 84, 85 endoscopy in, 230-231 radiosurgery in, indications fol, 182 Gulls, yersiniosis in, 119 Guppy virus 6 (GV6), 29-31 Gyrfalcons, aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 59, 67 Haliaetus leucocephalus. See Bald eagles Hamsters, dermatophytosis in, 84, 85-86 Hawks amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139 aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 57 treatment of, 62-63 Heavy metal toxicosis, avian, treatment of, 142 Hedgehogs dermatophytosis in, 84, 87 endoscopy in, 230-231 Hemochromatosis, avian, 116 treatment of, 141-142 Hemosiderosis, 116 Hemostasis. See Radiosurgery Hepatic fibrosis, in birds, 124 treatment of, 144 Hepatic lipidosis in birds, 115-116 neonatal, 115 treatment of, 143 in fish, 176-177 in humans, 163 in rabbits, 152 in reptiles, 113-114, 153-164 Hepatitis bacterial, avian, 119 viral, avian, 121 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in amphibians, 172 in birds, 123 treatment of, 143 Hepatopathy, in birds, 124 Hepatotoxins in amphibians, 172 avian, 117 canine, 117 environmental, 117 feline, 117

Subject Index

Hepatozoon spp., 171 Herpesviruses, avian liver disease caused by, 121 vaccine against, 140 Heterakis gallinarum, avian liver disease caused by, 118 Histomonas infection, in birds, 140 Histomonas meleag~dis, avian liver disease caused by, 118 Histoplasma infection, in birds, treatment of, 139 Hoods, for raptors, 201-202 Hormoconis infection, in fish, 108 Hornbills, hemochromatosis in, 116 Hospice, for birds, 187-188 Hummingbirds, fatty liver syndrome in, 115-116 Hyalohyphomycosis in chameleons, 96 in chelonia, 94-95, 96 in crocodilians, 96 in iguanas, 96 Hybridization, nucleic acid. See Nucleic acid hybridization Hybridization protection assay (HPA), 4 Hydraspis hilarii. See St. Hilaire's terrapin Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, for avian lead toxicity, 142 Hydrogen peroxide, antifungal therapy with for fish, 106 in fish, 107 Hyperimmune serum, for avian viral disease, 140 Hyperuricemia, in birds, 116, 142-143 Ichthyophonus hoferi, 108-109, 178 Iguana iguana. See Green iguanas Imidazoles, antifungal properties of, 71 Inclusion body hepatitis, avian, 121 Indian hill mynah birds, aspergillosis in, 53 Indocyanine green, clearance of, in birds, 131-132 Infections bacterial, avian liver disease caused by, 119 fungal. See Fungal infections hepatitis caused by, in fish, 177-178 iridovirus. See Iridovirus infections Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, of birds, 121 In situ hybridization (ISH), 4 International Aquatic Animal Health Code, 29 Iridoviridae genera of, 27 major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequences of, 32 phylogenetic tree of, 33 Iridovirus infections in amphibians, 31-33, 169 control of, 34 in ectothermic animals, diagnosis of, 33 of invertebrates, 27-28 molecular diagnosis of, 27-35 prevention of, 34 in reptiles, 33 in teleost fish, 28-30 treatment of, 34 in urodeles, 33-34 in vertebrates, 27-28 Iron dextran therapy, in avian liver disease, 137

243

Isoniazid, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Itraconazole antifungal properties of, 71 in birds, therapy with adverse effects and side effects of, 79 for aspergillosis, 61, 62-63, 139 for candidiasis, 78, 79 for cryptococcosis, 79, 80 dosage and administration of, 79, 140 for fungal infections, 139-140 indications for, 79 pharmacokinetics of, 62-63 in reptiles, therapy with, 99 in small exotic pets, therapy with for dermatophytosis, 89, 90 drug interactions with, 89 Ivermectin, therapy with for amphibians, 172 for avian parasitic disease, 141 Japanese parrotfish, iridovirus infection in, 29 Kestrel, aspergillosis in, 56 Ketoconazole, therapy with antifungal properties of, 71 in birds, 139 adverse effects and side effects of, 79 dosage and administration of, 79, 140 indications for, 79 in reptiles, 99 dosage and administration of, 99 in small exotic pets for dermatophytosis, 89, 90 drug interactions with, 89 King Penguins, zoo breeding programs for, 24 Kiwis, cryptococcosis in, 78

Lacerta viridis. See Green lizard Lacertilia, fungal infections in, 96-97 Lactate dehydrogenase, plasma in avian liver disease, 129-130 in reptiles, 155-157 Lactulose, for avian hepatic fibrosis, 144 Lamisil. See Terbinafine Lampropeltis triangulum syspila. See Red milksnake Laparoscopy in amphibian liver disease, 167 for sex identification in birds, 15 Laparotomy in amphibian liver disease, 167 in rabbit liver disease, 148-149 for sex identification in birds, 15 Largemouth bass ranavirus infection in, 29-31 saprolegniasis in, 103, 104 Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), 29-31 Lateolabrax spp. See Sea bass Lates calcarif~ See Barramundi fish Latex agglutination, in diagnosis of avian aspergillosis, 57 Lead toxicosis in birds, 142 in rabbits, 152

244

Subject Index

Leg bands, for birds, 195 Leopard frog Luck6 adenocarcinoma of, 172 tadpoles of, iridovirus diease in, 31 Leopard tortoise, tube feeding of, 162 Lesser Black-backed Gull, offspring of, control of sex of, 21-22 Leucocytozoon spp., and avian fungal infections, 68 Leukocytozoon simondii, avian liver disease caused by, 118 Levamisole, for avian parasitic disease, 141 Ligase amplification reaction. See Ligase chain reaction (LCR) Ligase chain reaction (LCR) advantages of, over PCR, 8 method for, 7-8 Lime, antifungal therapy with, for fish, 107, 108 Lipopolysaccharide Pasteurella multocida, avian pulmonary disorders caused by, 60 in pathogenesis of avian aspergillosis, 61 Lipoprotein lipase, plasma, in amphibians, 168 Listeriosis, in rabbits, 151 Litoria infrafrenata, chronic active hepatitis in, 169 Liver disease. See also Hepatic lipidosis in amphibians, 114, 167-173 avian, 113 abdominocentesis in, 128 associated with cardiac disease, treatment of, 142-143 bacterial, 119 treatment of, 138-139 baseline testing in, 128-130 biopsy in, 132-133 chlamydial, 120 clinical signs in, 126-128 coagulation testing in, 132 complete blood count in, 128 congenital, 115 diagnosis of, 113, 126-135 systematic approach to, 126, 127 etiology of, 115-125 fluid therapy in, 136, 137 fungal, 120-121 treatment of, 139, 140 history-taking in, 126-128 infectious, treatment of, 138 metabolic, 115-116 mycobacterial, 119-120 mycoplasmal, 120 nematodes causing, 118-119 neoplastic, 123-124, 142 treatment of, 143 noninvasive imaging in, 130 nonspecific, 124 nutritional, 116-117 nutritional management of, 137 parasitic, 117-119 treatment of, 140-141 pathogenesis of, 115-125 plasma biochemistry in, 128-129 plasma enzymology in, 129-130 protozoal, 117-118, 141

response to treatment in, monitoring, 138 rickettsial, 120 screening for infectious disease in, 131 toxic, 117 traumatic, 115 treatment of, 113, 136-145 trematodes causing, 118 urinalysis in, 128 viral, 121-123 treatment of, 140 in fish, 114, 174-178 of cardiac origin, 177 neoplastic, 176-177 neoplastic in amphibians, 172 in birds, 123-124, 142-143 in fish, 176-177 in rabbits, 152 in rabbits, 113, 146-152 abdominocentesis in, 148 bacterial, 150-151 clinical signs of, 146-147 diagnosis of, 146-149 diagnostic imaging in, 148, 149 fecal analysis in, 148 laboratory assessment of, 146-147 laparotomy in, 148-149 neoplastic, 152 parasitic, 150 toxic, 151-152 treatment of, 149-152 viral, 151 Liver flukes, in rabbits, 150 Liver function tests in birds, 126, 131-132 in rabbits, 146-148 Loggerhead sea turtle, Fusarium solani infection in, 95 Lories, diet for, 195 Lorikeets, diet for, 195 Lovebirds, viral liver disease in, 123 Luck6 adenocarcinoma, of leopard frogs, 172 Lymnodynastes ornatus. See Ornate burrowing frog Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), 28 major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Lymphocystivirus, 27, 28 Lymphoid leukosis, in birds, 122-123 clinical management of, 140 Lymphoma, in rabbits, 152 Lymphosarcoma, avian, chemotherapy for, 143 Macaroni Penguins, zoo breeding programs for, 24-25 Macaws aspergillosis in, 56, 59 diet for, 195 examination of, 185-186 grooming perch use by, 193 neonatal hepatic hematoma in, 115 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 sex identification in, 22-24 CHD1 gene and, 21 wing clips for, 193

Subject Index

Macrolide antibiotics, polyene, antifungal therapy with, in reptiles, 99-100 Major capsid protein (MCP), of iridoviruses, 27 amino acid sequences of, 32 Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), chlamydial, recombinant in enzyme immunoassay, 43, 45-49 production of, 47 Malachite green, antifungal therapy with in fish, 105, 106, 108 in turtles, t00 Malaria, avian, treatment of, 140, 141 Mammals, small. See also specific mammal endoscopy in, 230-231 practice enhancement and, 204-210 ward area for, 208 Mangrove snake, fungal infection in, 97 Marble spleen disease, vaccine against, 140 Marek's disease virus, 121 vaccine against, 140 Marine toad iridovirus disease in, 31-32 liver of, anatomy of, 166 mycobacteriosis in, 170 Massasaugua rattlesnake, fungal infection in, 97 Mauritius kestrel, adenoviral hepatitis in, 122 Megalochelys gigantea. See Seychelles giant tortoise Megasse, and avian fungal infections, 66 Megophrys montana, chromomycosis in, 171 Meleagris gallapavo. See Turkeys Melopsittacus undulatus..See Budgerigars Merlins aspergillosis in, 56 fatty liver-kidney syndrome in, 116 Mesocricetus auratus. See Golden hamsters Metazoans, in amphibians, 171 Methionine, for reptile hepatic lipidosis, 162-163 Methylene blue, antifnngal therapy with, for fish, 106, 108 Metronidazole, for avian parasitic disease, 141 Mice aspergillosis in, 63 dermatophytosis in, 84-85 endoscopy in, 230-231 Miconazole, therapy with antifungal properties of, 71 in birds adverse effects and side effects of, 79 dosage and administration of, 79 indications for, 79 in reptiles, 99 Microchip identification tag, for birds, 195 Microhepatica, in birds, 116 Microimmunofluorescence test (MIF), in diagnosis of psittacosis, 37 Mic~vptus salmoides. See Largemouth bass Microsporum spp., infection by, 82 in hamsters, 85 in mouse, 84 Microsporum audouinii infection by, in guinea pigs, 85 and rabbits, 86 Wood's light examination for, 88

245

Microsporum canis infection in chinchillas, 86 in ferrets, 86 in mouse, 84 in rabbits, 86 Wood's light examination for, 88 Microsporum gypseum infection in chinchillas, 86 in guinea pigs, 85 in mouse, 84 in rabbits, 86 in rats, 85 Wood's light examination for, 88 Midvariant-1 (MDV-1), as template for O__.13replicase, 10-12 Molecular diagnosis, 1. See also Gene-based diagnostics; Nucleic acid-based diagnosis Moluccan cockatoos clingy behavior in, 192 neonatal hepatic lipidosis in, 115 Monilia albicans. See Candida albicans Morelet's crocodile, fungal pneumonia in, 96 Morelia spilotes variegata. SeeCarpet pythons Mouse favus, 84 Moxidectin therapy, for amphibians, 172 Mucor amphibiorum, 171 Mucormycosis in bearded dragon, 97 in chelonia, 96 in crocodilians, 96 Musk turtle, aspergillosis in, 95-96 Mycobacteriosis in amphibians, 169, 170 and avian fungal infections, 68 avian liver disease caused by, 119-120 treatment of, 139 in fish, 177-178 human, in immunocompromised patients, 119 Mycobacterium chelonei, 169 Mycobacterium magnum, 169 Mycobacterium ranae, 169 Mycophobia, in humans, 78 Mycoplasma, avian liver disease caused by, 120 Mycoses. See Fungal infections Mycotoxicosis, 120-121 Mynahs A toxoplasma serinii liver disease in, 117 hemochromatosis in, 116, 141 Myxidium spp., in amphibians, 171 Nanday conures, Pacheco's disease in, 121 Nandrolone, for reptile hepatic lipidosis, 163 Nannizziopsis vriesii infection, in chameleons, 96 Nematodes in amphibians, 171,172 and avian fungal infections, 68 liver disease caused by, in birds, 118-119 Neoplasia in amphibians aflatoxicosis and, 172 hepatic, 172 in birds, 122-123 hepatic, 123-124

246

Subject Index

lymphoid, 143 in fish, hepatic, 176-177 in rabbits, hepatic, 152 Nerodia sipedon. See Northern water snake Newcastle disease virus infection, avian, treatment of, 140 Nile crocodile, fungal pneumonia in, 96 Nizoral. See Ketoconazole Nocardia infection, in fish, 178 Nonhuman primates, 209 Northern blotting, 4 Northern water snake, geotrichosis in, 97 Notophthalmus viridescens. See Red eft newts Nucleic acid amplification. See also Amplified fragment length polymorphs (AFLP); Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); Random amplification ofpolymorphic DNA (RAPD) contamination in, 1 detection of, 12 false positives in, 1 methods for, 5-12 problems of, 1 transcription-based, 8 Nucleic acid-based diagnosis advances in, 2-13 theory of, 2-3 Nucleic acid hybridization detection of, 4-5 in situ (ISH), 4 solid-phase, 3-4. See also Dot blotting; Northern blotting; Southern blotting solution-phase, 4 strategies for, 3-5 Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), 8 Nyctaea scandiaca. See Snowy owls Nymphicus hollandicus. See Cockatiels Nystatin, therapy with in birds adverse effects and side effects of, 79 for candidiasis, 78, 79 dosage and administration of, 79 indications for, 79 in reptiles, for candidiasis, 100 Ochratoxins, 120-121 Ochroconis infection, in fish, 108 Office International des Epizooties (OIE), 28-29 Oomycetes biology of, 103 infections by, in fish, 102-103 Oplegnathus fasciatus. SeeJapanese parrotfish Orbivirus infection, avian, 123 Ornamental fish. See Fish Ornate burrowing frog, iridovirus disease in, 31-32 Ospreys, aspergillosis in, 67 Osteopilus septentrionalis. See Cuban tree frog Ostriches. See also Ratites aspergillosis in, 58, 70 polyomavirus infection in, 121 Owl herpesvirus, 121 Owls amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139

aspergillosis in, and pulmonary oxalosis, 69 Marek's disease in, 121 Plasmodium liver disease in, 118 Oxalosis, pulmonary, in birds, 69 Oxfenbendazole, for avian parasitic disease, 141 Oxygen therapy, avian, 186 Pacheco's disease virus, 121,215 vaccine against, 140 Paecilomycesinfection, in fish, 108 Paecilomyces lilicanus infection, in chelonia, 95 Pagrus major SeeRed sea bream Palm cockatoos, diet for, 195 Pandion haliaetus. See Ospreys Papillomatosis, in psittacines, 123 Parakeets, digoxin therapy for, 142 Paramyxovirus infection, avian, 123 Parasite infestations in amphibians, 171 avian liver disease caused by, 117-119 treatment of, 140-141 rabbit liver disease caused by, 150 in raptors, and fungal infections, 68 Parrotlets, diet for, 195 Parrots. See also Psittacines adverse effects of antifungal agents in, 61, 62 aspergillosis in, 53, 56 treatment of, 62 biting by, 193 grooming perch use by, 193 liver disease in, congenital, 115 lymphoid neoplasia in, treatment of, 143 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 sexual dimorphism in, 196 wing clips for, 193 Partridges, yersiniosis in, 119 Parvovirus infection, avian, 123 PasteureUaspp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 PasteureUa multocida avian cholera caused by, 119 hepatic infection, in rabbits, 150 lipopolysaccharide, avian pulmonary disorders caused by, 60 Patagonian conures, Pacheco's disease in, 121 Pathogens, global spread of, 214-216 Peking ducks, aspergillosis in, 57 Peltophryne lemur. See Puerto Rican crested toad Penguins aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 59, 67 treatment of, 139 Plasmodium therapy in, 141 zoo breeding programs for, 24-25 D-Penicillamine chelation therapy, for lead toxicosis in birds, 142 Penicillium spp. infection by, in crocodilians, 96 ochratoxins produced by, 120-121 PeniciUium griseofulvum infection avian liver disease caused by, 120 in chelonia, 95 Penicillium oxalicum infection, in crocodiles, 96 Peregrine falcons, aspergillosis in, 56

Subject Index

Phaeohyphomycosis in anaconda, 97 in chelonia, 96 Pheasants adenovirus vaccine fol; 140 aspergillosis in, 53 Phialophorainfection, in fish, 108 Phodopus sungorus. See Djungarian hamsters Phomainfection, in fish, 108 Pigeon herpesvirus, 121 vaccine against, 140 Pigeons adenoviral hepatitis in, 122 Aegyptianella pullorum liver disease in, 120 aspergillosis in, 56, 66 treatment of, 62-63 candidiasis in, 75 cryptococcosis in, 78 hepatitis in, 121 mycobacteriosis in, 120 plasma enzyme levels in, reference values for, 130 reovirus infections in, 122 Trichomonas gallinae infection in, 118 yersiniosis in, 119 Piperacillin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Pituophis melanoleucos. See Gopher snake Planing, in radiosurgery, 182 Plants, hepatotoxic, 117 Plasma protein levels in amphibians, 168 in birds, 131,132 in rabbits, 147, 148 Plasmodium infection, in birds, 140-141 and fungal infections, 68 liver disease caused by, 118 Pneumonia, mixed fungal, in crocodilians, 96 Pogona barbata. See Bearded dragon Poicephalus spp. grooming perch use by, 193 wing clips for, 193 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). See also Amplified fragment length polymorphs (AFLP); Random amplification of polymorphic DNA applications of, 6 in chlamydial vaccine development for psittacines, 40 for detection of AspergiUus, 58 in diagnosis of chlamydiosis, applications of, 39-40 in diagnosis of psittacosis, 37-39 for differentiation of Chlamydiaceae, 36-42 in identification of iridoviruses, 27-28 and ligase chain reaction, comparison of, 8 method for, 5-6, 18 nested, multiplex, application to chlamydiosis, 37-41 variations of, 6-7 Polyomavirus, 215 avian liver disease caused by, 121-122 avian vaccine against, 140 Potassium permanganate, antifungal therapy with, in turtles, 100

247

Poultry aspergillosis in, 66 blackhead in, 118 candidiasis in, 75 chlamydiosis in, 120 herpesviruses of, 121 mycoplasmal disease in, 120 polyomavirus infection in, 121 Povidone iodine, therapy with, in reptiles, 100 Practice enhancement, 179 avian alternative perspectives on, 211-216 in emergency medicine, 186-187 in general practice, 184-185 preventative health management and, 189-196, 219, 220 referrals and, 211-213 specialists and, 213-214 aviculmral considerations in, 217-220 endoscopy in, 225-233 exotic pet alternative perspectives on, 211-216 referrals and, 211-213 specialists and, 213-214 radiosurgery and, 180-183 in raptor medicine, 197-203 reptiles and, 204-210 small mammals and, 204-210 staff training and, 200-201,221-224 Prairie falcons, aspergillosis in, 56, 59, 68 Praziquantel, for parasitic disease in birds, 141 in rabbits, 150 Prednisolone, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Prednisolone sodium succinate, for avian lead toxicity, 142 Preventative health management, in avian medicine, 189-196, 219, 220 Primaquine for avian parasitic disease, 140, 141 hepatic neoplasia caused by, in amphibians, 172 Primates, nonhuman, 209 Procaine penicillin, for erysipelas in emus, 138 Protozoa in amphibians, 171 in fish, 176 liver disease caused by, in birds, 117-118, 141 Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), psittacine, 77 Proventriculitis, deep fungal, 76, 77 Proventriculotomy, 142 Providencia infection, in amphibians, 169 Pseudomonas infection in amphibians, 169 avian liver disease caused by, 119 Pseudotuberculosis, avian, 119 Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), 122 Psittacine proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 77 Psittacines. See alsoParrots AegyptianellapuUorum liver disease in, 120 anaphotericin B for, dosage and administration of, 62 aspergillosis in, 59 treatment of, 61,139

248

Subject Index

behavioral problems in, 192, 193 biting by, 193 candidiasis in, 75, 76, 78 chlamydial vaccine development in, PCR in, 40 chlamydiosis in, 120 Chlamydophila psittaci infection in, serology of, 43-49 chronic active hepatitis in, 124 circovirus infection in, 123 clingy behavior in, 192 diabetes mellitus in, 116 diet of, 195-196 and candidiasis, 76 examination of, 185-186, 191-196 fatty liver syndrome in, 115-116 feather development in, viruses affecting, 215. See also specific virus grooming of, 193 grooming perches for, 193-194 hepatitic cirrhosis in, 124 hypervitaminosis D in, 116 microhepatica in, 116 Pacheco's disease in, 121 papillomatosis in, 123 polyomavirus infection in, 121,122 reovirus infections in, 122, 140 sarcocystis in, treatment of, 140-141 Sit, Stay/training for, 192 Step Up! training for, 192-193 towel restraint for, 194-195 Trichomonas gaUinae infection in, 118 vitamin A deficiency in, 116, 142-143 vocabulary of, assessment of, 192 wing clips for, 193 wing grooming for, 193 Psittacosis, 215. See also Chlamydophila psittaci avian diagnosis of, 37-39 etiologic agent of, 36-37, 45 serology of, 43-49 diagnosis of, 37-39 human diagnosis of, 37-39 epidemiology of, 36-37, 45 outbreaks of, applications of PCR in, 39-40 pandemic of, 36 serology of, 37-39 transmission of, 37 Psittacus erithacus. See African grey parrots Puerto Rican crested toad liver-associated analytes in, plasma levels of, 168 liver of, endoscopic examination of, 168 Puff adder, aspergillosis in, 97 Pygoscelis papua. See Penguins Pyrimethamine, for avian parasitic disease, 140, 141 Python reticulatus. See Reticulated python Pyxicephalus adspersus, in amphibians, 172 QI3 replicase amplification, 10-12 Quail Aegyptianella puUorum liver disease in, 120 paramyxovirus infection in, 123 Quail herpesvirus, 121

Quaker conure, digoxin therapy for, 142 Quarantine, in aviculture, 219 Queen of Bavaria conures, diet for, 195 Quinolones, for bacterial infections, in birds, 138-139 Rabbits aflatoxicosis in, 151-152 dermatophytosis in, 84, 86 endoscopy in, 230-231 hematologic values for, 147 hepatic lipidosis in, 152 lead toxicosis in, 152 liver disease in, 113, 146-152 lymphoma in, 152 radiosurgery in, indications for, 182 tube feeding in, 149-150 Tyzzer's disease in, 150-151 viral hemorrhagic disease in, 151 Racing pigeons. See Pigeons Radiography in amphibian liver disease, 167-168 avian, 186 of avian liver, 130 in rabbit liver disease, 148 of reptile hepatic lipidosis, 156 Radiosurgery, 180 for biopsy, 182-183 bipolar probe for, 181-182 electrodes for, 181,182 equipment for, 180-181 planing in, 182 soft tissue procedures in, 182 suction probe for, 181,182 techniques for, 180-181 Rainbow trout, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in, 28-29 Rana catesbiana. See American bullfrogs Rana pipiens. See Leopard frog Ranavirus, 27 in amphibians, 31 in urodeles, 33-34 Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), for sex identification in birds, 18-20 Raptor medicine clientele for, increasing, 202-203 clinical skills in, improving, 199-200 communication with clients in, 198 diagnostic skills in, 199 equipment for, 201,202 existing clients in, increasing work carried out for, 203 facilities for, 200-203 geographic variation in, 197 handling skills in, 199 history-taking in, 199 husbandry techniques and, 200 increasing client confidence in, 198-199 nursing care in, 199-200 patients in, types of, 198 practice enhancement in, 197-203 reception/waiting area requirements for, 200 staff for, 200-201

Subject Index

surgery in, 200 terminology for, 198 therapeutics in, 199 Raptors adenoviral hepatitis in, 122 AegyplianellapuUorum liver disease in, 120 aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 59, 66-74 amphotericin B for, dosage and administration of, 61-62 diagnosis of, 70 drug therapy for, 71 environmental risk factors for, 66-67 expression of disease in, 68-70 species susceptibilities and, 6%68 treatment of, 61, 70-72, 139 block perch for, 202, 210 bow perch for, 201 candidiasis in, 77 chlamydiosis in, 120 gloves (gauntlets) for handling, 202 hepatic lipidosis in, 115-116 hepatopathy in, 124 hoods for, 201-202 housing for and fungal infections, 66-67 in hospital, 201 liver disease in, neoplastic, 124 parasite infestations in, and fungal infections, 68 passage birds, definition of, 67 sick/convalescing, diet for, 202 tail guard for, 201,202 Trichomonas gaUinae infection in, 118 viral hepatitis in, 121 Ratites Aegyptianellapullorumliver disease in, 120 chlamydiosis in, 120 sex identification in, 20 Rats dermatophytosis in, 84, 85 endoscopy in, 230-231 Rattlesnakes, trichosporonosis in, 97 Reception staff, 221-222 Reception/waiting area requirements, 184-185 for exotic animal medicine, 207 for raptor medicine, 200 Recombinant DNA technology, in serology of avian psittacosis, 43-49 Recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay design of, 43-45 in serology of avian psittacosis, 43-49 Red eft newts, passage of FV3 virus in, 31 Redfin perch, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in, 28-29 Red milksnake, fungal infection in, 97 Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), 29 Red sore disease, etiologic agent in, 106 Red-tailed hawks amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139 aspergillosis in, 53, 59, 67 Referrals, in exotic animal medicine, 211-213 Regina ranavirus (RRV), 31, 33-34

249

major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Reoviruses avian liver disease caused by, 122 avian vaccine against, 140 Reptiles CDC guidelines on, 209-210 endoscopy in, 229-230 fungal infections of, 94-101 biopsy in, 97-98 fungal isolation and culture in, 98-99 histopathology of, 97-98 risk factors for, 94 treatment of, 99-100 hepatic lipidosis in, 113-114, 153-164 anabolic steroids for, 163 biochemical findings in, 155-157 biopsy in, 156-157 carnitine for, 162 choline for, 162-163 diagnosis of, 154-157 diagnostic imaging in, 156, 158, 159 fluid therapy for, 161-162 hematologic findings in, 155, 156 histopathology of, 157-160 history-taking in, 154-155 laboratory assessment of, 155-156 methionine for, 162-163 nutritional support in, 161-162 physical findings in, 154-155 postmortem findings in, 161 research on, advances in (future directions for), 163 thyroxine for, 163 treatment of, 161-163 history-taking with, 207 husbandry of, and disease, 207 iridovirus infections in. SeeIridovirus infections liver of anatomy of, 153-154 physiology of, 154 practice enhancement and, 204-210 radiosurgery in, indications for, 182 tube feeding of, 162 ward area for, 208 Resources, on exotic animal medicine, 140 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), of iridovirus DNA, 30, 31 Reticulated python, chromoblastomycosis in, 97 Reverse transcription (RT) PCR, 7 Rhabdias spp., in amphibians, 171 Rhinitis, in avian candidiasis, 76 Rhizomucor infection in chelonia, 96 in fish, 108 Rhizopus infection in chelonia, 96 in crocodilians, 96 Rickettsia, avian liver disease caused by, 120 Rifabutin, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139 Rifampin, for avian mycobacteriosis, 139

250

Subject Index

Ringworm in chinchilla, 84, 86 in ferrets, 84, 86-87 in guinea pigs, 84, 85 in hamsters, 84, 85-86 in hedgehogs, 84, 87 human Arthroderma benhamiae and, 87 hedgehogs and, 87 in mice, 84-85 in rabbits, 84, 86 in rats, 84, 85 in small exotic pets, 82-93 clinical features of, 84 clinical management of, 89-90 diagnosis of, 87-88 pathophysiology of, 82-84 RNA-PCR, 7 RNA (ribonucleic acid), hybridization of. See Northern blotting; Nucleic acid hybridization Rockhopper Penguins, zoo breeding programs fro, 24-25 Rodents. See specific rodent Rotavirus infection, avian, 123 Rough-legged hawks, aspergillosis in, 53, 67 Rufous hummingbirds, fungal infection in, 67 Russian sturgeon, iridovirus infection in, 29 Saker falcon, 201 Salamanders, iridovirus disease in, 33-34 Salmon disease, 103-106 SalmoneUa infection (salmonellosis) in amphibians, 169 avian liver disease caused by, 119 in rabbits, 151 reptiles and, 209-210 Salt, antifungal therapy with in fish, 105-106, 107 in turtles, 100 Saltwater crocodiles, FusaT~um solani infection in, 96 San Esteban chuckwallas, aspergillosis in, 96 Santee-Cooper ranavirus (SCRV), 29-31 Saprolegniasis, in fish, 102-106 diagnosis of, 103-104 fungal isolation and culture in, 104-105 histopathology of, 103-104 pathology of, 103-104 prevention of, 105 treatment of, 105-106 Sarcocystis, in psittacines, treatment of, 140-141 Sarcocystisfalcatula, avian liver disease caused by, 118 Sauromalus varius. See San Esteban chuckwallas Scales, for exotic animal practice, 207 Sc~'oporus spp. See Spiny lizards Scolecobasidium infection, in fish, 108 Sea bass, iridovirus infection in, 29 Selasphorus rufus. See Rufous hummingbirds Selenosporium infection, in reptiles, 97 Self-mutilation, in birds, 187 Self-sustained sequence replication (3SR), 8, 9 Seriola quinqueradiata. SeeYellowtail Serpentes, fungal infections in, 96

Serratia spp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Serratospiculum spp., and avian fungal infections, 68 Sex chromosomes, avian, 15 17 Sex identification in birds, 14-26, 196 DNA evolution and, 19 Seychelles giant tortoise, Penicillium griseofulvum infection in, 95 Shellfish, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in, 28-29 Sinusitis, in avian cryptococcosis, 78, 80 Sistrurus catenatus. See Massasaugua rattlesnake Slot blotting. See Dot blotting Small animal practice, enhancement of, 204-210 Snakes, skin biopsy in, 97-98 Snowy owls, Plasmodium liver disease in, 118 Sodium chloride. See Salt Solvay triple E vaccine, 140 Somateria mollissima mollissima. See European eider Southern blotting, 3 Specialists, in exotic animal medicine, 211-214 Spiny lizards, itraconazole pharmacokinetics in, 99 Spix Macaw, sex identification in, 22-24 CHD1 gene and, 21 Sporanox. See Itraconazole Sporothrix schenkii infection, in birds, treatment of, 139 Sporotrichosis, in chelonia, 96 Squamata, fungal infections in, 96-97 St. Hilaire's terrapin, aspergillosis in, 95 Staff meetings, 223 Staff training, and practice enhancement, 200-201, 221-224 Staphylococcus spp., avian liver disease caused by, 119 Starlings, hemochromatosis in, 116, 141 STA solution (salicylic acid, tannic acid in ethyl alcohol) adverse effects and side effects of, in birds, 79 dosage and administration of, in birds, 79 indications for, in birds, 79 Sternotherus odoratus. See Musk turtle Stork herpesvirus, 121 Strand displacement amplification (SDA), 8-10 Streptococcus infection, in amphibians, 169 Streptococcus zooepidemicus, avian liver disease caused by, 119 Streptomycin, for avian bacterial infections, dosage and administration of, 139 Stress, and avian fungal infections, 52-53, 68 Strongyloids, in amphibians, 171 Surgery, for small mammals and reptiles, 208 Swans, Marek's disease in, 121 Syrian hamsters, dermatophytosis in, 85 Tadorna cana. See Cape shelducks Tadpole edema virus, 169 Tail guard, for raptors, 201,202 Technical support staff, 222-224 Terbinafine therapy, in small exotic pets for dermatophytosis, 89, 90 drug interactions with, 89 Terrapene Carolina carolina. See Box turtle Testudo horsfeldi. See Tortoise

Subject Index

Thiabendazole antimycotic applications of, 71 therapy with, in reptiles, 99 Thyroxine, for reptile hepatic lipidosis, 163 Tiger salamander, iridovirus disease in, 33-34 Togavirus infection, avian, 123 Tortoises aspergillosis in, 95-96 hyalohyphomycosis in, 94-95 iridovirus disease in, 33 Toucanettes, hemochromatosis in, 116, 141 Toucans, hemochromatosis in, 116, 141 Towel restraint, for birds, 194-195 Toxoplasma gondii infection (toxoplasmosis) in birds liver disease caused by, 118 treatment of, 140 in rabbits, 151 Training, in exotic animal medicine, 140 Transcription-mediated amplification, 10 Trauma to amphibians, 171-172 to birds, 187 liver injury in, 115 Trematodes, in birds, 140 liver disease caused by, 118 Triazoles, antifungal properties of, 71 Trichomonas gaUinae, avian liver disease caused by, 118 Trichomonas infection, in birds, 140 and fungal infections, 68 Trichophyton spp., 82 Trichophyton equinum, Wood's light examination for, 88 Trichophyton gaUinaeinfection, in raptors, 66 Trichophyton megnini infection, in raptors, 66 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 82 infection by in chinchillas, 86 in guinea pigs, 85 in hamsters, 85 in hedgehogs, 87 in mice, 84-85 in rabbits, 86 in rats, 85 var. erinacei, 84, 87 vat. interdigitale, 84 var. mentagrophytes, 84, 85 vat. nodulare, 84 var quinckeanum, 84 Trichophyton rubrum infection, in guinea pigs, 85 Trichophyton schoenleinii, and rabbits, 86

Trichophyton verrucosum and rabbits, 86 Wood's light examination for, 88 Trichosporon beigeliiinfection avian liver disease caused by, 120 in reptiles, 97 Trichosporon infection (trichosporonosis) in caiman, 96 in rattlesnakes, 97 Trichothecenes, 120-121 Trigger-Flex Bipolar Probe, 181

251

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, for avian parasitic disease, 141 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, for avian parasitic disease, 140 Tropical fish. SeeFish Tube feeding for amphibians, 173 for birds, 137 for rabbits, 149-150 for reptiles, 162 Tuberculosis. See also Mycobacteriosis in rabbits, 151 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and antifungal activity of macrophages, 63 Tupinambis nigropunctatus. See Black-pointed teguexin Turkey herpesvirus, 121 Turkeys adenovirus vaccine for, 140 amphotericin B pharmacokinetics in, 61-62, 139 aspergillosis in, 57, 59, 69, 70 Turtles aspergillosis in, 95-96 fungal infection in, shell involvement in, treatment of, 100 hyalohyphomycosis in, 94-95 iridovirus disease in, 33 mixed mycoses in, 96 mucormycosis in, 96 Turtle virus 3 (TV3), 33 Turtle virus 5 (TV5), 33 major capsid protein (MCP) of, amino acid sequence of, 32 Two-banded chameleon, candidiasis in, 97 Tyzzer's disease, in rabbits, 150-151 Ulcerative mycosis, etiologic agent in, 106 Ultrasound of avian liver, 130 of rabbit liver disease, 148 of reptile hepatic lipidosis, 156 Umbrella cockatoos clingy behavior in, 192 neonatal hepatic lipidosis in, 115 Urodeles, iridovirus infections in. See Iridovirus infections Vaccination status of birds, 195 Vaccines against adenovirus, for birds, 140 against chlamydiaceae, development of, for psittacines, 40 against Chlamydophilapsittaci, 139 against Derzsy's disease, 140 against duck plague virus, 140 against eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, 140 against falcon herpesvirus, 140 for ferrets, 208 against herpesviruses, for birds, 140 against Marble spleen disease, 140 against Marek's disease virus, 140 against Pacheco's disease virus, 140

252

against polyomavirus, for birds, 140 against reoviruses, for birds, 140 Solvay triple E, 140 Vasa Parrot, zoo breeding programs for, 25 Ventriculotomy, 142 Veterinary associates, training of, 224 Vincristine, for avian lymphoid neoplasia, 143 Vinegar. SeeAcetic acid Viral hemorrhagic disease, in rabbits, 151 Viral infections, in amphibians, 169 Visceral larva migrans, in birds, 118-119 Vitamin A deficiency, in birds, 116, 142-143 Vitamin B therapy, in avian liver disease, 137 Vitamin D, excess avian liver disease caused by, 116-117 in psittacines, 116 Vitamin K therapy, in avian liver disease, 137

Subject Index

Weaver herpesvirus, 121 Western blotting, in serology of avian Chlamydophila infections, 45 Western equine encephalitis virus, in emus, vaccine against, 140 White-fronted Amazon parrot, sexual dimorphism in, 196 White sturgeon iridovirus (WS1V), 29 Whooper Swans, zoo breeding programs for, 25 Wild turkeys, aspergillosis in, 68 Winter fungus, 103-106 Winter kill syndrome, of catfish, 103-106 Wood's light, in diagnosis of dermatophytosis, 8%88 Wood turtles, mucormycosis in, 96 World Organization for Animal Health. See Office International des Epizooties (OIE)

Xenopus spp., chlamydiosis in, 169-170 Waldrop Ibis, zoo breeding programs for, 25 Waterfowl Aegyptianella pullorum liver disease in, 120 aspergillosis in, 53, 56, 66 treatment of, 139 chlamydiosis in, 120 cholera in, 119 duck plague in, 121 Leukocytozoon simondii liver disease in, 118 Marek's disease in, 121 mycoplasmal disease in, 120 visceral gout in, 116 Water molds, in fish, 103-106 W chromosome avian, 15-17 DNA marker linked to, isolation of, 17-19

Yeast. See Candidiasis; Cryptococcosis Yellowtail, iridovirus infection in, 29 Yersinia enterocolitica, in birds, 119 Yersiniafrederiksenii, in birds, 119 Yersinia intermedia, in birds, 119 Yersinia kristensenii, in birds, 119 Yersinia pestis, in birds, 119 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, avian liver disease caused by, 119 Z chromosome, avian, 15-17 Zinc toxicosis, in birds, 142 Zoos, breeding programs in, avian, sex identification and, 24-25 Zygomycetes infection, in reptiles, 97